Life on Sea: Exploring the Experiences of Fisherfolks during Seasonal

Fisheries Closure in Coastal Area in Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso,

and Barangay Maputi, Banaybanay, Davao Oriental

A Thesis Presented to

DAVAO ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY

BANAYBANAY EXTENSION CAMPUS

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree in

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

MAJOR IN-HOME ECONOMICS

Elsie Sencion Aijunful G. Tabay

Mariene Vien Suetos Joanne M. Tadena
Nordihadje J. Surail Clara Jean N. Yntig

BTLEd HE 4 A

Dr. Imelda A. Leal

Research Coordinator

i
 APPROVAL SHEET

This Project Research, titled “LIFE ON SEA: EXPLORING THE

EXPERIENCES OF FISHERFOLKS DURING SEASONAL FISHERIES
CLOSURE IN COASTAL AREA IN PUNTALINAO, PISO AND MAPUTI
BANAYBANAY, DAVAO ORIENTAL” in partial fulfillment of the subject Project
Research 2-BTLE-R117 for the degree of Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood
Education-Home Economics, has been examined and is recommended for
acceptance and approval for oral examination.

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of

_________.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

MR. NEIL A. MUTIA, MIT

Chairman

ALBERTO A. GADOR, LPT DAISY L. MORALA, MSc

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

subject Project Research 2-BTLE-R117 for the degree of Bachelor of Technology
and Livelihood Education-Home Economics.

ROMER T. BERNAL, LPT DR. IMELDA A. LEAL

Adviser Research Coordinator

ii
 ABSTRACT

This study aimed to explore the experiences of fisherfolks about the

challenges they encountered on how they adapt and overcome government

implementation on Seasonal Fisheries Closure in Coastal Area in Barangay

Puntalinao, Piso and Maputi, Banaybanay, Davao Oriental. Specifically, this

study sought to discover the lived experiences of the local fisherfolks of the three

barangays mentioned regarding the Seasonal Fisheries Closure, how the local

fisherfolks dealt with it, the interventions provided by the government in the

implementation of the said closure, and the insights of these fisherfolks on how

the government should address the challenges faced by the research

participants. In this qualitative research methodology, a step-by-step data

collection and data analysis on the issues extracted from the shared responses

of the participants as well as selected files were used throughout this study.

Further, the processes of coding and thematic analysis were used to identify the

core ideas and major themes. In this study, it was found out that: the fisherfolks

need to accept and adapt the implementation of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure,

and the informants must consider ways and means to overcome such challenges

encountered as they need to find alternative jobs in order to strive for their

families. Also, this study stresses that the aspiring fisherfolks must accept the

implementation of Seasonal Fisheries Closures (SFCs) to help them address

problems and projects given by the government.

Keywords: Life on Sea, Fisherfolks, Seasonal Fisheries Closure, Live

Experiences, Phenomenology

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The accomplishment of this project would not be made possible without

the help and support of all the people who have shown love and care all

throughout the conduct of this research paper. Hence, the researchers would like

to express sincerest gratitude to the following who have been part of the success

of this project.

To our adviser, Mr. Romer T. Bernal, who gave his time, effort,

knowledge, patience and guidance for the realization of this study, our deepest

appreciation is expressed;

To our research coordinator, Dr. Imelda E. Leal, for giving us enough time

for this study, the researchers acknowledge your valuable contribution in its

completion;

To our panel of examiners, Mr. Neil A. Mutia, Mr. Alberto Gador and

Ms. Daisy Moralla, who assisted us in giving brilliant ideas, recommendations

and suggestions for this study, truly these individuals have greatly contributed in

the achievement of this paper;

To our language editor, Ms. Sharmaine Anne Alcantara, for sharing her

editing skills that have helped in the improvement of this manuscript;

To our informants, for answering our research questions, the ideas,

thoughts and experiences you all have shared have marked a significant role in

the completion of this research study;

To our family, thank you so much for the undying emotional and financial

iv
support, all throughout the years that we’ve been here in Davao Oriental State

University Banaybanay Extension Campus.

Most importantly, to our Almighty God for all the immeasurable blessings

poured unto us in making this project a success. For the unending love and

guidance, and for the wisdom, courage and strength given to us so that we may

be able to surpass all the challenges encountered during this study, saying

Thank You is not enough, we are very grateful for everything that have been

done for us.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE
TITLE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 2
Statement of the Problem 3
Research Questions 4
Theoretical Lens 5
Significance of the Study 6
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) 6
Local Fisherfolks 6
Government 6
Tagdodo Fish Cage and Fishing Association 6
Samahan ng Mangingisda sa Puntalinao 6

Future Researchers 6
Scope and Limitation of the Study 7
Definition of Terms 7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 9
Seasonal Fisheries Closure 13

vi
 Implications and Issues 17
Disadvantages of Closing Season 18
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 22
Research Design 22
Research Informants 22
Confidentiality of Informants 23
Data Gathering Procedures 23
Data Analysis 25
Research Tool 25
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 98
Conclusion 98
Recommendations 101
REFERENCES 103
APPENDICES
A Advisory Agreement
B Letter to the Language Editor
C Letter to the Adviser
D Validation Letter
E Application for Oral Defense
F Letter to the Respondents
G Interview Questions
H Transcripts (Responses of the Informants)
I Letter to the Mao (Municipal Agriculturist Office)
J Registered Fishermen (Puntalinao, Piso and Maputi)
K Poorest among the Poor
L Tagdodo Fish Cage and Fishing Association
M Samahan Ng Mangingisda Sa Puntalinao
N Attendance (Association)
O Research Tool
P Informed Consent Form
Q Documentation
R Coding
S Curriculum Vitae

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

TITLE PAGE

1 The Demographic Profile of the Informants ---------------------------------32

2 The Major Theme and Core Ideas of Challenges Experienced

by the Local Fisherfolks during Seasonal Fisheries Closure -----------34

3 The Major Theme and Core Ideas of Experiences Encountered

during Seasonal Fisheries Closure (Positive) -----------------------------35

4 The Major Theme and Core Ideas of Experiences Encountered

during Seasonal Fisheries Closure (Negative) ----------------------------36

5 The Major Theme and Core Ideas of Handling the Challenges

during Seasonal Fisheries Closure -------------------------------------------49

6 The Major Theme and Core Ideas of Coping and Overcoming

Challenges of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure -----------------------------50

7 The Major Theme and Core Ideas of Effects of Seasonal

Fisheries Closure to their Livelihood -------------------------------------------59

8 The Major Theme and Core Ideas on the Insights of the

Government Actions ----------------------------------------------------------------65

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

CPUE Catch-Per-Unit-Effort

CRA Coral Reef Alliance

DA Department of Agriculture

DILG Department of Interior and Local Government

FAO Food and Agriculture Office

IDI In-depth Interview

LGU Local Government Unit

MAO Municipal Agriculturist Office

NFRDI National Fisheries Research and Development

Institute

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

PAMALAKAYA Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang Mamalakaya

SFC Seasonal Fisheries Closure

SNMSP Samahan ng Mangingisda sa Puntalinao

SOPHIL Southern Philippines Deep Sea Fishing Association

TFCAFA Tagdodo Fish Cage and Fishing Association

US-AID United States Agency for International Development

xi
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Seasonal fishery closures (SFCs) are places where fishing for one or more

species or specific fishing gear is periodically prohibited (Gell & Roberts, 2002).

There have been various grounds in stopping these fishery activities for short or

extended periods of time and various justifications have been offered for closing

these fisheries for limited or longer periods. For example, SFCs have been widely

used in fisheries management to prevent overfishing and collapse of a fishery.

Also, this has been used to rebuild depleted stocks, reduce gear conflicts, and

reduce bycatch of protected species (National Oceanic & Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA), 1985; Gell & Roberts, 2002; Farmer et al., 2016; Agar et

al., 2019). Likewise, the culture of poverty also exists in the village of fishing

families at Kajuara, Awangpone. They assume that poor living condition that they

carry is a natural thing and they do not have to work on that (Bruce, Flynn &

Stagg-Peterson, 2011). The family poverty is regarded as fate and may not be

changed; therefore, they must adjust his fishing families with poverty, so they do

not feel tired and frustrated in poverty (Fishman, 2011). This phenomenon is

called by Lubis and Wekke (2009) as fatalism in society. It has also been noted

that overfishing is linked directly to multiple destructive fishing practices such as

trawling, IUU fishing, bycatch, and harmful subsidies (Sumaila et al., 2006, 2021;

Agnew et al., 2009; Moomaw & Blankenship, 2014). Continued use of destructive
fishing practices such as bottom trawling, which has an impact on both targeted

and non-targeted species and damages ocean sea floors, may lead to overfishing

(Schuhbauer et al., 2017; Sumaila et al., 2021).

Despite the potential benefits of SFCs, there have been mixed reactions to

this management method in areas where it has been implemented (Arendse et

al., 2007; Jiang et al., 2009; Mendoça & Sobrinho, 2013; Wang et al., 2015).

SFCs, for instance, have been implemented in the Gulf of Mexico in Florida

lobster fishery and shrimp fishery [National Oceanic & Atmospheric

Administration], the United States Virgin Islands grouper fishery (Beets &

Friedlander, 1999) and Kenyan coral reefs (McClanahan, 2010) where both

exhibited favorable results (National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA), 1985; Beets & Manuel, 2007). Seasonal groundfish closures in New

England, on the other hand, had no effect on restoring groundfish stocks (Sinclair

& Valdimarsson, 2003; Brodziak et al., 2004). While earlier attempts for a

restricted season laid the foundation for subsequent regulatory measures in the

Pacific halibut fisheries, it failed to reduce fishing effort and was judged to have

low conservation significance (Babcock et al., 1931; Bell, 1969; Skud, 1985).

According to Fish and Game Administrative Order No. 13, s. 1, the SFC in

the Visayan Sea is applied annually, firstly from November 15 to March 15 (4

months) for the protection of sardines and herrings in year 1939 (DA-BFAR

1939). During that time, the Department of Agriculture and Commerce4 was in

charge of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources3 (BFAR). Meanwhile,

the BFAR enacted Fisheries Administrative Order No. 167, section 1, in 1989,
which reaffirms the terms of Fish and Game Administrative Order No. 13, s.

1939, but this time it included mackerels in the Visayan Sea species covered by

the SFC (DA-BFAR 1989).

Further, the Davao Gulf which is home to several marine ecosystems in

the Davao region supports conservation fisheries activities of the entire region

where fishing is prohibited. This is part of the annual season strategy to allow the

fish stocks to recover to re-establish and address falling fish catches (Brillo et al.,

2016). This seasonal closure might result to four major issues: limited access to

coastal waterways, dwindling financial capital, reduced fish trade activities, and

shrinking small-scale fishing prospects (Brillo et al., 2016). There is also a

widespread agreement in facing some global issues such as that of too many

boats pursuing few fish (Fulton et al., 2011).

More specifically, closed seasons are often imposed during the breeding

period of the targeted species in the belief that this will increase reproductive

success (Ye, 1998). However, no studies have shown the effect of this policy to

the socio-economic aspects. Cervantes, et al. (2016) found out that although the

closed fishing season appears to have achieved its goal of repopulating fishing

grounds, questions have been raised about its wisdom due to a lack of extensive

research on its environmental, social, and economic consequences. This

conservation measure is known to cause serious socioeconomic disturbances

(Finkbeiner et al., 2017; Brillo et al., 2019). With this gap, this paper aimed to

show how these fisherfolks understand the Seasonal Fisheries Closure as well as

how it affects the lives of the local fisherfolks. Specifically, this study aimed to
learn about their experiences on seasonal fisheries closures, particularly among

fisherfolks in the three barangays of Banaybanay, Davao Oriental particularly

Puntalinao, Piso and Maputi.

Purpose of the Study

The main objective of this qualitative study was to know the general

understanding of local fishermen of Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso, and

Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental with regard to the Seasonal

Fisheries Closure. Moreover, this study determined the lived experiences of the

local fishermen in the three barangays as a result of the Seasonal Fisheries

Closure. In addition, it explored the coping mechanism of the local fisherfolks

during the implementation of the mentioned phenomenon. In the same manner,

we will be able to know the insights of the local fishermen on how the government

addressed the implementation of Seasonal Fisheries Closure. The local

fishermen who acted as the informants of this study possess knowledge

regarding Seasonal Fisheries Closure which assisted the researchers in

understanding the objectives of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure. Through the

informants' responses, the researchers have produced a genuine and verified

result.

Research Questions

This study is guided by the following research questions:

1. What are the lived experiences of the local fisherfolks of Barangay Puntalinao,

Barangay Piso and Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental about the

Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

 1.1 What are the challenges you have encountered in the implementation

of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

1.2 What are the positive experiences encountered in the implementation

of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

1.3 What are the negative experiences encountered in the

implementation of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

2. How do the local fisherfolks of Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso and

Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental deal with the Seasonal

Fisheries Closure?

2.1 How do you handle the challenges encountered in the

implementation of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

2.2 How do you cope and overcome the problems brought by the

implementation of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

3. What are the interventions provided by the government to the local fisherfolks

in the implementation of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

3.1 How did this intervention affect your livelihood?

4. What are the insights of the local fisherfolk on how the government should

address their challenges during Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

4.1 What are your insights on how the government should address these

challenges?

Theoretical Lens

This study is supported by the Theory of Causality by Aristotle. The core

idea of regularity theories of causation is that the causes are regularly followed by
their effects. A genuine cause and its effect stand in a pattern of invariable

succession: whenever the cause occurs, so does its effect. This regular

association is to be understood by contrast to a relation of causal power or

efficacy (Davidson, 1967).

The Theory of Causality is related to this study since implementing the

Seasonal Fisheries Closure can give positive and negative effects. The positive

effect of this policy is preserving the population of marine species, while the

negative effect is social-economic lost. The local fishermen have no choice but to

take on the full impact of this policy. Every phenomenon that might rise can give

positive and negative effects.

