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59 viewsUnit 4 M&I
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/ 30
STORAGE AND DISPLAY DEVICES
-as$39 sa
—
inp sina
be ae
AANAANW\
VVVVVVT
Fig. 4.5 Frequency modulation recording system.
ive voltage deviates the frequency by an
appropriate percentage
is fed to the tape is a signal of constai
to the amplitude of input signal.
‘The operation of an FM modulator can easily be checked by applyinga a
input voltage and measuring the output frequency with an electronic counter, Thissigm
+ Storage and Display e ces #
is appliedto the tape with no
+ conditioning, as the signal is independent of the
nce between centre frequency and
the frequency on the tape to a voltage proportional to the difference in the frequence.
can thus record frequencies from d.c to serveral thousand Hz. Residual
als and any out of band noise are removed by a low pass fil
‘There are two important fractors in FM recording,
(@ percentage Deviation
lefined as the carrier deviation to centre frequence
:, Percentage deviation (or) modulation index
m= a > 100
where Af = Cartier deviation from centre frequency, and
Jc = centre (or) cartier frequency
Gi Deviation Ratio
It is defined as the ratio of carrier deviation from centre frequency to signal (or)
‘modulating frequency
Deviation factor § = Sf
fm
where f,~data signal
Advantages of FM Recording
(® This system has wide frequency range and can record from DC voltages to several
KHz
®@ ¢ from dropout effects
i)
\dependent of amplitude variations an
accurately reproduces the w
ofthe input signal ly reproduces the wavefrom
(iv) Itisextremely usefil to for multiplexing in instrumentation system.
ex 1. 4.10
+ Measurements and Instrumentation 4
syorage and Display Devices ¢
.
Disadvantages of FM recording
© _ FMrecordingis extremely sensitive to tape speed fluctua
either the recording (or) reproducing mo
“unwanted apparent modulation of the carrer, reducing the dynamic range ofthe
system.
@ __ Thecircuitry of an FM recording system is more complicated than that ofa direct
recording system.
(@_ The FM system has a limited high frequency response (ot) about 80 KHz
()_Itrequiresahigh tape speed.
(8) _Itrequires high quality of tape transport and speed control and, therefore expensive
than the direct recording system.
Palse Duration Modulating (PDM) Recording
Pulse duration modulation (PDM) is sometimes used to allow simultaneous recording
ofa large numberof slowly changing variables by using time - division multiplexing (TDM)
‘The PDM recording process requires the input signal atthe instant of sampling be
converted to. pulse, the duration of which is proportional to the amplitude of the signal
atthe instant.
‘Asan example, for recording a sine wave, itis sampled and recorded at uniformly
spaced discrete interval instead of continuously recording the instantaneous values. The
original sine wave can be reconstructed on playback by passing the discrete readings
through an appropriate filter.
A schematic diagram of PDM recording system employing TDM for sine wave
signal is shown in figure 4.6
kaha
41
JL.
Riise
eam)
TJocties 4.12
Measurements and.
Advantages of PDM Recording
o
@
Ithas a high accuracy due to the fact that it can be self- calibrated
@ _Whasahigh SN ratio
Disadvantages
© Ithasa limited frequency response
@__Ithasahighly complex electronic circuitry and therefore the reliablity of such system
islow
(@ _Itisused only for special applications such as flight recorders, where a large number
of slowly changing variables are involved
AFM recording system + 20% devi
of carrer frequency corresponds
to plus and minus full scale of input signal. What will be frequency of
output of modulator if carrier frequency is SOKHe.
© Solution:
Modulation Index M = 20%
Carrier frequency J, = 50 KHe
(@ Modulation Index matt x 100
=Mxhk
oT
= 20x 50 x10?
100
Af =10,000H,
The frequency of output signal of modulator output is fe + Af
= 50,000 + 10,000
= 60,000
ind Display Devices 4
aaa
The gap of & tape recorder is 6 wn. Determine the speed of the tape so has
to have a satisfactory response at 50,000Hz. Assume that recorded
wavelength must be greater than 2.5 times the gap of the recorder.
4.13
Minimum recorded wavelength 1 = 25x 6
=15 um
For satisfactory response, the speed of tape is calculated as
vans
v = 15 x10 x 50,000
v= 7S misec
A tape receives 12,000 numbers per second the tape speed is 1.5 m/s.
Determiné the number density of the tape
© Solution:
number_received/ second
Number density = ay second
= 8numbers/mm,
‘42 DIGITAL PLOTTERS AND PRINTERS:
‘The character printers and graphic plotters are two devices used to prepare a
Permanent (hard copy) record of computer output,
‘The basic difference between printers and plotters is that the former are devices
similar characters in text readable form, + Measurements and Instrumentation 4
Printers classified in three broad categories
1. Impactand non- Impact printer
2. Fully formed character and dot matrix character printer
3. Character ata time and line ata time.
Impact and non - Impact printer
Impact printer form characters on a paper by striking the paper with a print head
and squeezing as inked ribbon between the print head and the paper. Non - impact
Printers form characters without engaging the print mechanism with the print surface,
Example by heating sensitised paper (or) by sprayin ink from a jet.
