nission and Diy stress (ga) *(%a)) yblem is the . Hence the ¢ sand Cables A single ~ core cable has q conductor diameter of 1 cm and insulation gates PO on eee ee ene 35010! em, state te insulation rexistance fora 3 km length of iene > Solutions © Conair radius, n= d/2= Lome sgn Insulation thickness =0.4em 7 Resistivity of insulation, 5 53104 Dem = 5% 1012 a m length of the cable, 1= 2 ken = 2000 m, Internal sheath radius, 7, = Conductor radius + Insulation thickess = 0540.4=0.9 em Insulation resistance of cable 5x10? |, (09 = mn 2nx2000 "(05 0.234107 Q = 234MQ [Example 4.15) The insulation resistance of a single —core cable is 495 M © per km. If the core diameter is 2.5cm and resistivity of insulation is 4,5 10'4 Q cm, find the ‘insulation resistance. ® Solution: Insulation resistance, R = 495MQ = 495x10°Q Conductor radius, ) = d/2 = 2.5/2 = 1.25em 14 re yi Resistivity of insulation, p = 4.510! Gem, = 45x10 eerransmission and Dy » Tran slarors and Cable inst a aa je are 40 kV /em ( cet ger 8 220, fin (@ thickness of isincm foal 1 sheath 0d be the inter Late, beth e 2 H(%) ‘Solution: ‘Maximum stre Minimum stre Insulation thickness =":— os cesieaenom Conductor dia ORE CABLE: DIELECTRIC STRESS IN A SINGLE C! a 8 © Solution: V = 33 kV (rms) @ ~~ Insula Conductor diameter, d= lem Internal sheath, diameter D = 4cm ‘The maximum stress occurs at the conductor surface and its ¥ EISEN, Gi) Opers ish Sia D ain(™%) Ma rn) txin(/) = 47.61 kV/cm (nm.s) The minimum stress occurs at the sheath and its value is given by. Tastee ulm) <2 1edn(4/) = 1.9 kV/cm (xmas)yorsand Cables 4 pl p thickness of insulation — qy ) Operating vor tage. Solution: Maximum stress, 8... = 40 kV/em (rms) Minimum StS, yyy = 10kV/em (rms) conductor diameter, d = 2em @ Insulation thickness = 2—4 2 8-2 = ==" = 30m (i) Operating voltage: 2v Maximum stress, Zmax = am(P) 2xV =D ° = 55 in(872) oxen?) = 55,45 kV (r.m.)4 Transmission and pj Gi) COP 130 Hz system has co Aig 2.18 cm The pen mY ai, Capacit (iv) Charging current @ Solution: eater Uz ‘ Reetrcs orem 2 Oe a 3 ‘ay iea=*[5 = a faa. [0.G45x4 _ = Conductor diameter 4 es = = 0906 em Internal sheath diameter, D = 2.18 em Permittivity of the dielectric, ¢, = 3.5 @ Example Maximum stress in the cable is ee Asi : itty lead shea “a neutral), sxu( 2) = 27.65 kV/em (r.m.s) a — 906 Gi) Minimum stress inthe cable is . pea din(Did) fie Oe : 2a 28 11.5 kV/cm (rms) ‘xtp6, 2885 4, in(iay *F™ 2nx = 2EX8854x10712 3 5 u 38) 0.506 = 221.64x10-? E/m = 221.64%107? 103 Fkm Capacitance of cable per km length =2>1, 64 nF (or) 0.221 uF v (jv) Charging current, Te = — Xe = OCV = 2nfey = 2nx50%0.221x10 «11000 = 076A imple 4.19 A single core cable has a conductor of diameter 3 cm and inside diameter of ‘kad sheath is 6 cm. If the cable is designed for operating voltage of 33 kV (line to seutral), find () Maximum and minimum values of electric stress. (6) Optimal value of conductor radius for the smallest value of the ‘maximum stress. © Solution: Conductor diameter, d = 3em: Internal sheath diameter, D=6em Operating voltage, V = 33 kVismission and Dj + Transmis cable is inthe ct wW_ fons * gn!) 5) Maximo ash asitdeviom om) = Fn) 2x33_ _ 587k Vom (r7™5) * Fin) f the conductor diameter ig z the optimal value 0 1) For minimum Enye D 2718 = 22075 em Optimal conductor radius, r = ae = 1.104em MOST ECONOMICAL CONDUCTOR SIZE IN A CABLE. ee ; Find the most economic conductor diameter for single core cables tob used on 50 kV, single phase system, The maximum Permissible stress in the Mielectric is not to exceed 40 kV/cm (peak value). © Solution: . Cable voltage, V = 50 ky, (rms) = 50x V2 = 70.7 (peak) ‘Maximum permissible stress inthe dielectric, Format scnomiel ont Snax = 40k Ve +(e rors and Cable insulate ‘Maximum stress, Bmax = 3 ca g Most econom Find the overal kV voltage and ha actor of 2 ‘@ Solution: Operatin Dielectri Safety fi Maximum str For most eco The econom Hence, Ovession and D is ylators and Cables es actor of 2- @ Solution: Operating voltage, V = 11 ky Dielectric strength of insulation = 50 kV/em Safety factor = Dielectriestrength of the insulation ‘Maximum stress allowed 2 Bmax Maximum stress, max = 50/2 = 25 kV/cm For most economical condition, In(/d) = 1 he Did = el =2.718 OME BN * imax = Tin (Dia) 2xil d 2xil = SS = 0.88em 4 25 25 The economical conductor diameter, d= 0.88 cm : Srable,D = 27184 Hence, Overall economic diameter = 2.718x0.88 D = 2.390menalas ddl conductor diameter for single core eq i sm stress is vara af come eof maximum stress Is na . seuent tera nci © Solutio si 4 page system, eran voltage ~ 33K line valngiaia Since it isa , = 33/3 kV (Phase: Ns cea s) 2 av y =o 35 ‘ay $max = Jin(D/4) = ion, In (D/d) = 1; ie. D= eld =2. 7184 For most economical condi 2v. d = 35 Snax 2083/3) _ 7 =35 g = 2x@3/y3) = 1089 om Most economical conductor diameter, d = 1.089 nd = 1.089 cm Internal sheath diameter, D = 2.718 4 = 2.718x1.089 = 2.96 cm mee insulation thickness Ua = 296-1089 2 ont ppsulators ani GRADING OF Faample 42: A single conductor rad relative permil cand 40 k/em sheath. Disct ° Solutio Give Condué Condu Arrangeme! For ins eq = For in68 Of 4s 2.5 and 4 wit on ae a f $ and 4 with maximum permissible stresses of 50, 30 ph ORY etermine the minimum internal diameter of the lead wth Discuss the arrangement of the iy ae insulating materials. (Dec 06, 16 Marks) Solution: Given, V = 66 RV (phase value) = 66 x JZ = 93:34%V (peak) Conductor radius, r = 0,5 em Conductor diameter, d = 2r = 2x0.5 = 1¢m Arrangement of insulating materials: For insulating material A: eq = 45 SAmax = SORV/em = €4BA max = 4x50 = 200k Vem For insulating material B g = 2.53 8Bmax = 30k Wem => eB Spmax = 2.530 = 75kV/cm For insulating material C: f= 45 Soma = 40KWem = 8c Bcmmy, = 4x40 = 160kVicm To have the minimum internal sheath diameter, it is desired that the material to be placed near the conductor surface should be the one which has maximum of the oduct of © and Ba, Hence material Ais placed near the conductor surface and then material C and ‘hn the material B will be placed.fon and Dist transmission an i rasylators and. From equat 2 20 Maximur Fig. 443, Vv: To find minimum internal diameter of the lead sheath: ‘After proper arangement of insulating materials, aa 93.34 = 6) =e, = 4and Simax = SAmax ~ 50kV/ cm. 8 28 =4and B2max = &Cmax = 404V/em. ot 6 = 6p =25and g3mmx = SBmax = 30k V/cm. Condition for the capacitance grading is £14 Btmax = ©2441 82max = &3 42 S3max 4xdx50 = 4xdjx40 = 2.5xdy x30 200d = 1504, = 754, From equation (i) 200 d = 160 4, 200x1 = Bb 1S (Given that d= 1 em) seth aa, 200 in 4 = 125 em‘xin woot one V = imax 5 in| = aig (3 )+man a4) \ a4 = 50x (URIs 125 a 3 (2) ($F) softs 98.34 = 25 (1.25) +25In(2.1336) 240m 93.34 = 5578+ 1888+ 40m(=P-) 2.667, (Dd In| (266 D h =i (=B:) D (2.667 D = 14.92¢em The minimum internal diameter of ead sheath, D~ 14 920m 1 = 7 [93.34-5.578-18: 3) (93.34-5.578-18,88]4 Transmission and Digy a : Axdxé eof « single core cable p sorking vottase 2 a m pad oe maim WOES raulwing data. Conductoning a Band tl oc “ ern materi 400 ee rains PO a ne aia 286M MEMO ry sp aViem, relate rorking potential cm, maximum ] ofA and B, 4.and. 2.5 respectively: © Solution: wa Conductor redivs, 7 = 0.50 = 2x05 = lem Conductor