Significance of the Study

This study was conducted to find out the lived experiences of local

fisherfolk in Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso, and Barangay Maputi in

Banaybanay, Davao Oriental during the implementation of Seasonal Fisheries

Closure. Specifically, this study is significant for the following;

 Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). They will be

aware of the results particularly the effects brought by the Seasonal

Fisheries Closure to the local tenant fisherfolk and may use the

information taken from this study as a basis in order to provide the needed

assistance, training, and seminars to the affected groups of fishermen.

 Local fisherfolks. They will be able to understand the concept of

Seasonal Fisheries Closure and find appropriate solutions to difficulties

experienced in the field of fishing.

  Government. This study will help the government gather data with regard

to the implementation of Seasonal Fisheries Closure that can be used to

organize programs to support local fisherfolk such as that of providing

them with alternative employment.

 Tagdodo Fish Cage and Fishing Association. This study will help the

association to document the lived experiences of the members and

officials during the Seasonal Fisheries Closure.

 Samahan ng Mangingisda sa Puntalinao. This study will help the

association to document the lived experiences of the members and

officials during the Seasonal Fisheries Closure.

 Future Researchers. The study's findings are beneficial to both current

and future researchers because they could be used as a foundation for

new research or to determine the validity of other related findings in the

future. This will also serve as a cross-reference, giving them a background

or overview of the local fisherfolk's experiences with the Seasonal

Fisheries Closure Implementation.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This qualitative study focuses on the lived experiences and insights of

local fisherfolks in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental. The researchers selected fifteen

(15) fishermen in the three identified barangays. These target informants were

asked to express their views, opinions, comments, and observations—all of

which are crucial to the study's outcome. An in-depth interview (IDI) is utilized to

gather data. Additionally, the informants are all fishermen who are bonafide
residents of Puntalinao, Piso and Maputi. All participating fishermen are 20 years

old and above and must have their own families in order to meet the study's

restriction. To share work familiarity and status homogeneity, all of the fishermen

must be registered by the municipal agriculturist office and have an experience

as being legal fishermen for at least 2 years and above. The informants in the

data collection lists were carefully selected based on the criteria presented

above. In this study, the males are qualified when it came to the gender profile of

the informants as long as they matched the standards.

Definition of Terms

 Seasonal Fisheries Closure- In this study, the researchers use the word

seasonal fisheries closure as the period which takes specific fisheries

species with certain fishing gear restricted in a specific area of the

Philippine waters.

 Fisherfolks- In this study, the researchers use the term fisherfolks as

people who make their living through fishing in a seaside community.

 Fishing vessels- In this study, the researchers use the word fishing vessel

as a boat or ship that is used to catch fish in a lake or river. Commercial,

artisanal, and recreational fishing employ a wide range of vessels.

 Lived Experiences- In this study, the researchers use the term lived

experiences as a representation of the human experiences particularly the

decisions and possibilities, as well as the elements that affect how the

research informants perceive knowledge of certain phenomenon or

situations.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section presents related studies which are written internationally and

locally that are deemed relevant in understanding the phenomenon of Seasonal

Fisheries Closure.

Guerrero (2018) stated that the establishment of limited fishing seasons is

one of the methods that can be used to conserve marine fisheries. It was stated

that periods of time during which fishing is forbidden in a designated region or

areas in Philippine waters was due to an order of closure by the Secretary of

Agriculture. Closed fishing seasons may have conservation and other spill-over

advantages, but they are sometimes met with mixed reactions and even

opposition, particularly where a large percentage of the livelihood is affected.

Seasonal Fisheries Closure

Cervantes et al. (2016) stated that the Zamboanga Peninsula Closed

Fishing Season Policy is a fishing rule enacted by the national agency and local

stakeholders to conserve the sardine species and maintain the industry's

operations. In the Philippines, fisheries control, particularly the creation and

implementation of restricted fishing seasons, is a topic less-explored by

researchers. Bagsit et al. (2021) stated that due to lack of clear objectives,

monitoring, and empirical proof of management efficacy, the implementation of

seasonal fisheries closures (SFC) can be contentious. After the tougher

execution of this fishing strategy in 2012, the Philippines declared an SFC for the
conservation of vital fishery commodities in the Visayan Sea and it was identified

as a successful move. Studies of the fisheries in the Visayan Sea have revealed

widespread overfishing, particularly among pelagic species. Despite the fact that

the SFC has been in place for almost 80 years, it was not strictly implemented

until 2012. This corresponded with a shift in BFAR leadership, which re-energized

the Bureau's attempts to address damaging fishing methods, commercial

fishermen's continued intrusion into municipal waterways, and fisheries

conservation measures.

As a result, the SFCs were reviewed, amended, and actively implemented.

There have been suggestions that the SFC has been a success since it was re-

enforced, with an increase in fish catch each year at the end of the seasonal

closure period. According to Rola et al. (2017), they found out that increases in

the annual value of fish captures (Php), annual income from alternative

livelihoods, and annual pay earned by workers were among the benefits. The

expenses include a decrease in household yearly net income from sardine

fishing; an increase in annual salaries paid by the industry, and an annual

increase in monitoring compliance with the regulation. Sarmiento (2021) added

that municipal fishermen catch more sardines and other fish species with fewer

efforts during the closed fishing season because commercial operations are

prohibited. It is a boon to the struggling fishermen.  

Moreover, schools of sardines congregate close to shore to feed on

plankton during the fishing ban, a municipal fisher can catch 50 to 100 kilograms

(110 to 220 pounds) of sardines without going far from the shoreline. During the
sardine spawning season, the Philippine government has implemented a closed

fishing season on numerous key fishing sites since 2011. The ban has increased

artisanal fishermen's catch sizes in the country's sardine capital of the

Zamboanga Peninsula in the south but catches in the Visayan Sea in the central

Philippines have decreased.

A study conducted by scientists at the University of the Philippines-Los

Baños between 2016 and 2018 mentioned that the closed fishing season resulted

in an increase in sardine catches as well as a rise in the landed catch of high-

value non-sardine species such as tuna (Sarmiento, 2021). Overall, there was a

favourable impact on society. Nonetheless, during the closed fishing season on

the Zamboanga Peninsula, which produces 70% of the Philippines' sardines,

workers in sardine canning industries and commercial fishing enterprises were

displaced. According to industry data, the peninsula has at least 26 commercial

fishing operations and 11 canning companies, employing 50,000 people. The

National Sardine Management Plan has as one of its objectives the sustainable

management of sardine fisheries. In a statement presented, part of the goal of

this management plan is to analyse the impact of the closure season and assist

the availability of work opportunities during the close season. She suggested

using technology like VIIRS to detect infractions during the sardine fishing

season, which captures photos and radiometric data on the Earth's atmosphere,

oceans, and land surfaces.

Four harvesting regimes were simulated to determine the effects of

imposing a closed season at different times of the year on reproductive output

and it obtained the following: (1) a control population in which no individuals are

harvested; (2) a population that is not fished during the breeding period; (3) a

population that has a closed season of the same length but falls outside the

breeding period; and (4) a population that is fished at the same time but outside

the breeding period (Arendse, et al., 2007). Thus, the study concludes that fishing

restrictions during the mating season are only effective for species that meet one

of these criteria, or as a means of lowering annual fishing mortality.

Further, Beets and Manuel (2007) emphasize that closures come in a

variety of forms, including temporary and seasonal closures because of their

simplicity, management systems that are quickly implemented and widely

embraced by fishermen. These measures are typically used to regulate fishing

effort, improve spawning potential by protecting adults during spawning season,

or protect juveniles from depletion during recruitment periods. The primary focus

of the seasonal closure management technique is effort control. However,

predicting fishing mortality based on the degree of effort management is

challenging since it is dependent on how fishermen respond to the precise laws

in place. Effort can only be transferred to open times with more effort when there

are seasonal closures. In another report, PCAF Express (2017) stated that the

policy increased sardines for pelagic fish supply such as tuna and mackerel, for

local fishermen, resulting in improved food supply and revenue source in the

area. Meanwhile, an analytic research and Philippine Statistics Authority report

that the fish stock increased, resulting in an increase in landed catch of

181,918.51 metric tons. The researcher added that Sardines are preyed upon by
fish such as alumahan and tuna because of the policy, and resources became

more plentiful. He also mentioned that the limited fishing season policy is

effective and helpful, and it should be continued to be carried on indefinitely since

it is also beneficial because of its positive impact in the Visayan Sea and

Northern Palawan, while restrictions have been implemented. In a different

international report of the US AID (2019), it was stated that fishing is a key source

of food and employment in Ghana. Fishing and the fisheries value chain are

important elements of Ghana's economy, benefiting a huge segment of the

population directly and indirectly. The majority of fishermen in Ghana thought that

the closure would benefit future catches.

As a result, the majority of respondents indicated that closed season

should be institutionalized. While advocating for the use of the closed season as

a management strategy, this initial attempt by MOFAD at a closure may be

viewed as a learning phase for stakeholders, allowing them to assess the closure

and adopt possible future coping mechanisms, resulting in a positive response

and harnessing of the expected benefits derived from stock rebuilding. By

enhancing recruitment and minimizing fishing mortality, closing regions to fishing

and establishing closed seasons can successfully improve yield. During the

spawning period and in the feeding grounds of the young, fishing should be

forbidden in the primary spawning grounds of valuable species. The purpose of

controlling spawning places and feeding sites for fry and immature fish is to allow

spawning as well as the growth of the fry to the point where they may leave the

areas. This is especially critical for lithophile and phytophilous fish because
fishing at the wrong time might interrupt spawning and kill eggs and fry. The right

decision on whether to authorize fishing activities is crucial, and it varies by

species and location (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005).

According to Coral Reef Alliance (2021), overfishing is common in Los

Micos Lagoon, affecting populations of young fish that swim into the ocean and

occupy coral reefs. If we want healthy coral reefs, we must also safeguard

coastal lagoons, according to Julio San Martin Chicas, Coral's Principal Program

Coordinator for the North Coast. Protecting reefs is especially important for Tela

Bay, a town that relies heavily on local catch and is noted for its endangered

corals. To combat overfishing, Tela's municipal council implemented a restricted

season from May to June each year, prohibiting fishing in coastal lagoons during

that time. This permits fish to grow and swim to coral reefs, repopulating

populations and reducing over-fishing's negative effects.

In the Philippines, PHILSTAR (2021) stated that the yearly closed fishing

season in northern Palawan began on November 1 as a conservation strategy to

boost the number of species like galonggong. The BFAR National Director,

Eduardo B. Gongona, urged fisheries stakeholders to comply with the execution

of the closed fishing season, which is also being implemented in other parts of

the nation. This will assist and conserve the commercially significant galonggong

species, assuring its availability as part of the efforts to achieve food security and

support sustainable growth in the fisheries industry.

Disadvantages of Closing Season

According to the study of Sarmiento (2021) the closure of the fishing

season in Zamboanga Peninsula has benefited the region's sardine sector, and

similar conservation efforts in the Visayan Sea in the Central Philippines have

had mixed outcomes. Since 1939, a closed season has been in effect in the

Visayan Sea to protect sardines and herring. The Fisheries Administrative Order

(FAO) of BFAR urged places to expand fishery protection which include

mackerel. This order runs from November 15 to March 15 every year in selected

areas of the Visayan Sea, and was promulgated in 1989 but only strictly

implemented in 2012, a year after the closed season was implemented for the

first time in December 2011 in the Zamboanga Peninsula.

Furthermore, 45 percent of the fishermen interviewed claimed they

continued to fish throughout the prohibition, but that adhering to the limits

required them to travel further, take more risks, and spend more resources to

reach portions of the Visayan Sea that were still available for fishing. The ban

was also routinely broken in the Visayas, according to the study, with evidence of

such photos being given by the United States visible infrared imaging radiometer

suite (VIIRS). The Earth Observation Group of the National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration shows vessels operating in forbidden regions at

night. This was ordered in 1989, but only strictly implemented in 2012.

Brillo et al. (2019) stated that because the fishing regulation requires work

suspension, it will very certainly have major consequences for fishery workers

who rely heavily on sardine output for their living. However, there were some

negative consequences, such as increased possibility for fisher conflict (longer

fishing days), loss of individual and social welfare, long-term uncertainty

(legitimacy difficulties), and ambiguous results due to a lack of effective

documentation and implementation. The economic and societal implications of

the closure must also be understood so that fishing communities and other

stakeholders can support its implementation. Fisheries closures have an impact

on the biological yield of fisheries and the livelihood of fishermen.

PCAF Express (2017) has stated in its policy that although fisheries

closures are largely effective it still has a few drawbacks. In the vicinity during the

closed fishing months, fishermen working as crew members on local commercial

fishing vessels are out of employment. Because of the plentiful supply, the

market price of sardines has dropped, but the policy's indirect effect on local

fishermen has increased the catch yields of high-value fish. Researchers added

that local commercial fishermen were operating as crew members. During the

restricted fishing months, fishing boats are unable to earn a living.

According to reports of Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fisheries

(PCAF), the oversupply of sardines in coastal locations has caused setbacks to

municipalities where fishermen no longer catch sardines. This has resulted to low

fishing revenue. This report has been reaffirmed by US-AID (2019) research

which stated that in Ghana, people suffer because the closure removes fishing

effort from the system for a period of time. Fish yields were projected to drop in

proportion to the loss in effort. For canoe fishing households, this reduction in

effort resulted in a temporary loss of revenue and livelihood.

Similarly, when the season is closed, fish processors and allied firms such

as that of transport, net sales, fuel, ice block producers, among many others were
faced with a variety of socioeconomic challenges. Some of the most notable

effects, according to focus group participants, include the following: increased

fish prices; decreased fish availability in the diet; decreased social activity; the

inability of parents to care for children; and a perception of increased poverty and

unfavorable nutritional consequences.