Fully Formed Character and Dot Matrix Printer
Fully formed characters are like those made by a standard typewriter, all the pats
of characters are embossed in the reverse on the type bars of the typewriter. When
printed, all type elements appear connected (or) fully formed
Dot matrix characters are shaped by combinations of dots that form a group
representing a letter (or) number when viewed together.
Character at a Time and Line at a Time Printer
Character at a time printers, print each character serially, and virtually
instantaneously.
Line at atime printers, print each line virtually instantaneously. Example those using
lasers and xesographic methods.
Impact printer
‘Sampling {
clock
Fig.4.17 sequential repetitive sampling
Inthis method, one sample value per tigger event is captured ata cerefully contolled
time delay “,” after the triggering pulse as shown in figure 4.17,
‘This delay is increased by small amount, after each point is captured. The single
sample acquisition cycle is repeated tll the entire waveform has been plotted. In this
‘method the increase in delay which ist, is the effective sampling time, This method used
only in microwave bandwidth digital oscilloscopes.
4.6.2. Advantages of Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)
@ — Thestorage time is infinite
(i _Itiseasierto operate and has more capability
(thas more fk the number of traces that can be stored and recalled depends
onthe sizeof the memory.
Jay Devices &
ments possible
information displayed on the screen such as amplitude, frequency,
(v) Keeping the records is possible by transiting the data to computer system. Where
ings possible,
(i) Brighter and bigger display with colour to distinguish multiple traces.
(wii) Slowtraces like temperature variation can easily stored.
4.6.3 Application of Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)
(@ Measurement of various parameters of alternating signal such as RMS, average,
crest factor, duty cycle ete.
@_ Measurement of Frequency, time petiod, phase, phase difference for periodic signal.
(@_ Measurement of transient parameters delay time,
ime, peak overshoot ete.
(iv) Mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration ete of waveform
is obtained,
w
‘To obtain p-v diagram, B -H curves, Hysteresis loop etc.
(vi) Fortransmission line analysis to obtain standing waves, modulation characteristics
te 434
47 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
ATLIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
LED sa diode which emits visit when itis energized,
Fig. (a) LED - Symbol
PHOSPHOR
NT
G,A, Diode J J
Fig. (b) Structure of LED
Visible Light
tttt
! cman oar? 20:
7 Epiaaa | | |
' N-Type
T
Gold Film
cathode
‘connection
tbo
Fig. (c) LED - cross sectional view
435]
# Storage and Display Devices +
Transistor
Fig. (d) Transistor controlled LED
‘As shown in fig(b); LED isa PN junction diode capable of emitting electromagnetic
radiation under forward bias condition. The radiation emitted by LED’s can be either in
the visible spectrum or in the infrared resion.
‘Semiconductor material [Colour of visible light
@ Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Red
(i Gallium Phosphide (GaP) red (or) green
Gii)_ Gallium Arsenide Phosphide (GaAsP) red (or) yellow
2 As shown in fig(c), the charge carrer recombination will occur in the P - type
material, Thus the P - region becomes the surface of the device. Ametal fil 436
4 Measurements and Inst
na
A simple transistor ean be
fig(d). When the transistoris dri
isclosed hence LED will start to emi
ed for switching ON & OFF an LED as shown in
saturation by base current it conducts and switch,
Advantages
+ _Issizeis small andis more economical.
+ Ihasahigh degre ofreiailiy
+ Itismore rugged such thatithas the ability to withstand vibrations and shocks,
+ LEDs head moderate power for its operation,
+ LEDs occupy small area
+ Bycontolling the current flowing into LED, the output light ean be controlled.
+ tsswitching timeis ess than Ins
+ LED’sare capable of emitting light with different colours like red, green, amber &
yellow.
Disadvantages
+ Over voltage (or) over current can easily damage the LED
+ LEDsare unsuited for large area displays
‘+ LED requires more power than LCD
Applications
+ LEDsare used in Alphanumeric displays
(37
4 Storage and Display Devices + -
poMe
visiBLe
LIGHT
SEMICONDUCTOR
WABER
Fig. (e) Epoxy type - LED package
8 LOD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)
LCD is adisplay which is used to modulate light when electrical signal is applied.
LCDs are passive displays characterised by good contrast ratio.
+ They are light scattering,
+ ‘They depend for their operation on back lighting.
Types:
! |
Dynamie satering ype Field effect type Seti,
438 4+ Measurements and Instrumentation
439
Storage and splay Devices *
Dynamic Scattering Display
ee) Transparent
pales electrodes
Spacer,
Glass
ZLZZZLLLZL LIZZ ILIA”
Fig. (a) LCD
‘The construction of a dynamic scattering li
the dynamic scattering display is energized, the
become turbulent and scatter light in all directions. Unenergized areas will remain
id crystal ce is shown in fig(a). When
cules of energized area of the display
translucent. Liquid crystal is layered between glass sheets with transparent electrodes
