CHAKS SOLUTIONS

Pure Mathematics P2 Exercise 1

6042
Marking guide
BY CHAKUAMBA FORTUNE T (CHAKS)
+263771580933

Answer all questions [70] marks]

1) i) Show that 3𝑟(𝑟 + 1) = 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2) − 𝑟(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 + 1) [3]

3𝑟(𝑟 + 1) = 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2) − 𝑟(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 + 1)

𝑅𝐻𝑆
= 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2) − 𝑟(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 + 1)
= 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)[(𝑟 + 2) − (𝑟 − 1)]
= 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)[𝑟 + 2 − 𝑟 + 1]
= 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)[3]
= 3𝑟(𝑟 + 1) shown

ii) Hence deduce that

𝑛
𝑛
∑ 𝑟(𝑟 + 1) = (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) [𝟔]
3
𝑟=1

3𝑟(𝑟 + 1) = 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2) − 𝑟(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 + 1)

𝑛 𝑛

∑ 3𝑟(𝑟 + 1) = ∑ 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2) − 𝑟(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 + 1)

𝑟=1 𝑟=1

= [1(2)(3) − 1(0)(2)] 𝒓=𝟏

+ [ 2(3)(4) − 2(1)(3) ] 𝒓=𝟐

+ [ 3(4)(5) − 3(2)(4) ] 𝒓=𝟑

+ … … … … … … … … … … ….

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 + … … … … … … … … … … ….

+ [ (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛)(𝑛 + 1) − (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝑛 ] 𝒓=𝒏−𝟏

+ [ (𝑛)(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) − 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 + 1)] 𝒓=𝒏

After doing relevant canceling of terms

𝑛

∴ ∑ 3𝑟(𝑟 + 1) = (𝑛)(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)

𝑟=1

3 ∑ 𝑟(𝑟 + 1) = (𝑛)(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)

𝑟=1

𝑛
𝑛
∑ 𝑟(𝑟 + 1) = (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
3
𝑟=1

b) Prove by induction that

𝑛

∑ 𝑟2𝑟 = 2 + (𝑛 − 1)2𝑛+1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ (𝟕)

𝑟=1

Prove for 𝑛 = 1
1

∑ 𝑟(2)𝑟 = 2 + (𝑛 − 1)2𝑛+1
𝑟=1

2=2

True for 𝑛 = 1

Assume for 𝑛 = 𝑘

∑ 𝑟(2)𝑟 = 2 + (𝑘 − 1)2𝑘+1
𝑟=1

Proof for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1

𝑘+1

∑ 𝑟(2)𝑟 = 2 + ((𝑘 + 1) − 1)2(𝑘+1)+1

𝑟=1
= 2 + (𝑘)2𝑘+2

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 Inductive step

𝑘+1 𝑘

∑ 𝑟(2)𝑟 = ∑ 𝑟(2)𝑟 + (𝑘 + 1)𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

𝑟=1 𝑟=1

= 2 + (𝑘 − 1)2𝑘+1 + (𝑘 + 1)(2)(𝑘+1)

= 2 + (𝑘 − 1)2𝑘 ⦁2 + (𝑘 + 1)(2)𝑘 ⦁2

= 2 + 2𝑘 ⦁2[(𝑘 − 1) + (𝑘 + 1)]

= 2 + 2𝑘 ⦁2[2𝑘]

= 2 + 2𝑘 ⦁2[2](𝑘)

= 2 + (𝑘)2𝑘+1+1

= 2 + (𝑘)2𝑘+2

Since the statement is true for = 1, 𝑛 = 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 , so by mathemathical induction it true for all
𝑛 ∈ ℤ+

2) A binary operation ∗ is defined on set ℝ , of real numbers by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 − 4√2 for 𝑎 , 𝑏 ∈ ℝ

i) Evaluate
1
(√2 + 1) ∗ ( )
√2 − 1
leaving your answer in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏√2where a and b are integers [3]
1 1
(√2 + 1) ∗ ( ) = (√2 + 1) ( ) − 4√2
√2 − 1 √2 − 1
(√2 + 1)
= − 4√2
√2 − 1

(√2 + 1)(√2 + 1)
= 2 − 4√2
(√2) − 12

2 + 2√2 + 1
= − 4√2
1

= 2 + 2√2 + 1 − 4√2

= 3 − 2√2

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 ii) 1) Verify that set (0 ,1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5) forms a group under addition modulo 6 [7]

+𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑜6 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 2 3 4 5 0
2 2 3 4 5 0 1
3 3 4 5 0 1 2
4 4 5 0 1 2 3
5 5 0 1 2 3 4

Closure
𝑎∗𝑏 ∈𝑆
Since there are no new entry on the cayley table the set S is closed

Associativity

(𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 = 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐 )
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 0 , 𝑏 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 2
(0 ∗ 1) ∗ 2 = 0 ∗ (1 ∗ 2)
1∗2=0∗3
3=3
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Associativity satisfied

Identity element
𝑎∗𝑒 =𝑎
𝑒=0

Inverse
0−1 = 0 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
1−1 = 5
2−1 = 4
3−1 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
4−1 = 2
5−1 = 1
Since four basic properties are, satisfied set (0 ,1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5) forms a group under addition modulo 6

2) State all subgroups of set (0 ,1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5) [3]

(0) ; (0 ,1 , 2 , 3 , 4, 5)

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b) Show that equation 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 has only one real root, by sketching the graph of

𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3 [3]

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3

𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = −3
𝟑
its reflection of graph of 𝑒 𝑥 in the 𝑦~𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 𝟐

𝟑
𝒙
𝟐

−𝟑

One point of intersection therefore there is one root

3) The planes 𝜋1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋2 are such that

𝜋1 ∶ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9
𝜋2 ∶ −6𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2

i) Show that 𝜋1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋2 are parallel [2]

Parallel planes,
The normals are multiples of each other
𝑛2
𝑛1
𝜋2

𝜋1

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 2 −6
𝑛1 = ( −3 ) 𝑛2 = ( 9 )
−1 3
𝒏𝟏 = 𝒌𝒏𝟐
2 −6
( −3 ) = 𝑘 ( 9 )
−1 3
2 = −6𝑘
1
− =𝑘
3
2 1 −6 2 −6
∴ ( −3 ) = − ( 9 ) 𝑜𝑟 − 3 ( −3 ) = ( 9 )
3
−1 3 −1 3

ii) Find the value a such that points 𝐴(−2 , 𝒂 , −1) lies on 𝜋1 [2]
If the points lies on the plane, by substituting the points into the equation the plane
and it must be consistent 𝒊, 𝒆 𝑳𝑯𝑺 = 𝑹𝑯𝑺
𝜋1 ∶ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9 𝐴(−2 , 𝒂 , −1)

2(−2) − 3𝒂 − (−1) = 9
−4 − 3𝒂 + 1 = 9
−3 − 3𝒂 = 9
−3𝒂 = 12
𝒂 = −4

iii) Find the vector equation of the line 𝑙1 through points (1 , 4 , 5) and is perpendicular to 𝜋1 [2]
normal

𝜋1 ∶ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9

𝑙1

Use the normal vector as the directional vector of the line

1 2
𝑙1 : 𝑟 = (4) + 𝜆 ( −3 )
5 −1

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 1) Hence find the point of intersection 𝑙1 and 𝜋1 [3]
1 2 2
𝑙1 : 𝑟 = (4) + 𝜆 ( −3 ) 𝜋1 ∶ 𝑟 ⦁ ( −3 ) = 9
5 −1 −1
⦁ Substitute the equation of the line into plane
⦁ Find the value of the parameter
⦁ Substitute the value of parameter into equation of the line
1 + 2𝜆 2
( 4 − 3𝜆 ) ⦁ ( −3 ) = 9
5−𝜆 −1
2 − 12 − 5 + 4𝜆 + 9𝜆 + 𝜆 = 9
−15 + 14𝜆 = 9
14𝜆 = 24
24
𝜆=
14
12
𝜆=
7
Substituting the value of parameter into equation of the line
12
1 + 2( )
7
12
𝑟 = 4 − 3( )
7
12
( 5−( 7 ) )

31
(
)
7
8
𝑟 = −( )
7
23
( ( ))
7
Therefore the coordinates of intersection are
31 8 23
( , − , )
7 7 7

b) Another plane 𝜋3 and line 𝑙2 are such that

𝜋3 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 2

1 2
𝑙2 ∶ 𝑟 = ( 2 ) + 𝜆 (−3)
−3 −1

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 i) Find the vector equation of line of intersection of 𝜋1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋3 [5]

𝜋1 ∶ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9
𝜋3 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 2

𝜋2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 2 𝜋1 : 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9