On the other hand, Vivar (2020) stated that there have been assertions

that the SFC has been a success since the start of increased enforcement, with

an increase in fish catch each year at the end of the seasonal closure period.

However, results from a recent study examining whether the SFC's

implementation in the Visayan Sea has achieved its conservation goals revealed

a drop in the Catch-Per-Unit Effort (CPUE) of municipal fishermen targeting

sardines. This conservation measure has a history of causing major

socioeconomic problems. Fishing restrictions have significant short-term negative

consequences, notably for the income and livelihood of disadvantaged coastal

fishermen and their communities, as there are no other options for work during

the fishing ban. This shows that fishermen have no choice but to bear the full

brunt of the ban's economic loss (Micusi et al., 2022).

Napata et al. (2020) stated that research on the effects of a limited fishing

season has found out that it increases fish biomass, reduces fishing effort, when

it has been successfully implemented. However, there were also negative

consequences, such as the increased possibility of fisher conflict (longer fishing

days), loss of individual and social welfare, long-term uncertainty (legitimacy

difficulties), and ambiguous results due to a lack of effective documentation and

implementation. The economic and societal implications of the closure must be

understood so that fishing communities can support its implementation in order to

keep the fishing industry alive.

According to Patrick et al. (2019) the fishermen livelihoods may be

impacted by the closed fishing season legislation, which restricts them from

fishing at particular periods of the year to allow fish stocks to rebuild and address

diminishing fish catches. Fishermen reported a decline in the volume of their

catch during this time, as officials prohibited the use of bag nets and ring nets.

During the execution of the program, most bag net fishermen were obliged to use

hook and lines and other municipal fishing gear (Pata et al., 2021).

There have also been other factors that contribute to the deterioration of

the aquatic ecosystem in the Philippines as stated by Hunnam (2021). This

includes the removal of mangroves, siltation of sea grass beds, and water

pollution from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources. The decline in

fisheries has an impact on the fishing industry's long-term viability, despite

several government initiatives to prevent depletion. To be successful, these

initiatives will require close monitoring, coordination, collaborations, and

community awareness.

The unsustainable fishing has also caused adverse effects to humans as

they lose jobs if the fish supply is exhausted. In this instance, instituting a closed

fishing season becomes a management option that is acceptable to both

fishermen and vendors. Those opposed to the policy's implementation

questioned the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) and the
Philippine Coast Guard's ability to implement the limited fishing season. The

policy of a closed fishing season is critical because it aims to limit fishing

mortality, reduce fishing effort, and rebuild dwindling fish stocks.

Implications and Issues

Ani (2016) stated that the closed fishing season legislation is an essential

step in conserving and protecting the country's fisheries resources. It ensures the

long-term use and exploitation of vital fishing resources. With the given natural

disasters and the negative effects of climate change, over fishing and exploitation

of the country's fisheries resources may result in the extinction of vital fish

species as well as significant economic losses. As a result, the adoption of a

closed fishing season is seen as a critical tool for mitigating such negative

consequences.

Additionally, Guerrero (2018) mentioned that closures like these are

declared to help fish population grow by protecting it at a vulnerable time of its life

cycle, such as when it is reproducing. The periods when commercial stocks of

tuna in Davao Gulf and small pelagic in the Visayan Sea and other fishing

grounds require this protection. This has been determined based on fish stock

assessment studies conducted by researchers from the Bureau of Fisheries and

Aquatic Resources (BFAR) and its research arm, the National Fisheries

Research and Development Institute (NFRDI).

According to Israel et al. (2016) overfishing has occurred in the Philippines

and many other places in the world for a variety of reasons. These factors

include: a) the open-access nature of fishing (lack of management, control, and

enforcement); and b) broad technological advancements (more efficient gears,

stronger and wider nets, and electronic monitoring) fishing devices such as

sonar, which have increased the ability to fish all over the world, even in the most

remote locations); c) government economic development policies, particularly

those that provide subsidies to keep inefficient boats running and encourage

even more investment in fishing technology and boats; d) increasing human

population; and e) large increases in fish prices for a thriving global market.

Further, it was stressed by the same author that the lack of fisheries

management, regulation, and enforcement in the Philippines, which contributed

to open access and, as a result, overfishing, is due to a number of underlying

factors, including limited government resources for the implementation of

fisheries regulations, high implementation costs given the vast coverage of

Philippine marine waters, lack of government inter-agency coordination, and

limited private sector involvement. The decision of commercial sardine fishing

operators in the area, particularly the Southern Philippines Deep Sea Fishing

Association (SOPHI), to go into the voluntarily closed season even if the

government does not decide to impose one, has accelerated the implementation

of the closed season in Zamboanga.

To allow mature sardines to spawn and their young to grow, the closed

season specifically prohibits commercial sardine fishing in the designated area.

Violators face a punishment of six months to six years in prison, a fine of P6, 000,

and confiscation of the catch, as well as the administrative penalty of having their

fishing boat and gear licenses revoked. On the other hand, Cervantes et al.
(2016) stated that although the closed fishing season appears to have achieved

its goal of repopulating fishing grounds, questions have been raised about its

wisdom due to a lack of extensive research on its environmental, social, and

economic consequences. In reality, closed fishing seasons always target small-

scale fishermen as well as commercial fishermen.

The implementation of closed fishing season policy is not that completely

agreed by the majority because the Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang

Mamamalakaya (Pamalakaya), a fisherman's umbrella organization, was

outspoken in its opposition to the closure of the fishing season. Its national

coordinator, Fernando Hicap stressed that the disrespectful entry of large-scale

fishing vessels weighing 3 gross tons and above into the 15-kilometer municipal

fishing waters meant for the municipal fishermen as exploitation and depletion of

the fish captured in the seas. Nevertheless, because a closed fishing season is

insufficient, a management strategy for the fishing grounds is urgently required.

The Oceana Philippines Vice President Gloria Estenzo Ramos remarked that

there is a need for other measures to enforce beyond the closed fishing season

to prevent fishery problems that leads to over fishing.

Mayuga (2017) stated that closed fishing, can only be effective if fishing is

restricted during certain months. In addition, closed fishing does not solve over

fishing, particularly in sardines. Stopping over fishing and enacting true solutions

to govern the commercial fishing industry is the only way to assure sustainable

fisheries. To allow for a more fruitful spawning season and to address the

diminishing fish catch, the closed fishing season regulation was implemented.
Policy inputs were used to monitor policy compliance and to launch an

information campaign to collect support from the community and other

stakeholders. The projected policy output was an increase in fish stock, with

expected policy consequences including an increase in landed catch, a decrease

in factory worker income, an increase in fisherman income, and an increase in

societal benefits.

Moreover, Enolva (2020) mentioned that the right decision on whether to

authorize fishing operations is crucial, and it varies depending on the species and

the locality. It also varies year to year, depending on the meteorological and

ecological circumstances of the fishing grounds. Seasonal and area closures can

be changed, which can help with multi species fisheries management. Proper

regulations can assure the most lucrative mix of species in the final catch if the

proportions of different species collected vary from area to area or from season to

season in the same area.

According to the research of US AID (2019) most respondents favoured

cash aid, either cash for employment or a pay-out from the premix community

development fund, or some type of direct food assistance or other form of

livelihood support if the government were to provide some form of assistance to

fishermen during the closed season. Globally, the state of marine resources is

deteriorating. A closed season policy is one of the management measures being

used in the Philippines to conserve and safeguard marine resources.

Rola et al. (2017) stated that the diminishing fish capture necessitated

better fisheries resource management, with a focus on improving the existing fish
supply in the impacted areas. The Departments of Agriculture (DA) and Interior

and Local Government (DILG) issued Joint DA-DILG Administrative Order No. 1

series of 2011 (JAO-01 s.2011) in December 2011, establishing a conservation

area in Zamboanga Peninsula where a closed fishing season for commercial-

scale sardine harvesting would be enforced for three months every year for three

years beginning December 2011.

Rao (2001) stated that a fishery closed season is imposed either during

the breeding season to give each animal in the population an opportunity to

reproduce, or during the recruiting season to provide a generation of larvae or

juveniles enough time to mature so that the population can produce the maximum

amount of biomass. Although the scientists' objective in such a plan was to help

the decreasing population recover, it became convenient for certain vested

interests to take advantage of the situation in the name of conservation efforts

advantage. Seasonal fishery closures are commonly employed in fisheries

management to avoid over fishing and fishery collapse, rebuild depleted stocks,

decrease gear conflicts, and reduce by catch of protected species (Bagsit et al.,

2021).
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the necessary methods and procedures in the

conduct of the present study. Specifically, this section includes the research

design, research informants, informants’ confidentiality, data collection and

analysis, and research tool.

Research Design

This study used a qualitative research methodology with a

phenomenological approach to learn about the lived experiences of local

fishermen in Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso, and Barangay Maputi in

Banaybanay, Davao Oriental. The goal of this study is to record the pertinent

experiences of the local fishermen particularly the experiences they faced during

the seasonal closure of the fisheries. The researchers concentrated on local

fishermen's concerns, problems, and experiences regarding seasonal closure of

the fisheries. In this study, a method of qualitative research known as

phenomenological approach is used. This approach focuses on the lived

experiences of a particular group (Creswell, 2013). Hence, it is suited for this type

of study.

Research Informants

The local fishermen from Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso, and

Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental served as the study's

informants who participated in an In-depth interview. These informants were

chosen through purposive sampling. This sampling method is a type of non-

probability sampling in which the researcher makes decisions about who should

be included in the sample based on a range of factors, such as the person's

competence and willingness to engage in the research or their expert

understanding of the research problem (Oliver, 2015).

For the in-depth interviews, the researchers gathered a total of 15

informants in the three barangays. Creswell (1998) suggested 6-25 people for

doing phenomenological investigations. The researchers selected five (5)

fishermen in Barangay Puntalinao, 5 fishermen in Barangay Piso, and 5

fishermen in Barangay Maputi. As part of the criteria for choosing the informants,

they must be bonafide residents of the mentioned places and must have worked

as fishermen for a minimum of two years and above before the implementation of

the Seasonal Fisheries Closure until the present time.

Confidentiality of Informants

The ethical norms were followed in this study. An informed consent letter

is sent to the study's informants. This letter is written to inform the informants of

the main goals of the study as well as to reassure them that their participation to
this study is purely voluntary. Also, this informed consent notifies them that all

personal information shared during the conduct of the study is kept confidential

which assures them that their identities are safeguarded at all costs.

Data is gathered face-to-face, the replies of the fishermen are recorded,

and it is then interpreted using a qualitative data format. The confidentiality of the

informants is guaranteed prior to data collection by withholding the informants'

names from the general public in order to protect their privacy when answering

the study's questions.

Data Gathering Procedures

Specific procedures were done in the conduct of this present study. First,

the researchers create a research guide question for each informant for the in-

depth interview. Second, permissions from the authorities and research

informants are also sought before the conduct of the study. Specifically, the

authorities from the Municipal Agriculturist Office (MAO) of the municipality of

Banaybanay were asked in order to get necessary details such as the number of

registered fishermen in the three identified barangays where the informants

reside as well as the socioeconomic status of the fishermen of the said

barangays. Third, the researchers purposively selected fifteen (15) fishermen,

five from each identified barangay to express views, opinions, comments, and

observations regarding the phenomenon being studied. The informants in the

data collection lists were carefully selected based on the criteria described.

Fourth, after identifying the informants, we made sure to secure an informed

consent form where the ethical considerations are well-explained by the

researchers and well-taken by the research informants. It was also emphasized

in the letter that they could withdraw their participation at any time. Fifth, an in-

depth interview (IDI) is utilized to gather data. Sixth, all the resources were

prepared including the questions from the research guide and the voice recorder

for documentation. In the conduct of the IDI, COVID-19 health guidelines such as

hand sanitizing, wearing of face mask and social distancing are strictly followed.

Seventh, the researchers recorded the informants' comments using an audio

recorder. To gain understanding on the lives of these fisherman, the necessary

data were gathered, transcribed, translated, and carefully studied.

Data Analysis

The major method used for data analysis in this study was qualitative

thematic analysis. This consists of the following steps: 1) Accurate transcription

and translation of the key-informant interview responses 2) Recognition of

significant statements from the transcription 3) Grouping of significant statements

into cluster themes 4) Grouping of cluster themes according to their similarity;

and 5) Classification of emerging themes. As an indication of their reliability, the

informants signed the transcript confirmation.

Name (Optional): Age:

Gender: Status: No. of Children:

Education Level: Name of Purok:

Nationality: Religion:

Research Tool

The interview guide questions serve as the main tool to extract the lived
experiences of the research informants.

1. What are the lived experiences of the local fisherfolks of Barangay

Puntalinao, Barangay Piso and Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay,

Davao Oriental about the Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

(Unsa ang mga kasinatian sa lokal nga mangingisda sa Barangay

Puntalinao, Barangay Piso ug Barangay Maputi sa Banaybanay,

Davao Oriental bahin sa Seasonal Fisheries closure?)

1.1 What are your challenges encountered in the implementation of the

Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

(Unsa ang mga hagit na nasinati nimo sa pagpatuman sa Seasonal

Fisheries Closure?)

1.2 What are the positive experiences encountered in the implementation

of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

(Unsa ang mga positibo nga mga nasinati nimo sa pagpatuman sa

Seasonal Fisheries Closure?)

1.3 What are the negative experiences encountered in the implementation

of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

(Unsa ang mga negatibo nga mga nasinati nimo sa pagpatuman sa

Seasonal Fisheries Closure?)

2. How do the local fisherfolks of Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay

Piso and Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental deal

with the Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

(Giunsa sa mga lokal nga mangingisda sa Barangay Puntalinao,

 Barangay Piso, ug Barangay Maputi sa Banaybanay, Davao

Oriental pag-atubang sa Seasonal Fisheries Closure?)

2.1 How do you handle the challenges encountered in the implementation

of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

(Giunsa nimo pagdumala ang mga hagit nga nasinati nimo sa

pagpatuman sa Seasonal Fisheries Closure?)