diameter, d= ] t = 25cm Inside sheath radius, R .. Inside sheath diameter, tq = 4 and Ze, = 604V/cm D = 2x25 = Sem ep = 25 and g,,,, = 50kV/em Since ¢, and g,,., i greater than €p and g,,., insulating material 4 ‘near the conductor surface. Asi of relative pern overall diamete stress of 40 kV What wil the same cond © Solution Cond “&= &, = 4and 8 ol imax =A max = 6oKV/ = t= 2Sand_g) cm 3 Conon fo capaciance tt 8m = SOV em, grading ig lax 14 Sima = dy a Maximn and Distrs sand Cables 4 240d = 1254, comments Maximum working voltage ig 4,(4 fae 3) peien t(2) a v= xn (U2) 50412 8 ‘ 1 2 "iss = 30m (1.92) + 48 tm (2.6042) = 1957+45.94 = 65.51 KV (peak) (Ganges 5] A single core lead sheathed cable is graded by using three dielectrics sfrelative permittivity 5,4 and 3 respectively. The conductor diameter is 2cm and nerall diameter is 8 cm, If the three dielectrics are worked at the same maximum ess of 40 kV/cm, find the safe working voltage of the cable. What will be the value of safe working voltage for on ungraded cable, assuming ttesame conductor and overall diameter and the maximum dielectric stress? @ Solution: Conductor diameter, d = 2 cm_ Overall diameter, D = 8m Three dielectrics are used for grading, gy =Sse deeds Maximum stress, g,,, = 40kV/em .1p Transmission and D uttors and Cab or ungraded ¢ Sma Fig. 4.45 Condition fer capacitance grading to have same maximinlsteaa his shows ad = ed = 8342 a diameter (A) and s 5x2 = 4dj= 3d qoltage (57. 8558 From eqn (i), $x2=4d = dj = 25cm From eqn (i), A 66 kV sin Sx2=3d, => dz = 3.34em relative permittis Safe working voltage of the graded cable is diameter is 2 cm v pA [+m( 4) +t seam : a A Fig 4.46 st ~ 4), (25 3.42 ay = >/2a|— at «(Z):250(32)sas4m(-8) ve = 20 (0.4462 + 0.7242 + 2.99) = 20x4.0904 V = 81.808 KV (peak) e 81.808 onli “7 S78SEV (rms)ransmission and Dison Bmax = —2V- am(2 ; 2v 40 5 2M in I>) $x2n v = Saha) = $5.44 KV (peak = 565.44/J5 = 3924V (rms) Tis shows the utility of grading the o shine permittivity Sand 3 respectively; thickness of each being lem. The cone lancer is 20m. Determine the maximum stress in the two dieeciniez © Solution: Fig 446 shows the composite dielectie ofa capacitance graded cable. V = 66 kV (line value) = © < 38.1 (phase value) B = 38.1x2 = 53.89KV (peak) 4 =5;6=3 Thickness of each insulation, t= 1 em Core diameter, d = 2.¢m.1s Transmission and py temilem! Fig. 4.46 ‘A conduct dyn. 42c = 2+ Qx0 = 4em ofinternal dian D = +21 = 4+(@x1) = Gem py a tightly fit ress in the two dielectri voltage gradier Let, and g,,, be the maximum st Condition for capacitance grading is working voltag £44 Stmax = 241 82max © Solution: Conduet 5x2x Simax = 3% 4% Somax 10 81max = 12 82max. 12 Stmax = 79 82max Simat= eae, Maximum working voltage is v= 4, {4 i imax rH( i} ean St( 2) , A, $3.89 = ginay x2 in 4 2 (Se ety (s ~ 53.89 tite, tae = "S53 fina +081gong Air dic Porcelmission and Digy ators and Cables 109] 53.89 (using eqn (iy) Simax = 1.2 gma 1.2x3281 = x through a, ‘porcelain cylinder : The eytinder ts surrounded sel stage gradient in air must not exceed 34 kV/cm, the maximum safe vrking voltage, (Dec. 04, & Marks} @ Solution: Conductor diameter, d = lem d, 3 = MEV/cm Airdielectrie : es 1 imax = HE " Yorcelain dielectric: @7 = 52 65 44 Samar on eee gies = 4 = 34 EV Cm grmx ~~ 10 0 ing voltage is eee 4 in( 2 4 gf D) Let d, be th ee {u(r é “2 7 For the diel v-Vy in = 2 ee = 3KS bn(? 