𝐿1
Method 1

Let 𝑧 = 0

⇒ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 9
⇒ 𝑥+𝑦 =2 ×2

⇒ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 9
⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4

5𝑦 = −5 ⇒ 𝑦 = −1
𝑥−1=2 ⇒𝑥=3

𝐴(3 , −1 , 0)

Let 𝑥 = 1

⇒ −3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 7
⇒ 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 1 × 3

⇒ −3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 7
⇒ 3𝑦 − 9𝑧 = 3

−10𝑧 = 10 ⇒ 𝑧 = −1
𝑦 − 3(−1) = 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2

𝐵 (1 , −2 , −1)
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 1 3 −2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (−2) − (−1) = (−1)
−1 0 −1

Apply 𝑟 = 𝒂 + 𝜆𝒃

3 −2 3 2 1 2
𝑟 = (−1) + 𝜆 (−1) 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 = (−1) + 𝜆 (1) 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 = (−2) + 𝜆 (1)
0 −1 0 1 −1 1

Method 2
𝜋1 ∶ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9
𝜋3 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 2

2 1
𝑛1 = ( −3 ) 𝑛2 = ( 1 )
−1 −3
Finding the directional vector of the line
+ − +
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
−3 −1 2 −1 2 −3
𝑑 = 𝑛1 × 𝑛2 = |2 −3 −1| = | |𝒊 − | |𝒋 + | |𝒌
1 −3 1 −3 1 1
1 1 −3
= 10𝒊 − (−5𝒋) + 5𝒌
= 10𝒊 + 5𝒋 + 5𝒌
𝒅 = 2𝒊 + 𝒊 + 𝒌 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 5
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 2

Let 𝑧 = 0

⇒ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 9
⇒ 𝑥+𝑦 =2 ×2

⇒ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 9
⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4

5𝑦 = −5 ⇒ 𝑦 = −1
𝑥−1=2 ⇒𝑥=3

3 2
𝐴(3 , −1 , 0) Therefore line of intersection ⇒ 𝑟 = (−1) + 𝜆 (1)
0 1
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 ii) Find the equation of plane which contains points (2 , 1 , 5) and 𝑙2 [4]

1 2
𝑙2 ∶ 𝑟 = ( 2 ) + 𝜆 (−3)
−3 −1

𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 =?
2
𝑑1 =? 𝑑1 = (−3) 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
⦁ (2 , 1 , 5) −1

(1 , 2, −3)

2 1 1
𝑑1 = (1) − ( 2 ) = ( −1 )
5 −3 8
Finding the normal vector of the plane
+ − +
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
−1 8 1 8 1 −1
𝑛 = 𝑑1 × 𝑑2 = |1 −1 8 | = | |𝒊 − | |𝒋 + | |𝒌
−3 −1 2 −1 2 −3
2 −3 −1
= 25𝒊 − (−17𝒋) − 𝒌
𝒏 = 25𝒊 + 17𝒋 − 𝒌

Apply 𝑟⦁𝒏 = 𝒂⦁𝒏 for equation of the plane

25 2 25
𝑟⦁ ( 17) = (1) ⦁ ( 17)
−1 5 −1
25
𝑟⦁ ( 17) = 62
−1
25𝑥 + 17𝑦 − 𝑧 = 62

iii) Find shortest distance from the origin to 𝜋3 [2]

𝜋3 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 − 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 (0 , 0 , 0)

|𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐𝑧1 + 𝑑 | |(0) + (0) − 3(0) − 2|

𝑑= ⇒ 𝑑=
√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑏2 √12 + 12 + 32

|−2| 2√11
= =
√11 11
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 1 0 2 1 −1 1
4) Given that 𝐴 = (2 1 0) 𝐵 = (0 2 1)
3 1 1 1 3 0
i) Given 𝑀 = 𝐴𝐵 ,find matrix 𝑀 [3]

1 0 2 1 −1 1
𝑀 = (2 1 0) (0 2 1)
3 1 1 1 3 0
(1)(1) + (0)(0) + (2)(1) (1)(−1) + (0)(2) + (2)(3) (1)(1) + (0)(1) + (2)(0)
= ((2)(1) + (1)(0) + (0)(1) (2)(−1) + (1)(2) + (0)(3) (2)(1) + (1)(1) + (0)(0))
(3)(1) + (1)(0) + (1)(1) (3)(−1) + (1)(2) + (1)(3) (3)(1) + (1)(1) + (1)(0)