2.2 How do you cope and overcome the problems brought by the

implementation of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure?

(Giunsa nimo pag atubang ug pagbaton ang mga problema nga dala sa

pagpatuman sa Seasonal Fisheries Closure?)

3. What are the interventions provided by the government to the

local fisherfolks in the implementation of the Seasonal Fisheries

Closure?

(Unsa ang mga gihatag/gibuhat sa gobyerno sa mananagat sapag

patuman sa close season?)

3.1 How did this intervention affect your livelihood?

(Sa unsang paagi kini nga interbensyon/problema nakaapekto sa imong

panginabuhi?)

4. What are the insights of the fisherfolk on how the government

should address their challenges during Seasonal Fisheries

Closure?

(Isip usa ka mananagat unsa ang imong paglantaw nga angay

buhaton sa gobyerno sa mga pagsulay labi na pagting close

 season?)

4.1 What are your insights on how the government should address their

challenges?

(Isip usa ka mananagat unsa imong paglantaw kung giunsa pagtubag sa

gobyerno ang mga hagit o pagsulay na ilang nasinati?)

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the demographic profile of the informants as well as

the results of the In-depth interview conducted with them. Presented here also

are the extracted themes taken from the lived experiences of the research

informants shared through the different ideas, views and insights during the

implementation of Seasonal Fisheries Closure.

The lived experiences of the informants are classified upon dealing with

the implementation of the Seasonal Fisheries Closure. Being considered as local

fishermen of Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso and Barangay Maputi in

Banaybanay, Davao Oriental, these informants need to accept and adapt to the

implementation of the said phenomenon. Also, the informants considered some

ways and means on how to overcome such challenges they encountered, as they

need to find alternative jobs and strive for their families.

Demographic Profile of the Informants

Table 1 is composed of personal information taken from the fifteen (15)

informants who participated in the In-depth Interview for this study. The
information provided includes the person's age, gender, status, number of

children, education level, name of purok, nationality, and religion. The table

presented below helps in the conceptualization of the results to better provide

appropriate recommendations in the future.

Table 1

Name of
Nam
respond No. of Educati
Gen Ag Statu e of Nationa Religio
ents childr onal
der e s Puro lity n
(optional en level
k
)
Person 1 Male 39 Marri 3 Elem.Gr Prk. Filipino Christi
yr ed ad. 3 an
s. Nuk
ol os
d
Person 2 Male 31 Marri 1 College Prk. Filipino Christi
yr ed Level 3 an
s. Nuk
ol os
d
Person 3 Male 70 Marri 7 Element Prk. Filipino Catholi
yr ed ary level Ban c
s. gsi
ol
d
Person 4 Male 23 Singl High Prk. Filipino Christ
yr e School 3 ian
s. Graduat Nuk
ol e os
d
Person 5 Male 34 Marri 2 Tesda Prk. Filipino Cathol
yr ed 3 ic
s. Nuk
ol os
d
Person 6 Male 58 Marri 2 High Prk. Filipino Cathol
 yr ed School 2 ic
s. Graduat
ol e
d
Person 7 Male 43 Marri 0 Element Prk. Filipino Islam
yr ed ary 3
s.
ol
d
Person 8 Male 64 Marri 2 Element Prk. Filipino Islam
yr ed ary 1
s.
Ol
d
Person 9 Male 59 Marri 6 High Prk. Filipino Christ
yr ed School 1 ian
s. Graduat
ol e
d
Person Male 74 Marri 8 Element Prk. Filipino Baptis
10 yr ed ary 3 t
s.
ol
d
Person Male 54 Marri 3 Element Prk. Filipino Faith
11 yr ed ary 11
s.
ol
d
Person Male 54 Marri 5 Element Prk. Filipino Islam
12 yr ed ary 11
s.
ol
d
Person Male 45 Marri 2 Element Prk. Filipino Islam
13 yr ed ary 9
s.
ol
d
Person Male 66 Singl 0 Element Prk. Filipino Islam
14 yr e ary 9
s.
ol
d
Person Male Wido 2 Element Prk. Filipino Faith
 15 w ary 11

TABLE 1
1. The lived experiences of the local fisherfolks of Barangay Puntalinao,

Barangay Piso and Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental during

Seasonal Fisheries Closure

Table 1.1

Challenges encountered by the local fisherfolks during

Seasonal Fisheries Closure

Major Theme Core Ideas

Fishing is their only source of  Fishing is prohibited
income  Depend on sea
 Difficulties in sustaining their
needs
 No alternative job

Fishing is their only source of income. This is the major theme

identified as part of the challenges encountered by the informants during

Seasonal Fisheries Closure. As shared by the informants, fishing is their only

income and this theme has been supported by the study of Salayo et al. (2008)

that examines various approaches in managing excess fishing capacity in small-

scale fisheries in Southeast Asia. In this similar study, they have found that

fishers choose to remain fishing as this activity is a way of life for them and there

is no other job which they considered as psychologically gratifying. Also, it has

been stated in some studies that the maintenance of management areas,

including the imposition of time-area closures can impact the field of fishery,
some other resources, and fishing communities that rely on fishery production

(Cheuvront et al., 2005; Beets & Manuel, 2007; Farmer et al., 2016; Loring,

2017). Some other negative impacts of fishery closures in fishing communities

include unemployment (Gien, 2000; Chimba & Musuka, 2014), economic losses

(Beets & Manuel, 2007; Ani, 2016; Brillo et al., 2016), and adverse effects on the

psychological well-being of affected individuals (Gien, 2000; Smith et al., 2003).

Table 1.2

Positive experiences encountered during the Seasonal Fisheries Closure

MAJOR THEMES CORE IDEAS

Positive Outcomes of Seasonal
 Increasing population of fish
Fisheries Closure

Positive outcomes of Seasonal Fisheries Closure. This major theme

showed the positive outcomes of Seasonal Fisheries Closure to the local

fisherfolks from the three identified barangays. Several strategies have been

employed to reduce fishing capacity such as catch share programs (Jardine &

Sanchirico, 2013; Birkenbach et al., 2017), vessel buyback programs (Kirkley et

al., 2006); bag and possession limits, restrictions on the size of fish and

prohibition of retention (Matlock et al., 1988); and gear and vessel restrictions

(FAO 2008; McClanahan, 2010; Farmer et al., 2016). Meanwhile, in the

Philippines, SFC is a fishery management strategy of choice due to the multi-

species nature of its fisheries and it is easier to enforce than some of the above-

mentioned strategies. It also came out in the results of some studies that various

justifications have been offered for closing fisheries for limited or longer periods in

different places. For example, SFCs have been widely used in fisheries
management to prevent overfishing and collapse of a fishery, rebuild depleted

stocks, reduce gear conflicts, and reduce bycatch of protected species (National

Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 1985; Gell & Roberts, 2002;

Farmer et al., 2016; Agar et al., 2019). These positive outcomes have also been

shared by the informants of the study.

Table 1.3

Negative experiences encountered during the Seasonal Fisheries Closure

MAJOR THEMES CORE IDEAS

Negative Outcomes of Seasonal  Difficulties in sustaining their
Fisheries Closure needs

Negative effects of Seasonal Fisheries Closure. This major theme

presented the negative outcomes of the implementation of Seasonal Fisheries

Closure to the local fisherfolks of Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso and

Barangay Maputi, in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental. The informants have shared

that they encountered difficulties in sustaining needs. In different studies, some of

the negative impacts of fishery closures in fishing communities include

unemployment (Gien, 2000; Chimba & Musuka, 2014), economic losses (Beets &

Manuel, 2007; Ani, 2016; Brillo et al., 2016), and adverse effects on the

psychological well-being of affected individuals (Gien, 2000; Smith et al., 2003).

Overall, any measure that changes the nature and dependence or engagement in

fisheries harvesting or processing can affect the community in the following

areas: the overall volume of product that is harvested and/or processed; the

number of fishing boats that visit the community; the composition of the fleet in
terms of boat type and fishery; the number of fishing families that live in the

community; the level of community solidarity among fishing families and other

community members; political activity and community support; the cultural identity

and sense of place among community members (EPA 2002). Further, it affects

the community character and historical connection to fishing; population shifts

and resulting changes in social services, labor markets, housing, community

mobility, social stratification, and power structure; levels of social deviance and

conflict on land and at sea; and the overall adaptability of the community to future

changes (Cheuvront et al., 2005).