2)s4n5m(G _ = 11.784 + 4.26 the d = 16.043 KV (peak) Fag difference is V, . Maximum safe working voltage = 1.344 KV (Fr: GRADING OF CABLES (INTERSHEATH GRADING) (Ea) Prove that the ratio of voltage gradient with and without i Since the same. 2 be Gq)’ hen there is only one layer of intersheath. (Ratio of inte radius to core radius = outer sheath radius to intersheath radius © Solution: Consider a cable with core diameter “@ and ov asD. The cable with only on layer of int ‘asjators and Cables Sheath Leta, be the diameter Of the intertheath, whieh is kept at potential V. For the dielectric segment between core and intersheath, the tial di fe Ay, the potential difference ; Maximum stress, 81max = —Y=Vt . aes 4) (i) 2 For the dielectric segment between intersheath and sheath, the potential ifirence is V,-0 = V, y 82max = Sn 3) ~~ Gi) Since the dielectric is homogeneous, the maximum stress in each layer is the Bimax = &2max vi D Hence the conditions to have same maximum stress in each layer can be obtained, ‘oacqn (i) as below.«Transmission and py lators a = g2max ~ a Maximum stress, Sax Ain 2) Ain a, if inters qual to E, ise nterms of Vand + Let us express V, Hi From eqn (¥). [Example Fina maintaine the cable | Show that S sonExample 4.29 ] Find the radius of the intersheath and the potential at which it must be ‘wintined for a single core metal sheathed cable such that the overall radius of ‘ccable is minimum. The operating voltage is V and overall diameter is D, then ovis, D = ZEN where Be, i8 the maximum stress in the dielectric, ma. 5 Solution faye x The single core metal sheathed cable with single intersheath is shown is Fig.4.494 Transmission and Bj Fig. 449 eqn @) o cgconducian, D Overall ameter of ably Let d-diamet v, - potential of intersheath 4, diameter ofintersheath, dicletic segment between core and intersheath, the poter For the on the conductor surface, is V-V, and the maximum stress occurs Expression __ For the dielectric segment between intersheath and sheath, eqn (i difference is V,-0 = V, (sheath is earthed) and the maximum stre; the intersheath surface, v D nf 2 yyy In fijarors and Cables « “yndition 10° he economy, since the conductop 4 = 27184 Vay eqn()=> Siaaes My Bmx = 2Z=V) AWEY) max pression of D in terms of V,: eqn (i) (sd, = 2.7184) D_) eee (saraa) ~ 2718d gnax te = ee aN 278d ea a w-W) (+ nu = 2) car4 Transmission and Di osuitatOrs a en, m1 wen i 3v-VDI p_ ever ayiea w/e shied, ne -V 2.718 (V—' d - Sie (2.718(V-Mi)} ie; = Smax v= ‘This th i f th oe 546 ep. ype Radius 0! Smax Intersheath potential for minimum overall radius of cable: 4a Since V and g._, are constants, V, is the only variable. + For minimum D, 2D) ay, | oD. 5.436 8D _ | 5:436 wy _ yy Mi /2-718(V- V4 ay, [2% hye | ga ; My 12.718. ~ d e ay Aa Minimum my PDC Wgy- (ew/ens eM /(2718(V-y)) MCI +(V=¥) eM /2-718(V - Vy] vi / pais Wy)ult" and Cobley g ireneey “fa ae SY x WM Ivy, I TP | 9 wen nf IEA; =] «0 This the required intetsheath Potential judius of the intersheath a = 2.718 =2:719, 2M) av Radius of intersheath St = —V— Smax Minimum overall diameter of cable: Dp = 5436 5:86 vy _y) evi/taneC Vv) &max = 5436 y _ 9.639 Vp e0.S32V /[2.718(V - 0.632 V9 Smax .718 x 0,368) = 5436 9 s68yx ares P4 Transmission and Dis eatned cable Is 10 be graded by ine intersheath and the core meral si i meter oft Tao Bg © MO evel late tte intranet eg in order obi ‘minimum overall dig ch vrcigrdentat which te ‘psutating material can be See aes Dec 09, Avvem Derive the formula used [Dec 09, Marks 1 © Solution: fon of formula, refer example 4.29 V2 = 93-34 KV (peat) For derivati Given, V = 66kV = 66x Bua, = 60 KV/em Intersheath potential, V, = 0.632 V = 0,632x93.34 = 58.99 KV (peak) _ 58.99 = ap + A7I2 eV ems) Intersheath diameter, 4 aa 2x 93.34 8max STV 2 3 T6x2334 Overall diameter, D = 60 = 5.85cm max © Solution: Conductor di; liameter, = Sheath diameter, p a= 20m vol For w-v) Fo since V,yrs and Cables 4 voltage, V = 66 py Ainevaas = 66/3 ~ 38.105 Ky a Phase vatuey * B.89RY cooaty Sheath (earthed) Intersheath 2 Intersheath Fig. 4.50 For dielectric between core and intersheath 1, the potential difference is y-Y,) and maximum stress occurs on Conductor surface v-V, v-y, S1max * aa Pe rane ea ¥ 2° aie For dielectric between intersheath 1 and 2, the potential difference is (V, -V,) ‘see V, > V, and maximum stress occurs on the surface of intersheath 1. Me Naew Siniinty,= va) ( (22) ; andshah he pti ioc V2 since, p ss occurs onthe surface intesheath 2 #4 Transmission and Disiyy = 2.04 Va S3max = dy os inthe layers 16 Bir 2 the same, asthe maximum ste = Simm = 82max AV,) = 2.04 V2 Simax 228(v-V)) = 212% From equation (i), 2:12 (V,- V2 22. V)=2.12 V, = 2.04 Ve ) = 2.04, (212 +204) V, = 2.12V, v, = 051, From equation (i), 2.28 (V-V,) = 2.12(V,-V,) 2.28 (53.9-V,) = 2.12(V,-0.51 V,) 122.892 -2.28 V, = 2.12 V, 1.0812 V, V, = 122,892/(2.12~ 1.0812 + 2.28) V, = 37.03 kV (peak) ‘equation (if) => Vp = 0.51V, = 051x37,03 Vy = 18.88 kV (peak) Ans: Voltage on first j pb a Voltage on second int OND viet ao tn etn = 37.02 kvsors and Cables (oat ai Tingle Core 66 KY oy wf Zon ond « she % poneter of etttth of tntde cyan Phase stem hos « conductor jroduced INSUCH @ way thay Wednesnee imum in the three Layers, fae @) Positions of intersheains, (i) Voltage On the intershening (ii) Maximum and minimuyy Stress BER Loh: Ute tatershecrns are PENT he ssne mcctacae cae Solution: Voltage = 66 kV (line vatuey 66 38.1054 V (Phase value) = 38.105x V2 = 53.89 kV (peak) v Conductor diameter, d = 2om, Sheath diameter, D=5.3 6m, Letd, & d, be the d ‘V,and V, respectively.‘5 Transmission and Distyig, is same, ‘as tbe mich stron ibe HOS IA is Simax = S2max > 83max Z.(8) 4u(4) Bald) Hence the conditions are Cire ot (say) Se Vee Yuri VA oO e 2 2 2 (ii) Positions of intersheaths: Dy, diese D, eae 3 a mee (using eqn (i) eqn (ii) Str Sir three Lay Ce Myors.and Cables 4 V—-V, = 0529 vy 53.89 ~ 1.723 V, = osa9y 2 en i) > / v-¥, 5 ae = qi 0.7220, | 0.722, eto eae : | . a = Lay, ; . BF rom equation (iti, = j j = a j 2 = 9723+ 05a) = 23: j (1.723 + 0.522) = 23.91 kV (peau) a ] eq(iv) => Vi = L723) 2999349319) = 412 &V (peat Voltage on first intersheath, Y, = 41.2 ky (peak) j ] - j Voltage on second intersheath, V, = 23.91 RV (peak) {i Stresses in dielectries: | Since, the stress may vary between the same maximum.and minimum in the ‘ne layers, g,.. and g,,, can be calculated by considering any one dielectric layer. Considering the dielectric between the core and intersheath 1,5 Transmission and p ve - dj avress, fin ~ (in 4) Minimum st (4 iG 53.89 = 76 Yi 2. 2 THREE CORE BELTED CABLE: _ = 28.22 kV/em CAPACITANCE oO rrramuater lonayiise”? % 3 — core, metal sheathed caj following results in a test. for capacitance: ee ; @ Capacitance between 10 ‘conductors joined to sheath q coductor — 0.65 #F- (ii) Capacitance between all th sheath 0.75 #F. Find (a) effective capacitance’ of each core to the neutral (b) cha per phase (c) capacitance between any two conductors. © Solution: Given,Cy = 0.654F and C, = 0.75 HF oe 11 (line value) = 11/3 kV (phase value) a) Effective capacitance of each core to the neutral is, ‘Aone -e three conductors joined tog a ; = 3/2x0.65-1/6x 0.75 = b) Charging current is ost I, = oCV =n fcv sn a 2R ssnassaips( ae : Capacitance ee between any two conductors (Line ‘i = Sek _ 0185 a a: g °) insula ors and AcTICERI 1 singles of 120m. the insul: Asingl conduc resistiv A33k of 1.5 Find! ‘Ther Det for < is 6