3 5 1
= (2 0 3)
4 2 4
−6 −18 15
b) Another matrix 𝑃 = ( 4 8 −7 )
4 14 −10
i) Evaluate 𝑀𝑃 [2]

3 5 1 −6 −18 15
𝑀𝑃 = (2 0 3) ( 4 8 −7 )
4 2 4 4 14 −10
(3)(−6) + (5)(4) + (1)(4) (3)(−18) + (5)(8) + (1)(14) (3)(15) + (5)(−7) + (1)(−10)
= ((2)(−6) + (0)(4) + (3)(4) (2)(−18) + (0)(8) + (3)(14) (2)(15) + (0)(−7) + (3)(−10))
(4)(−6) + (2)(4) + (4)(4) (4)(−18) + (2)(8) + (4)(14) (4)(15) + (2)(−7) + (4)(−10)

6 0 0
= (0 6 0)
0 0 6
ii) Hence or otherwise write down 𝑀−1 [2]

Matrix M × Adjoint of Matrix M= 𝑫𝒆𝒕(𝑴) × 𝑰

1 0 0
𝑀𝑃 = 6 (0 1 0)
0 0 1
Therefore Matrix P is Adjoint of M

𝟏
𝑴−𝟏 = 𝑫𝒆𝒕(𝑴) × 𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑴

−1
1 −6 −18 15
𝑀 = ( 4 8 −7 )
6
4 14 −10

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 iii) Hence or otherwise find the value of 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧
𝑥 3
Given that 𝑀 (𝑦) = (1) [𝟑]
𝑧 2
𝑥 3
𝑀 (𝑦) = (1)
𝑧 2
𝑥 3
𝑀−1 𝑀 (𝑦) = 𝑀−1 (1) 𝑀−1 𝑀 = 𝐼
𝑧 2
𝑥 3
−1
(𝑦) = 𝑀 (1)
𝑧 2
𝑥 1 −6 −18 15 3
(𝑦) = ( 4 8 −7 ) (1)
𝑧 6
4 14 −10 2
𝑥 (−6)(3) + (−18)(1) + (15)(2)
1
𝑦
( )= ( (4)(3) + (8)(1) + (−7)(2))
𝑧 6
(4)(3) + (14)(1) + (−10)(2)
𝑥 1 −6
(𝑦) = ( 6 )
𝑧 6
6
𝑥 −1
(𝑦) = ( 1 )
𝑧 1
Therefore 𝑥 = −1 , 𝑦 = 1 , 𝑧 = 1

c) Prove by induction that 7𝑛 + 4𝑛 + 1 is divisible by 3 for all 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ [6]

7𝑛 + 4𝑛 + 1 is divisible by 3 for all 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+

Prove for 𝑛 = 1

71 + 41 + 1 = 12
12
=4
3
True for 𝑛 = 1

Assume for 𝑛 = 𝑘

7𝑘 + 4𝑘 + 1 = 3𝐴

PAGE 12CHAKS SOLUTIONS +263771580933 [email protected]

 Proof for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1

7𝑘+1 + 4𝑘+1 + 1 = 3𝐵

Inductive step

From Assumption stage

⇒ 4𝑘 = 3𝐴−7𝑘 − 1

7𝑘 ⦁7 + 4𝑘 ⦁4 + 1 = 3𝐵

𝐿𝐻𝑆

⇒ 7𝑘 ⦁7 + 4𝑘 ⦁4 + 1
⇒ 7𝑘 ⦁7 + (3𝐴−7𝑘 − 1)⦁4 + 1
⇒ 7𝑘 ⦁7 + 12𝐴−4⦁7𝑘 − 4 + 1
⇒ 7𝑘 ⦁7 + 12𝐴−4⦁7𝑘 − 3
⇒ 7𝑘 ⦁7−4⦁7𝑘 + 12𝐴 − 3
⇒ 7𝑘 ⦁(7 − 4) + 12𝐴 − 3
⇒ 7𝑘 ⦁(3) + 12𝐴 − 3
⇒ 3(7𝑘 + 4𝐴 − 1) 𝐵 = 7𝑘 + 4𝐴 − 1
⇒ 3(𝐵)
Since the statement is true for = 1, 𝑛 = 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 , so by mathemathical induction it true for all
𝑛 ∈ ℤ+

Many miracles followed Jesus that were not recorded

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