1.1 What are the challenges you encountered Core Idea

in the implementation of the Seasonal
Fisheries Closure?
I1: Kanang mga nasinati namo panahon sa pag
implement sa close season para sa akoa dili
mana kaayo maka apekto para lang sa ako.
Tungod kay naa man koy pwede makuhaan ug
lain nga pwede makuhaan nako ug
panginabuhian. Naa mana pod koy gamay nga
fishcage nga igo- igo- rajud nga maka survive me  Have an alternative job
sa akong panginahanglan sa balay parehas
anang bugas.
Translation:
“Those things we experienced during the
implementation of the close season can't affect
me too much because I have something that I can
get for my living. I also have a small fish cage that
is enough to sustain my needs.”
I2: - Ang hagit nga nasinati nako sa panahon sa
close season para sa akoa makatabang mana sa
amoa kay para inig open season daghan naming
makuha nga isda.  Beneficial to the
Translation: fishermen
“The challenge I experienced during the close
season, for me will help us because when the
open season comes, we will catch a lot of fish.”
I3: Tama man pud ng naay close season para
inig open season daghan nag mga isda kay tag
tulo kabulan naman ang close season.
Translation:  Beneficial to the
“It is also right that there is a close season so that fishermen
when the open season comes many fish will be
caught for three months are allotted for the close
season.”
I4: Ahh sa kana dako na kaayu ng hagit isip usa
ka mananagat kay sa pag implemintar palang
anang close season dili jud baya ka kapanagat
kay close season gud lisud lisud jud pud kay
sama sa akung gi ingun nga mao ra tawon ang gi
saligan nya bawalan pa jud ka ug panagat kay  Fishing is prohibited
close season gud no ikaw nga ipit dili jud ma  Depend on sea
likayan nga maka panagat ka nga biskan kabalo
naka nga minos jud pero unsaon taman nga mao
may panginabuhi lawod jud.
Translation:
“That's a big challenge as a fisherman because if
you implement the close season, you won't catch
a lot of fish. Hence, the close season is very
difficult for us especially for my family.”
I5: Sa pagpatuman sa close season karon diria,
Ang mga fishermen tagsa rajud sila molawod kay
tungod sa pagpatuman niana daghan ang
naglisud sa panginabuhian. Bisan unsa nalang
among buhaton para mabuhi lang. Bisan naay  Fishing is prohibited
uban molawod diha bisan open season na naa  Difficulties in
man pud magrobbingrobbing kay dapat kung sustaining their
open season na dili na unta sila needs
magrobbingrobbing ang mga fisheries para  Obstacles to fishing
makapanagat nami ug tarong.
Translation:
“With the implementation of the close season
here, the fishermen seldom go fishing and
because of that many are having difficulties in
their daily living.”
I6: Kanang mga hagit nga akong nasinati kay
kung makakuha ug isda naay posibilidad nga
madakpan pami kay lagi naay gimandu nga lain-
lain nga klase sa isda gibawal nila nga ipakuha.
Mao dala pag-amping ang among ginabuhat  Specification of fish
panahon sa ting closed season. catch
Translation:
“The challenges that I have experienced because
if we catch fish, there is a possibility that we will
be caught because there are rules imposed on the
different types of fish that are forbidden to be
caught, and so we really take extra care during
closed season.”
I7: Parihas nako nga naay pamilya maningkamot
jud ko nga maka income ug
daghan kaau nga mga challenges akong naagian
panahon sa seasonal closure
maglisud njud mi kay usahay mahutdan mig
bugas unya di pajud pwde managat kay lage  Difficulties in
closed season lisud kaau para namo nga sustaining their
mangisdaay ug asa mi mangita ug lain income needs
kay lage sa dagat ra tawon mi maka income ug  Fishing is prohibited
dako ug labaw sa tanan mkapalit mi sa among  No alternative job
gusto nga walay katunga. Ug bisan tuod pait ang
dagan sa among kinabuhi atong panahon sa
closed season nalagpasan man pud namo tanan.
Translation:
“Just like me, who has a family, I tried my best to
earn an income, and I went through a lot of
challenges encountered during the seasonal
closure just like running out of rice to feed my
family. It is very difficult for us fishermen where we
could get extra income because it is only through
the sea where we can get big income and buy
what we want without having to divide the income
into half. Although, we are having difficulties in life
during the closed season, we were still able to
surpass it.”
I8: Sa una, lisod kaayo ang pag-adjust ilabi na
nga ang pagpangisda maoy bugtong paagi
sapagpakaon sa ilang mga pamilya ug ang uban
naghimo niini nga uso o kalingawan apan sa ulahi
dihang nahibal-an na nila ang mga rason
nganong hinayhinay kining misagop sa nausab  Depend on sea
unya mangitag alternatibong paagi aron mabuhi.  No alternative job
Translation:
“At first, it’s so hard to adjust especially since
fishing is the only way to feed their families. Some
just make it as a hobby but later on when they
know the reasons why they slowly adopt the
change they find an alternative way to survive.”
I9: Sama sa akoa nga pamilyado naay daghang
pakaonon, naa jud koy na encounter na hagit isip
usa ka mangingisda pag implementa sa close
season kay paet jud kaayo among na sinati niana
usahay wala namiy kaunon sa ka pit os sa
kinabuhi labi na pag implementa nianing close
season kay mao raman na among panginabuhian
wala namay lain, nag lisod mig adjust sa
sitwasyon kay unsaon namo ni nga mao raman  Difficulties in
juy kwaan namo og kaunon kada adlaw unya inig sustaining their needs
mamasol mi sa kilidkilid wala naman pud juy  Depend on sea
makuha pud swerte swerte ra usahay. Sa kapaet
sa kinabuhi nga na sinati namo na overcome
raman sad namo sa dakong salig.
Translation:
“Just like me who is a family man and have many
mouths to feed, I encountered a challenge as a
fisherman when the close season was
implemented. It was really difficult. Sometimes,
we don’t have anything to eat and we had a hard
time adjusting to the situation because that is our
only means of providing for our needs. Also, if we
go fishing in nearby areas, we don’t have any
catch anymore and we just depend on luck.
Despite the bitterness and difficulties, we
encountered in life, we were still able to overcome
it with great trust.”
I10: - Ahw, ug sa amoa makuan murag amoa
naman lang bisag nagkalisud pero murag
gimaomao naman lang kay diman ingun alangan
muingun kag lisud jud tinuod ug dili mao naman
jud managat man ka natural ramana siya.  No Alternative job
Translation:
“As a fisherman, yes many challenges are
encountered during the close season but I tried
my best to survive and find a way to sustain our
daily needs.”
I11: Daghan man ug gipatuman nila na balaud
nga bawal mao man jud toy tumanon para dili ta
kasab-an kay ug mosupak ta naay puruhan nga
madakpan pata.  Obey the law
Translation:
“The government implemented many laws and as
part of the fisherfolks we should follow the rules to
avoid violation.”
I12: Daghan daghan jud nga mga gipatuman nila
ang balaud nga bawal mao man jud toy tumanon
ug dili man jud pwde kay dakpon man ka ug
mosupak ka sa balaud. Maong diha nalang ka
manginabuhi sa Kalubihan para lang makapalit ug  Obey the law
pagkaon sa matag adlaw.  Alternative job
Translation:
“The government implemented many laws and we
should follow these as fisherfolks because we
might get arrested if we violate these rules. So,
find alternative jobs to sustain our needs.”
I13: Ahh challenge sir kanang? Ayy wala mi ka
kuan ug ingana sir kay sa amoa managat man
gihapon me bisan close season kay dili man me
ma kuan, sa mga bagyo hinoon syempre naa
man jud na naa man sa dagat o wala man okay
raman gihapon kay maka-hiring me nga naay  Have an alternative job
bagyo di mi managat sir.  Depends on the
Translation: weather
“We don’t have challenges encountered because
we can still go fishing even when the close
season happens and not be affected by that.
However, if we learned that there is a typhoon, we
don’t go to the sea to fish.”
I14: - Okay raman kay para man pud na satong
kinaiyahan. Katong close season so syempre ting
similya jud na sa mga isda. So tama manang sa
BFAR nga e close para dili jud mahurot ang
similya. Para naa pud mahibilin para ma forever  Beneficial to the
ang pagpanagat. fishermen
Translation:  Maintain the
“It’s okay because it’s in our nature. The BFAR is population of fish
correct in implementing the close season because
it is the time for the fish to breed and spawn. The
close season ensures that there are enough fish
in the sea and fishing will continue indefinitely.”
I15: - Kanang panagat sa tulingan, fish cage
namo ug bundak, bisan unsa nalang basta dili
dinautan. Kay Ang panagat makaayo man, kay
makakuha man ug mga isda ug karon amo lang
 Have an alternative
gipangtanggal tungod sa baha.
job
Translation:
“Fishing like tulingan, our fish cage, and fishing,
anything as long as it’s not bad. Because fishing
is good for us we can also get fish, but now it is
gone because of the flood.”
1.2. What are the positive experiences Core Idea
encountered in the implementation of the
Seasonal Fisheries Closure?
I1: Ang positibo pud nga nahatag sa amo
panahon sa close season kay kining pag abot na
sa panahon nga mag open season na kay tag 3
mana ka bulan magpatuman sa close season,
pag open gani ana daghan nami makuhang
dagko nga isda nga maoy dako kaayong tabang
para sa amoa.
Translation:  Sustaining their needs
“The positive thing that happened to us during the
close season is the fish can multiply because
three months are allotted for its closure and when
it is open season, we can already catch a lot of
fish and it helps us to sustain our day-to-day life.”
I2: - Ang mga positibo nga among nasinati
panahon sa close season kay makatabang na sa
amoa para modaghan ang isda.
Translation:
“The positive thing we experienced during the  Increasing population
close season is that it will help us to increase the of fish
number of fish.”
I3. Sa positibo, kana siya gipatuman na sa
pamalaod karon sa fisheries. Getuyo jud na siya
kay kana nga season bulan mana sa
pagpangitlog sa mga isda, gihatag na siya ug tulo
ka bulan para mangitlog para padaghan sa mga
isda. Sa panahon na ting open season daghan
man maka benepisyo pud ug daghan ug kuha dili
madali-dali kahurot ang isda.  Increasing population
Translation: of fish
“Positively, that has been implemented in the
current fisheries legislation. It was meant to be
implemented because that season is the month
when the fish spawn, this season has three
months to lay eggs to increase the number of fish.
During the open season, many people can benefit
and catch a lot. The fish will not run out quickly.”
I4: Ahh… sa positibo sir, no? ayy sa positibo sir
labi na sir kay parte me sa organisasyon maka
duol jud me dayun sa gobyerno ug kung unsay
molo pero mao lagi dili dayun dayun ma tubag
kay unsaon taman nga ultimo raman nya wa pud
tay kusog para sa mga ingun ana mao lang na  Rights of the
ang positibo sir para nako ug sa kung negatibo organization
ayy dili na kaayu ta mo palabi kay ma ingnan ta
nga gi daot nato.
Translation:
“For the positive aspect, sir, especially since I’m
part of the organization; I can approach the
government if there are concerns, and if there’s
anything that needs to be said. However, there
are things that are not under our control and we
don’t have power over such things.”
I5: Ahh… sa positibo sir, no? ayy sa positibo sir
labi na sir kay parte me sa organisasyon maka
duol jud me dayun sa gobyerno ug kung unsay
molo pero mao lagi dili dayun dayun ma tubag
kay unsaon taman nga ultimo raman nya wa pud
tay kusog para sa mga ingun ana mao lang na
ang positibo sir para nako ug sa kung negatibo
ayy dili na kaayu ta mo palabi kay ma ingnan ta  Ask for government
nga gi daot nato. assistance
Translation:
“For the positive aspect, sir, especially since I’m
part of the organization; I can approach the
government if there are concerns, and if there’s
anything that needs to be said. However, there
are things that are not under our control and we
don’t have power over such things.”
I6: Ang mga positibo kay panahon sa closed
season ubay-ubay jud among mga nasinati
parehas anang makaisda tuod mi pero dili basta
basta kay lagi closed season man.
Translation:  Fishing is prohibited
“The positives are that during the closed season,
many of us experienced the same thing that we
can fish, but we cannot just do it anytime because
as mentioned it is a closed season.”
I7: Ang positibo kanang giingon nila na bawal dili
jud angay nato supakon kay tungod bawal man.
Ug isa pa dako pud tabang sa dagat kay ang isda
ana ga pangitlog pasad unya panahon sa pag
open season na dako-dako najud ug ma income
kay ang isda naka itlog nmn sya ug daghan.
Translation:  Obey the law
“The positive thing is that since it is forbidden
then, we should not oppose to it. Also, it is a big
help since that is the time when the fish lay their
eggs, and when it is open season, the income
gets higher because the fish were able to lay a lot
of eggs.”
I8: Ang sirado nga panahon maoy usa ka paagi
sa pagpatubo sa isda ug pagpusa sa mga itlog ug
kana ang positibong reaksyon.  Increasing population
Translation: of fish
"The closed season is a way to make fish grow
and hatch eggs and that’s a positive reaction.”
I9: Sa positibo kay sapag emplementa niana kay
aron makapangitlog ang mga isda og maka
padaghan aron sa sunod pag wa nay close
season dako dako amoang ma kuha ibaligya niya
igo pud bayad sa utang sa tindahan unya among
sud an pud kada adlaw mag bulad mi ana.  Increasing population
Translation: of fish
“On the positive side, when they implement such
rule, the fish can lay eggs and the fish can
multiply and so when there is no more closed
season, we will be able to catch more fish which
we can use to and pay off debts in the store.”
I10: Ahhhm bahin sa kanang close season sa
dagat mangita sa ug ginagmay-ginagmay nga
kuan kay di mana ang close seasonal sa dagat di
mana permanente dona say mga panahon nga
makapangisda, usahay ang akung maka ingun
nga lisud jud kay imohang naandan panagat jud  Alternative job
imohang naandan na siyempre muanhi ka sa
kuan sa sentro makuan jud makompara man
gihapon piro lisud jud ang seasonal.
Translation:
“During the close season, I need to find extra
income to provide the daily needs for my family”.
I11: Ang positibo kay dapat i open na nila ang
closed season kay nindot ug dako ang kita. Ug
ang mga negatibo lisud kay tungod dako kini ug
apekto sa among panginabuhi.  Increase income
Translation:
“The positive is to extend the open season to
increase income”.
I12: Ang mga negatibo kay kanang ginaingon nila
na dili pwede sudlan ang dagat dapat kita na
managat maminaw dili magpabadlong kay wala
natay mabuhat ana kay balaud naman na. Ang
mga positibo kay maminaw ug mangita nalang ug  Alternative job
pwde makuhaan ug lain income.
Translation:
“The positive is we need to initiate to find extra
income”.
I13: - Ahw… sa kuan sir sa close season koan sa  Increasing population
close season mga ahh positibo nga mga kuan of fish
namo bintaha gyud na naay mga ing ana sir close
season ang isda pud managhan maka lampus
pod sir ba ug maka kuan sila similya sila ug
tarung kay dili man sila matandug sir pag close
season mao bitaw na sir pag close season kuan
siya sir pag open season na siya makapanagat
na ang mga dagko na panagatan ma kuan nila
nga daghan isda daghan sila ug makuha kay sa
close season sir dili man sila matandug
makadaghan man jud sila maka pangisda ahw
maka similya jud ang isda ug daghan.
Translation:
“In the close season, the positive thing is that it is
better to have a close season because that is the
time for the fish to spawn and breed. There are no
fishermen fishing in the sea when the close
season happens, and the fish will not be disturbed
by them and take their time to expand their
population. In the open season, the fishermen can
go fishing, and those fishing vessels can catch
more fish in the sea because of the closed
season.”
I14: - Bahin sa positibo, sa akong maingon sa
close season daghan isda sa lawod ug
magpaabot napud ming mga mananagat syempre
inig similya managhan man jud ng mga isda.
Daghan najud mga isda labi na premerong abri sa
open season makakuha na gyud ug daghan ang
mga mananagat. Pero lahi na sa amoa karon
bisan open season na maglisud gihapon mi ug
panagat tungod anang mining tungod sa nahitabo  Increasing
sa cge ug kalobog ang dagat. Imbis kami karon population of fish
nga open season na makakuha na unta mi ug  Impact of mining
saktong isda apan wala na nahitabo tungod sa  Hard to catch a fish
mining.
Translation:
“As for the positive, as far as I can tell in the close
season, there are more fish in the sea, and we
fishermen expect, of course, that there will be
plenty of fish to catch. There is a lot of fish,
especially at the beginning of the open season,
and many fishermen go fishing.”
I15: - Ang nasinati namo dinhi daghan jud. Wala
na among bangka kay nanga - anod tungod sa
dakong baha.
 Boat capsized due to
Translation:
flood
“I have experienced a lot here. But we don't have
a boat anymore because it capsized due to heavy
flood.”
1.3 What are the negative experiences Core Idea
encountered in the implementation of the
Seasonal Fisheries Closure?
I1: - Ang nasinati namo dinhi daghan jud. Ang
mga negatibo nga nasinati namo panahon sa  Difficulties in
close sesson kay kaning maglisod nami sa sustaining their
among pagpanagat kay bawal man ta mangisda needs
sa lawod. Lisod para sa amo kay mao gud nay  Fishing is prohibited
gikuhaan namo dinhi ug income.
Translation:
“The negative thing that I experienced during the
close season is difficulty in fishing since it is
prohibited and it affects us because fishing is the
only source of income for the fisherfolk.”
I2: - Ang negatibo ana kay lisod na para sa amoa
kay dili me kapanagat unya mao rana ang  No Alternative job
kuhaanan namog panginabuhi para kami
makakaon.
Translation:
“The negative thing is that it is hard for us
because we can’t catch fish anymore and then it
is the only way to provide for our needs especially
for our food.”
I3: Ang negatibo nga na experiences namo inig
ting close season kay kana lang jud maglisod me
kung asa me makapangitag pwede namo
masudlan ug trabaho kay parehas namong
elementarya ug high school level ra maglisod jud  Looking for an
me kay wala man kaayoy modawat namo. alternative job
Translation:
“The negative experience I encountered during
the close season was that it was difficult for me to
find another job especially like us who are
elementary and high school graduates because
no one would really hire us.”
I4: Pero mao lagi dili dayun dayun ma tubag kay
unsaon taman nga ultimo raman nya wa pud tay
kusog para sa mga ingun ana mao lang na sir
para nako ug sa kung negatibo kay dili na kaayu  Difficulties in
ta mo palabi kay ma ingnan ta nga gi daot nato. sustaining their needs
Translation:
“As I told you earlier when there are concerns, it
cannot be answered directly because we do not
have power over such things. Also, with regard to
the negative sir, we don't have a choice but to be
silent about it or we will be accused of saying
negative things towards it.”
I5: Mao ra gihapon ang mga isda usahay
managhan usahay mogamay gumikan didto sa
gawas naa naman nakaali nga mga payaw sa
dagkong lawod. Naa naman nakaharang unya
ang mga mananagat pud sa daplin ginabawalan
naman pud nilla. Pareha namo mananagat mga  Inequality of treatment
pobre dili na kaayo maka bwelo sa pagpanagat  Looking for an
kay naharangan na didto. alternative job
Translation:
“Since the fishes sometimes increase and
sometimes decrease in the outside because they
are blocking it. There is something blocking them
and the fishermen are forbidden by them. For
poor fishermen like us, we can’t go fishing
anymore because it’s already blocked there.”
I6: Unya ang negatibo sad ani kay panahon sa
closed season naa jud silay gi implementa nga
closed fishing season kay para ma separate kay
tungod sa capacidad sa pag manage sa tubig ug
ang isda ani gapangitlog pasad ug lisud kaau
tandugon.
Translation:
“The negative thing during the close season is  Obey the law
they have implemented this because it needs to
be separated because of the capacity to manage
the waters and the fish at this time are still in the
process of hatching eggs and it will be difficult if it
will be disturbed.”
I7: Ang negatibo wala jud tay mahimo kay mao
may balaud maong diha nalang ta sa daplin-
daplin ug unsay pwde panginabuhiqn sulod sa
tulo ka bulan.
Translation:  Obey the law
“The negative thing is that we can’t do anything
about it because it is a law, so let us just continue
working on the sidelines, and what we can do to
make a living for three months.”
I8: Ang negatibo nga reaksyon tingali ang uban
maglisud tungod kay kini ra ang paagi aron
makakuha salapi.  Rely on the sea
Translation:
"The negative reaction is maybe others will
struggle because it’s the only way to earn money.”
I9: Pero sa ting close season lisod sad kaayo
paet kaayo kay wa namiy sud anon kay bawal
man pangisdaan ang dagat unya mangisda mi
unya ma dakpan dako kaayong problema namo
ana kay unsaon na lang akong pamilya og wala
ko maong mag pundo na lang sa balay og mag
antos sapipila ka bulan aron maka panagat na jud
mi naa pud gani toy higayon nga among mga
kagamitan sa pag panagat kay nanga wani
among bangka na buslot unya ayuhonon na pud
gasto na pud sayang man og dili ayuhon nag iisa
ra pud beya namo ng bangka hinatag sa  Difficulties in
gobyerno nya kagamitan. sustaining their needs
Translation:
“But during the close season, it’s very difficult
because we don’t have food because we are not
allowed to get fish. It will take a few months for us
to be able to go fishing. There is also a time when
our fishing equipment is damaged because our
boat has a hole, and if it will be fixed again it will
be expensive. We need to fix it because it was
given by the government to us.”
I10: - Ahhhm bahin sa kanang close season sa
dagat mangita sa ug ginagmay-ginagmay nga
kuan kay di mana ang close seasonal sa dagat di
mana permanente dona say mga panahon nga
makapangisda, usahay ang akung maka ingun
nga lisud jud kay imohang naandan panagat jud  Alternative job
imohang naandan na siyempre muanhi ka sa
kuan sa sentro makuan jud makompara man
gihapon piro lisud jud ang seasonal.
Translation:
“During the close season, I need to find extra
income to provide the daily needs for my family.”
I11: Negatibo lisud ky tungod dako kini ug epekto
sa among panginabuhi.
Translation:  Alternative job
“The negative effect of the close season is that it
affects our livelihood.”
I12: Ang mga negatibo kay kanang ginaingon nila
na dili pwede sudlan ang dagat dapat kita na
managat maminaw dili magpabadlong kay wala
natay mabuhat ana kay balaud naman na.  Implementing the law
Translation:
“The negative is we need to follow the rules that
are implemented by the government”.
I13: Ang negatibo kay dunay panahon ang mga
BFAR ilabi na ang mga pukot nga manakop sa
mga mangingisda panahon sa hapit na nga
panahon kay inig wala sila mosunod sa mga mata
sa pukot, unya ang mga gamit nga dili rehistrado
kinahanglan una nga iparehistro aron di ma  Obey the law
dakpan.
Translation:
“The negative thing is the BFAR has strictly
implemented the close season especially with
fishing gear like nets used by the fishermen to
capture fish and also unregistered equipment
must first be registered to avoid violation.”
I14: Pero lahi na sa amoa karon bisan open
season na maglisud gihapon mi ug panagat
tungod anang mining tungod sa nahitabo sa cge
ug kalobog ang dagat. Imbis kami karon nga open
season na makakuha na unta mi ug saktong isda  Increasing
apan wala na nahitabo tungod sa mining. population of fish
Translation:  Impact of mining
“It is different with us now, even though it’s open  Hard to catch a fish
season, we still have a hard time fishing because
of the adverse effect of mining to the sea. Instead
that it’s open season we should have been able to
get more, but it doesn’t happen anymore because
of mining.”
I15: - Ang nasinati namo dinhi daghan jud kaayo
kay inig close season tabangan man mi ana sa
BFAR mo duol mi sa ilaha og tagaan mig gamit
aron pag human sa ika tulo nga bulan naa namiy  Boat capsized due to
gamit ni ana. Naa pud miy na sinati nga wala na flood
among bangka kay nanga - anod tungod sa  Ask for assistance
dakong baha. from the government
Translation:  Beneficial to the
“What we have experienced here is a lot because, fishermen
during the close season, the BFAR will help us
with that and give us equipment for fishing. We
also had an experience of not having our boat
because it drifted due to heavy flood. “

2. Major Themes and Core Ideas on how the local fisherfolks of Barangay
Puntalinao, Barangay Piso and Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay, Davao
Oriental deal with the Seasonal Fisheries Closure
Table 2.1
 How the local fisherfolks of Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso and Barangay
Maputi in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental handle the challenges they encountered
during Seasonal Fisheries Closure

MAJOR THEMES CORE IDEAS

Managing the Seasonal Fisheries  Looking for alternative

Closure job
 Obey the law

Managing the Seasonal Fisheries Closure. The major theme on this

table is managing the Seasonal Fisheries Closure which shows how the local

fisherfolks of Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso and Barangay Maputi in

Banaybanay, Davao Oriental handle this law. According to Spoehr (1984), the

symbiotic relationship between fishers and farmers bartering their produce has a

respectable antiquity in the Philippines and in Southeast Asia. This historical

relationship between fishers and farmers stems from the monsoon climatic

pattern that is a characteristic of Southeast Asia. Fishing may be impossible

during certain periods of the year and fishers may turn to other economic

activities like farming. Similarly, farmers who lack irrigation and rely solely on

rainfall for their crops, or during off-season in the farm, may turn to fishing if they

are close to the coast.

Table 2.2

Coping and Overcoming Challenges of the local fisherfolks of Barangay

Puntalinao, Barangay Piso and Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental

during Seasonal Fisheries Closure

 MAJOR THEME CORE IDEAS
 Looking for alternative job
Looking for alternative job
Acceptance of the law  Accept the law

Looking for alternative job. The major theme on this table is looking for

alternative job of local fisherfolks of Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso and

Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental during Seasonal Fisheries

Closure. According to Spoehr (1984), the symbiotic relationship between fishers

and farmers bartering their produce has a respectable antiquity in the Philippines

and in Southeast Asia. This historical relationship between fishers and farmers

stems from the monsoon climatic pattern that is characteristic of Southeast Asia.

Fishing may be impossible during certain periods of the year and fishers may turn

to other economic activities like farming. Similarly, farmers who lack irrigation and

rely solely on rainfall for their crops, or during off-season in the farm, may turn to

fishing if they are close to the coast. What is remarkable in this case, however, is

that some respondents rise to the occasion and help their workers and their

families tread through the SFC until the open season begins by providing loans or

temporary work (e.g., net and boat repair, including meals during work). In many

small-scale fishing communities, affluent community members such as food

merchants, boat owners, fish brokers, middlemen, and businessmen, often

extend economic protections which are analogous to business insurance

(McGoodwin 2001).

Acceptance of the law. This major theme showed that local fisherfolks of

the three identified barangays adapt and accept this law. Seasonal fishery
closures (SFCs) are places where fishing for one or more species or specific

fishing gear is periodically prohibited (Gell & Roberts, 2002). There have been

various grounds for stopping fisheries for short or extended periods of time.

Various justifications have been offered for closing fisheries for limited or longer

periods. For example, SFCs have been widely used in fisheries management to

prevent overfishing and collapse of a fishery, rebuild depleted stocks, reduce

gear conflicts, and reduce bycatch of protected species (National Oceanic &

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 1985; (Gell & Roberts, 2002); (Farmer et al.,

2016; Agar et al., 2019).

2.1. How do you handle the challenges Core Idea

encountered in the implementation of the
Seasonal Fisheries Closure?
I1: Gituman jud namo kay kaayuhan mana sa mga
tao, kay siyempre mohagit sa kadaghanan sa mga
tao kay dili man ka molambo ug dili ka maminaw sa
kadaghanan. Unya mangita nalang meg lain nga
trabaho nga pwede namong makuhaan ug income.  Obey the law
Translation:  Looking for an
“We obey the law because it's for our own good. alternative job
Then I just find an alternative job to have income.”
I2: Mao gihapon to kinahanglan ug taas nga
pasensya ug pag ampo sa Ginoo.
 Patience and wait for the
Translation:
open season
“It still requires a lot of patience and prayer to the
Lord.”
I3- Antoson nalang gyud hantod tulo ka bulan una
ang mag open season.
 Patience and wait for the
Translation:
open season
“Just wait until three months before the open
season.”
I4: Kanang kuan sir kanang mangeta nalang jud ug
pamaagi sir kanang bahalag gamay ug kuha
managat lang gud gihapon kay lisud man ug mag  Looking for an
pundo rata ug balay unya way sulod ang kaldiro alternative job
pasmo gyud mao ng managat nalang jud ug unsay
mga bawal dili nalang jud supakon kay lisud man
pud ug supakon kay ultimo ra baya ta unya
gobyerno sila kansi ta mao ng tuman nalng jud aron
walay ma kuan nga balaud.
Translation:
“We just find another job to sustain the needs of our
family. We don’t need to rely on the sea always
because of the implementation of close seasons.”
I5: Baliwala lang kay mao man ilang balaod
syempre mutuman gyud ta kung unsa ilang
patakaran. Mangita lang pamaagi aron mabuhi ug
masustintuhan ang kinahanglanon sa pamilya.
Translation:  Obey the law
“Just ignore it because it’s their law, of course, we
will follow their policy. Just find a way to survive and
meet the needs of the family.”
I6: Pinaagi sa pagpangita og bag-ong trabaho aron
makahatag sa amoang panginahanglan matag
adlaw ug hantud sa tulo ka bulan.  Looking for an
Translation: alternative job
“By looking for a new job to meet our needs every
day up to three months.”
I7: Para nako ang mga hagit nga akong nasinati kay
gidawat nako ug unsay mandu sa gobyerno kay
para man sad sa amoa ang ilang gibuhat kay ug dili
ko motuman naa pay posibilidad nga madakpan
unya maglisud patag gawas kay lage wala lain
kwarta. Ug dapat jud lig on ta panahon sa closed  Obey the law
season kay ug magpaluya luya ka daghan ma  Looking for an
apektuhan mao maningkamot ta ug dili pud saligan alternative job
ang dagat.
Translation:
‘’For me, the challenge I experienced is I need to
accept what the government ordered because what
they did is only for us. If I will disobey, there is a
possibility of being caught, and then it will be difficult
because there is no other money. Also, we must be
strong during the closed season because if we are
weak, many will be affected, so we will try not just to
depend on the sea’’.
I8: Pinaagi sa pagpangita og bag-ong trabaho aron
masustiner ang inadlaw nga panginahanglan sulod
sa tulo ka bulan.  Looking for an
Translation: alternative job
‘’By finding a new work to sustain daily needs within
three months.’’
I9: Gi unsa nako ni pag handle nga sitwasyona o
challenge pa lig onay lang jud kay daghag problema
ning ting close season kay ma pundo among bangka
unya wamiy ma sud an mamasol mi unya naa man
juy adlaw na di makakuha lisod jud og paet maong
mag hunahuna na lang mi unsay angay
panginabuhian may man jud ning mangisda ta kay
naay makuha jud unya ma baligya pa sa silingan
unya ma sud an pa jud namo ing ana e adopt og
dawaton na lang jud namo ning gi implementa sa  Obey the law
gobyerno.
Translation:
“What should I do to handle this situation or
challenge? There are many problems in this close
season such as the boat being unused and then we
will have to worry about it and so we have to think of
other means to have income. We live by fishing
because we can get something and then sell it to the
neighbors. So, we just have to adopt it and we will
just accept the implementation of the government.’’
I10: Ahhh… ahh… paghinayhinay lang maolagi
usahay makaingun pod kag maayu untag naa tay
murag mga ingana unta time unta na kay wala man
pud okay ra lisud man pud kaayu piro malampasan
raman gihapon na.
Translation:  Trusting God
‘’Sometimes you say that much better if we have an  Alternative job
extra income to sustain our day-to-day life but sad to  Extra income
say we don’t have an alternative job so I try to
survive because I don’t have a choice but to trust
God to overcome the problem’’.
I11- Dapat maningkamot kay wala nami lain income
kundi ang pagpanagat ra jud.
Translation:  Alternative job
“I should try my best as a fisherman because I don’t
have any other source of income but fishing.”
I12- Para nako sa panahon sa closed season
daghan kay nga mga hagit nga gidumala atong
panahun pero naningkamot gihapon ko isip usa ka
mananagat gihatag nakog pagsabot ang ilang mga
estorya kay tungod lagi kay gimando man jud na.  Obey the law
Translation:
“As a fisherman, there are lots of challenges that I
encountered during the implementation of the close
season and I try to understand what they say
because that’s implemented by the government.”
I13- Pag mao rana sir managat kay mao raman jud  Have an alternative
Translate: job
 ‘’That’s our only source of income; we use only
"pasol" fishing gear, and we don’t engage in illegal
 Still have fish in that
fishing. We can still have fish in that area, whether
area, whether it's a
it's closed season or open season. We don’t have
closed season or
any idea if we can still be fishing in the close season,
open season
so in another way, we keep an eye on our fish in the
cage so we know what’s going on with them.
II14- Sa BFAR, okay raman ilang pagpatuman
tungod ang mga similya ang ilang ge agad, syempre
ge studyhan gud na nila kabalo nana sila unsay
angay buhaton. Sa pag open season na dili na gyud
 Implementation of the
makakuha kay naa namay mining.
law
Translation:
 Impact of mining on
‘’BFAR's implementation is satisfactory because it is
the fishermen
dependent on the spawning of the fish; they have
studied this and know what they should do. The
mining is one of the reasons why we can’t catch a lot
of fish.’’
I15- Gituman jud namo kay kaayuhan mana sa mga
tao, kay syempre mo hagit sa ka daghanan sa mga
tao kay dili man ka mo lambo ug dili ka maminaw sa
kadaghanan.
Translation:  Accept the law
‘’We obey because it is for the good of the people,
and of course, it will challenge most people because
you will not improve if you do not listen to the
majority.’’
2.2. How do you cope and overcome the Core Idea
problems brought by the implementation of the
Seasonal Fisheries Closure?
I1- Panahon sa pagpatuman sa close season
mangita nami ana ug lain mga pwede namong
matrabaho aron maka income. Usahay mamasol
nalang me aronn makakuhag isda. Unya naga
sideline lang pud ug trabaho parehas anang
 Difficulties in fishing
construction.
Translation:
‘’During the implementation of the close season, we
will look for another job so we can earn extra income
just like in construction.’’
I2- Pag ampo sa labaw nga makagagahom nga  Trust God
kaloy-an sa matag adlaw ma close season man or
open season.
Translation:
“Pray to The Most Powerful that mercy will be given
everyday whether it's the close season or open
season.”
I3- Mag-agad rami kung unsa among maabot mao
rana among mahimo o mabuhat.  Accept the law
Translation:
“It depends on what we can do.”
I4: Ayy kanang kuan sir maningkamot jud sir kay
para jud nga maka income unya maka hatag sa
pang adlaw-adlaw nga panginahanglan sa among
pamilya dili nalang jud magsalig sir. Managat nalang
me kay para maka isda bahalag ginagmay basta
makakaon lang sa isa ka adlaw ug katulo. Dili lagi
lalim ning way grado kay dagat ra jud tawon padung  Looking for an
ani. alternative job
Translation:
“Sir, I just do my best in order to earn income so I
can provide for the daily needs of our family. Don’t
just rely on it, sir. I fish despite very few catch as
long as we can eat three times a day.”
I5: Pinaagi sa pagdawat sa kamatuoran nga dili
najud makapanagat atol sa pagpatuman sa close
season. Kung unsa man ang gipatuman sa atong
gobyerno dapat atong tumanon kay para raman pud
na sa atong ika maayo para inig open season na
okay na ang panagat. Tuman ra gyud sa balaod kay
lisud na mosopak labi na ug madakpan ka kay
nakalapas ka sa balaod. Unsaon nalang imong  Accept the Law
pamilya nga sa imuha ra nag asa. Pero agad-agad
ra gyud mi kung unsa among maabot mao rana
among mahimo or mabuhat.
Translation:
“By accepting the fact that you can’t fish during the
implementation of the close season. Whatever is
implemented by our government, we must follow it
because it is for our good, so when the fishing
season is open, it will be okay. Just follow the law
because it is difficult to disobey and you will be
arrested because you broke the law and besides
your family depends on you. So, we just have to go
with the flow; that’s what we can do. ”
I6: Pinaagi sa pagdawat sa kamatuoran kung unsa
ang gipatuman sa gobyerno kay kinahanglan nato  Looking for an
nga mosunod sa balaud nga gi mandu sa gobyerno alternative job
kung dili ko mosunod sa balaud madakpan ko ug  Accept the Law
unsaon nalang akong pamilya. Mao maningkamot
ko nga makakita ug lain pang ma income para sa
akong pamilya.
Translation:
“Accepting the fact that what the government is
implementing is necessary, we have to follow the
law which the government mandates. If I don’t follow
the law, I will be arrested, and what will happen to
my family? So, I will try to find another income for my
family.”
I7- Gi dawat og ga adjust mi sa maong sitwason
bisag daghag problema ga butang gihapon ko sa
akong hunahuna nga nay Ginoo andam motabang  Looking for an
namo panahon ug walang wala gyud mi ug daghan alternative job
problema niabot pero gipaningkamutan nako isip
usa ka padre di pamilya nga maningkamot nga
makakaon mi permi bisag gamay lang among kuha
sa pamasol pa salamat lang pud mi kay sa ka
daghang problema nga among naagian amoa rasad
nalagpasan tanan bisag lisod na kaayo ang among
kahimtang ug bisan gamay ray kuha gidawat namo
kay mao raman jud na.
Translation:
‘’We accepted and adjusted to the situation. Even
though there were many problems, I still think that
there is God who is ready to help us. Even though
we only got a small amount in the past, we are just
thankful because even though there are many
problems that we have been through, we have
overcome all of them especially in difficult times, and
even if it is only a small amount.”
I8: Sa pinaagi nga dawaton nako ang kamatuoran.
Translation:  Accept the law
“In a way that I will accept the fact that’s what the
government has implemented.”
I9: Gi dawat og ga adjust mi sa ing ani na sitwason
bisag daghag problema ga tuyok tuyok lang jud ang
problema og pa salamat sad mi sa gamhanan kay
wa mi gi pasagdaan kakaon man mi permi bisag
gamay lang among kuha sa pamasol pa salamat
lang pud mi kay sa ka daghang problema nga na
encounter namo amoang na overcome bisag lisod
na kaayong ka himtang laban ra japun mi managat
gihapon kay wa may laing panginabuhian ampo lang
jud mi ani kay mao naman ni wala namiy mahimo  Patience and trust
niani. God
Translation:
‘’We need to accept and adjust to the situation even
though we have many problems. We are so thankful
to God because he always allowed us to eat. In the
many problems that we have encountered, we have
overcome them, even though the situation is very
difficult we are still fishing because there is no other
livelihood. We just pray for this because there is
nothing we can do about.’’
I10- Wala man ang nay gitagaan ug kuan pareha
anang fish cages karun anaba manapyaw man
gihapon na nagipa loan kami matag isa tag baynte
singkomil gina bayaran na karun isa pud na siya nga
wami naka bayad kay nangapilyor among kuan
gumikan atung apektuhan man kahatu sa baha  Offer by the
murag mao nalang man pud tuy napasanginlan government
nangamatay ang mga isda kadtu rapud nga mga  Not enough help
time karun nga time waman pud kay kadtu rapud
pagbaha, permero kadtung pula kaayu karon
nakabaha man gihapon ron piro dina piro grabe nga
baha gihapon piro dinaman ingun nga kuan kadtu
sauna epekto jud to piro nay gamay karon.
Translation:
“Even though they have seasonal closure we can’t
continue to catch the fish in the right way like
“manapyaw” and then the government offered us to
get a loan of twenty-five thousand pesos each of us
to have capital in a small business and our problem
is that we have not paid the said loan because of the
flooding that happened in Barangay Maputi. The fish
were affected by the flood and even until now when
there is no flood but still it is not the same as before.”
I11: Gidawat nalang kay mao may balaud lisud man
sad kaau ug mosupak ta sa mandu sa gobyerno.  Implemented by the
Translation: government
“I don’t have an option all I need to do is accept
because that is implemented by the government.”
I12: Ultimo gali piso mawad-an pata kay wla man
tay kita o kuha sa panagat maong maningkamot  No source of income
nalang para dili ta mabadlong sa taga Bureau of  Accept the law
Fisheries.
Translation:
‘’We don’t have money even single peso matters
and so we have to do our best so that we will not be
reprimanded by the BFAR.’’
I13- Sa akoa lang sir wala may problema sir ang  Importance of the law
close season pinaka importante pod na nga naay  Increasing
close season kay pud para ang isda ba dili siya ma population of fish
dili siya ma dali-dali bitaw ug ka hurot oo kay sa
close season kay sa open season namo
makapanagat me ana mao jud na among kinabuhi
diri mao na sa close season dako kaayu ug
ikatabang sa amoa nga mananagat nga mahimo pa
gali dako-dako pud nang close season tulo raka
bulan close season oo unya ang kanang isda ba
sayang kung kanang dako-dako pag higayun ang
close season ang isda mas bintaha pa nga molambo
ug modaghan jud siya ug maayu mas maka
pangetlog pa gyud siya mas maka benipisyo pa ang
mga gagmay nga mananagat.
Translation:
‘’For me, sir, there is no problem. Sir, the close
season is the most important thing to have because
it is for the fish. It is not that it is not released quickly
and is depleted, yes, through the close season, we
can catch more fish during the open season. That's
our life here, the close season is good, and it will
help our fishermen, who can still be busy in the close
season for three months. The close season is the
time when the fish will have more advantage to
grow, and multiply; they will be able to lay more
eggs, and the small fishermen will be able to benefit
more.’’
I14- Isip naay asosasyon gina-anhian mi sa taga
BFAR, ang active gear bantayan gayud na sila nga
dili managat pero ang mga pasol o gagmay nga pilot
okay raman. So naa gihapon silay panginabuhian na
mulahutay hantod sa close season. Ang open
season, ang uban didto na sila sa dagko nga barko  Implementation of the
mag uban uban kay dagko na sila ug bahin o law
nadawat.  Looking for an
Translation: alternative job
As an association, people from BFAR check on us,
the active gear will be taken care of. People still
have a livelihood that will last until the close season.
During the open season, some are working on big
ships because they get bigger shares with them.”
I15- Siyempre, kuan gihapon sa panagat if karon  Difficulties in
nagkalisod jud ang mga tao karon dinhi, kay sustaining their needs
parehas karon mga bangka namo dinhi ang uban
wala na, unsaon pagpanagat sa mga tao nga way
mga kwarta usahay, unsaon pagpalit ani nga wala
na tungod sa ka pobre.
Translation:
‘’Of course, our fishing livelihood is very difficult for
 us now. Some of the boats are gone, so how can we
go fishing if people sometimes do not have money,
how can we buy for our livelihood when we are stuck
with poverty.”

3. Major Themes and Core Ideas of the interventions provided by the

government to the local fisherfolks of Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso

and Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental during Seasonal

Fisheries Closure

Table 3.1

How the Seasonal Fisheries Closure affect the livelihood of the local fisherfolks

of Barangay Punatlinao, Barangay Piso and Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay,

Davao Oriental

MAJOR THEME CORE IDEAS

Difficulties in sustaining their  Difficulties in sustaining
needs their needs

Difficulties in sustaining their needs. The major theme was identified as

difficulties in sustaining their needs. The development and implementation of a

fisheries management system have important repercussions in terms of

biological, economic, and social outcomes for fishers and fishing communities

alike (Schmidt 2003). The maintenance of management areas, including the

imposition of time-area closures, can result in some impact to the fishery, the

other resources affected by the fishery, and fishing communities that rely on the

fishery (Cheuvront et al. 2005; Beets & Manuel 2007; Farmer et al. 2016; Loring

2017). Some of the negative impacts of fishery closures in fishing communities

include unemployment (Gien, 2000; Chimba & Musuka, 2014), economic losses
(Beets & Manuel, 2007; Ani, 2016; Brillo et al., 2016), and adverse effects on the

psychological well-being of affected individuals (Gien, 2000; Smith et al., 2003).

3.1. How did this intervention affect your Core Idea

livelihood?
I1- Para sa amoa lisod jud parehas karon
nga close sesson dako kaayong epekto sa
among mangingisda, good for us kay naa
man me makuhaan laing panginabuhian
parehas anang fishcage. Pero unsaon
nalang tong uban nga mangingisda unya
 Depend on the sea
wala pajud nahatag ang gobyerno ug tabang
 Have an alternative job
dinhi sa amoa lisod jud.
Translation:  No assistance from
‘’For us, it's difficult because the close season the government
has a big impact on us. But good for us
because we can earn another livelihood like
through fish cage. But what about those other
fishermen? Also, when the government hasn't
given us any help, it's difficult.’’
I2- Sauna sa ilang gipanghatag bisan
ginagmay dako natong tabang sa amoa nga
mananagat, pero karon, wala na silay  No assistance from the
gihatag. Maglisod najud me. government
Translation:  Difficulties in sustaining
‘’Before we have given a lot of help but now, their needs
they have given us nothing. It is really difficult
for us.’’
I3- Naka-epekto ui, pero okay raman gihapon
kay naa man ginagmay pinansyal.
Translation:  Small savings
‘’It had an effect on us but it's still okay
because I have a small amount of savings.’’
I4: Kanang kuan sir kanang ang ilang pag
patuman sa close season sir kay mao man
jud na ilaha mana gikan kasabot man me
anang close season sir pero ug sa sulod sa
tulo ka bulan kay tulo man jud ni ka bulan
ang pag close season mao ng dako kaayu
siya ug kausaban sa amoa sir kay dili baya
na pa panagatan unya kami aning dagat ray  Depend on the sea
saligan unya mo ingun sila pwedi panagat
unya ngano dakpon man jud me nga wala
man jud mi nakalapas sa balaod maong
usahay dili jud ma sabtan ang gobyerno.
Translation:
‘’They are implementing the close season
because that’s where they implemented it.
They always rely on the sea.’’
I5: Nakaapekto sa close, nangabali ang
dumister gumikan sa ilang mga nawala nga  Using advisable net
panagat. Kung naa kay pukot dili ka  Depend on the sea
kapamukot sa daplin kay bawal man.
Ginasubay pa nila ang maya kung tama ba
ang maya sa pukot. Ang bolinao dili na mana
makuha kung dagko ang mara sa pukot.
Pariha sa bolinao di man mi panagaton kay
dakpon mana nila sama sa tapsay. Ang
bolinao sa open season na sila then
mogawas napud na sila maabtan tulo o upat
ka adlaw mawala rapud na unya maabtan
pag bulan una mobalik.
Translation:
“Affected by the close season, the dumpster
broke from their missing spears. If you have a
net, you can’t just go fishing anywhere
because it is prohibited. Also, they track if the
net used is appropriate. Just like the bolinao
in the open season, they come out, they can
be caught for three or four days, they will
disappear, then they will be caught again for
a month when they came back.”
I6: Naay gihatag nga mga gasolina, taga ug
gamit sa panagat pero dili perme usahay
makuhaan pa among gamay nga tinigom
para pangpalit sa among mga kinahanglan  Using the advisable
sa matag adlaw. net
Translation:
“We are given fuel and fishing equipment, but
sometimes we spend from our little savings
just to buy our daily needs.”
I7: Naapektohan ko labi na sa akoang
pamilya kay lagi wala mi income unya
maglisud pamig palit ug mga kape ug asukar
unya maluoy ko sa akong mga anak kay  No source of income
usahay makubsan jud mi may unta ug ako  Difficulties in
lang kay kaya nako antuson ang kapait sa sustaining their needs
kinabuhi.
Translation:
‘’I am affected with it especially my family
because we always have no income even just
to buy coffee and sugar is difficult. Then I feel
sorry for my children because sometimes we
have no money, if it is just me then I can
endure the bitterness of life.”
I8: Gihatagan mi sa gobyerno og materyal
para sa pagpangisda pero dili kanunay kung
hapit na ang panahon pero usahay personal
namong kuwarta ang ipalit sa mga  Received assistance
materyales. from the government
Translation:
‘’The government gave us some material for
fishing but not always; so, there are times
that we use our personal money to buy for
the needed materials.’’
I9: Naapektohan ko labi na sa akoang
pamilya unya sa akong mga studyante kay
sigeg absent kay way balon kwarta unya wa
miy makaon ani kay lage sa kalisod jud way  Difficulties in
pangisda way kwarta paet kaayo. sustaining their needs
Translation:
‘’I was affected by it especially my family and
my children who are students because they
tend to be absent from their classes since we
don’t have enough money for them. There
are times that we have nothing to eat
because of difficulties not being able to go
fishing.’’
I10- Ang ilang tubag ug mahimo wala lundagi
ang close season sama namo naa nami
panagat nga nay tawo nga gamiton bitaw
namo. Pag-abot sa close season mangeta
man mig trabahu mabungkag napud me na  Fishing is the main
naa may panagat nga tag lima ka tawo source of income
magkuyog niya kinsa man mabilin kulang jud  Obey law
hinuon pero wa man tay mahimu kay  No assistance from
gobyerno mana. the government
Translation:  Fishing is the main
‘’As fishermen, the closing season should be source of income
avoided, if possible, because this is our  No Alternative job
source of income. During close season, we
tend to look for another job to meet our daily
necessities, and so our fishing groups get
disbanded during close season. But then
again, I don't have a choice because that is
mandated by the government.’’
I11- Para nako dako kaau kini ug epekto sa
among panginabuhi kay ug buot hunahunaon
wala mi lain makuhaan ug pang- income
kundi ang pagpanagat. Dapat andam perme
panahon sa closed season.  Don’t have an extra
Translation: Income
“As a fisherman, our livelihood gets affected
because we don’t have any means to survive
but through fishing. We always have to be
ready during the close season.”
I12- Para nako wala jud siya nakaapekto sa
akoang panginabuhi kay anytime pwede rami
mamasol sa daplin daplin para lang
makakuha ug ginagmay ug makatabang sa
pang-adlaw adlaw.  Have an alternative job
Translation:
‘’For me, as a fisherman, the close season
can’t affect our livelihood because I can still
go fishing with my gear during the close
season to sustain for our day-to-day life.’’
I13- Sa close season nuon sir parihas namo  Have an alternative job
wala gyud naka apekto ang kanang close  Obey the law
season namo pag close season daghan ug  Beneficial to the
isda didtua sa among lawdanan diha parihas fishermen
anang payaw kay gi saligan namo ang isda
maka undak me makapasol me mas maka
benepisyo me ug maka kuan me sa kanang
pangenabuhi namo sir maka luwag-luwag me
kay maka pangundak me kay daghan man
ug isda makuha namo pag close season mao
man among koan nga mas mabintaha kung
close season ma taas-taas siya kay mag
close man gud siya duha ka bulan ra mao
bitaw maka sturya sturya me ang close
season mas nindut ug etunga kay syempre
sa isa ka tuig duse (12) gyud na kabulan
murag ang among gi kuan dira parihas sa
mananagat gagmay sir mas gwapo seguro
kung sa amoa lang kay syempre gobyerno
man nagkuan tumanon ug agdon tulo ka
bulan raman jud na sila piro bintaha ug
mutaas-taas siya kay mas mulambo jud ang
isda mas maka benepisyo jud ang gagmay
nga mananagat pareha namo mao rana.
Translation:
‘’In the close season, it is the same for us
fishermen in that we are not affected by that.
When the close season comes, there are a
lot of fish in our fishing area because we
focus on that. We can benefit and have a
good life because there are many fish in the
sea that we can catch. It is more beneficial if
the close season is long, but if it is only three
months, we tell my fellow fishermen that the
close season is beneficial to us. We have 12
months in a year, and it is beneficial to us
fishermen to have a half-year in the closing
season for our small fishermen, as the fish
will grow and there will be more to catch, and
we will benefit as well. The government
implements that program, and we should
obey that law and wait until the three months
are over.’’
I14- Syempre sir sa amoa, dapat unta gani
wala nay close season pero tungod program
mana sa gobyerno dili man nato na masupak
so nangita nalang mi ug lain nga
mapanginabuhian aron mabuhi among
 Acceptance of the law
pamilya.
 Looking for an
Translation:
alternative job
‘’Of course, there should be no close season,
but due to the government's program, we can
no longer oppose by it, so we are simply
looking for another way to earn a living so
that our family can survive. ’’
I15- Ang epekto tungod gihapon aning baha,
bagyo, ug mag dako ang dagat mao nay
problems namo dinhi.
 Weather disturbance
Translation:
‘’The impact of the flood, typhoon, and sea
continues to be the problem here.”

4. Major Themes and Core Ideas on the insights of the local fisherfolks of

Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso and Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay,

Davao Oriental on how the government address the Seasonal Fisheries

Closure

Table 4.1
Insights of the local fisherfolks on the actions of the government during Seasonal

Fisheries Closure

MAJOR THEME CORE IDEAS

Positive Insights from the  Received assistance
government action from the government
Negative Insights from the  Lack of government
government action support

Positive Insights on how the government help them. This major theme

and core ideas show the positive insights of the local fisherfolks of Puntalinao,

Piso and Maputi, Banaybanay, Davao Oriental about the action or help given to

them by the government. In developing and promoting alternative livelihood

options for the community, Pomeroy and Carlos (1997) emphasize the

importance of consultation with the community members on their preferred types

of projects, and training of fishers and household members on cooperatives and

entrepreneurship for alternative livelihoods to ensure that alternative programs

match with the site. According to Bisack and Das (2015), a closure may be the

preferred policy instrument for the regulator while the individual being regulated

may prefer gear modifications allowing them continued fishing in the enclosed

area. This has been constantly expressed by the respondents during the

interviews and FGs; they said they are fine with the SFC implementation as long

as they are provided with alternative fishing gears so that they can continue

fishing and support their families. Availability of manpower and logistical support

are just some of the basic elements in fisheries MCS, which are generally lacking

at the municipal level. Support in terms of finances, manpower, technical

assistance from the LGUs are vital elements in the implementation of fisheries

laws in any community (Catedrilla et al., 2012).

Negative Insights on how the government help them. This major

theme and core ideas show the negative insights of the local fisherfolks about the

action or help given to them by the government. A study by Andriesse (2017)

emphasizes the importance of global value chain governance in the Philippine

agriculture and aquaculture business to ensure cooperation among actors within

a node (e.g., farmers and fishers) and actors at different nodes (e.g., farmers and

fishers, intermediaries, processors), especially that intermediaries, who are often

the dominant players, are not inclined to respond to impoverished smallholders.

This situation becomes more difficult in the municipalities included in the SFC in

the Visayan Sea as findings of this study show lack of alternative livelihoods for

the affected fisheries stakeholders during the 3-month SFC in the Visayan Sea.

In a study which looks at the role of gender in the reduction of fishing effort in the

coastal Philippines, Eder (2012) reports that one important reason for project

failure has been the lack of alternative income-generating activities for fishers

whose fishing incomes suffer due to coastal resource management project

measures and who are consequently reluctant to cooperate with project

implemented and their goals.

4.1. What are your insights on how the Core idea

government should address these
challenges?
I1: Para sa among mangingisda nakasabot
me anang ilang balaod nga pagpatuman sa  Acceptance of the law
close season. Hinuon gibuhat mana nila  No alternative job
para sa kaayuhan sa kadaghanan. Pero  Seeking other
usahay lisod para sa amo nga mangingisda livelihood programs
labi nag walay lain nga matrabahuan. Para
sa amoa hatagan lang unta me nila ug lain
nga pwede namog makuhaan parehas
anang livelihood aron dili nami magsige ug
pangayog tabang panahon sa pagpatuman
anang close season.
Translation:
‘’For us fishermen, I understand the law
enforced during the close season since, they
did it for the good of the majority. But
sometimes it is difficult for the fisherman
especially if there is no other work. For us,
they should have given us alternative
livelihood so we won’t keep asking for help
during the implementation of the close
season.’’
I2: Para sa amoa karon, wala may gibuhat
ang gobyerno nga makatabang sa amoa.
 No action from the
Translation:
government
‘’For us now, the government is not doing
anything to help us.’’
I3: Daghan ui, daghan kay kung dili man
perme linaw naa man gyud panahon
magbagyo ug low pressure ba kaha. Dili gud
ta madali-dali ana gud. Kung naa lang tay  Looking for an
lain sideline mabuhi gyud ta. alternative job
Translation:
‘’Have an alternative job for us to survive
during the close season.’’
I4: Ahh sa akong nakita murag wala man
kay ga lisud man gihapon ug ting close
season wa man me madawat unya ug kuan  Lack of government
mao lagi to nga panagat ra ang among gi support
saligan unya mag close season pa jud wala  Looking for an
name ma buhat pero sa akung pang lantaw alternative job
sa gobyerno karon mura man ug walay kuan
kay mo hatag tuod pero unsaon man nga
kailangan man jud ipa rehestro pareha aning
pasol ug uban pa namong gamit sa panagat
ug kung mo ingun tag kuan wala man me na
dawat parehas anang bugas wala oyy wala
juy na tubag sa akung paminaw siguro naa
silay na hatag nga kaayuhan pero diri sa
among lugar wala man.
Translation:
‘’As a fisherman, I suffered during the close
season because of the lack of assistance
from the government. One of my sources of
income is only fishing yet we don’t have a
choice but to accept the rules implemented.
We still need to register our fishing gear and
honestly, we didn’t really receive anything
even rice support from the government.
Maybe in other places, but here, we didn’t
receive anything.”
I5: Usahay moanhi mn pud sila diri, naa man
pud silay ipanghatag ang gobyerno. Okay
nalang pud sa amoa. Unta perme sila
motabang sa panahon sa close season para
dili kaau mi maapektuhan ug maayo kay
looy pud among pamilya.  Receive assistance
Translation: from the government
‘’Sometimes they also come here, they also
have something to give. Hopefully, they
would offer help always during the close
season so we won’t get really affected by it
because becausethis would be very pitiful for
our family.’’
I6: Isip usa ka mananagat nag lisod jud mi
pero kay mao naman ng sitwasyon wala na
pud mi mahimo. Nindot pato sa una kay
daghag isda daghan mig ma kuha pero
karun wala na kaayo. Pasalamat na lang
pud mi kay sa amoang sitwasyon nga lisod
kaayo naay gihatag ang gobyerno nga
gagmayng gamit para sa panagat dako na  Have an alternative job
kaayong tabang sa amoa aron ug maabot  Receive assistance
ang panahon nga pwde na sudlan ang from the government
panagat dli na kaau mi gastu ug gamay
nalang sad ang pamaliton nga mga
materialis sa panagat. Ug makuha man gali
mig isda ginagmay ibaligya dayon aron
kapalit ug bugas para naa koy ipakaon sa
akong pamilya.
Translation:
‘’As a fisherman, we are having a hard time
but because of the situation, there is nothing
we can do. It was nice at first because we
caught a lot of fish, but now there aren’t
many. ‘’We are just thankful because, in our
situation that is very difficult, the government
has given us small items for fishing, which is
a great help to us so that the time will come
when we need to use some materials for
fishing, we will not have to spend anymore
and we will only have to buy a few materials.
When we can catch small fish, we sell them
immediately in order to be able to buy rice so
that I can feed my family.’’
I7: Para nako daghan kaayo ang mga
nagseminar ana pero naglisud gihapon ang
mananagat kay gamay raman ang natuman.
Ug dli tanan nahatagan ug mga financial kay
lage ubay ubay sad ang mangisdaay.  Unfair systems of
Translation: financial subsidy
‘’There are a lot of fishermen who attended
seminar, but the fishermen are still struggling
because not everything that was discussed
was put into action. Also, not everyone has
been given financial aid because of the big
number of fishermen.”
I8: Sa akoang pag kakita sa ilaha isip
mananagat nag lisod jud mi pero kay ing ani
naman dugay dugay na pud wala miy
mahimo. Nindot pato sa una kay daghag
isda daghan mig ma kuha pero karun wala
na kaayo. Pasalamat na lang pud mi kay sa
amoang sitwasyon nga lisod kaayo nay
gihatag ang gobyerno nga gagmayng gamit
para sa panagat dako na kaayog tabang sa
amoa aron hago na lang among capital kay
naa naman miy gamit gihatag sa gobyerno.
Ma swertehan lang daghag kuhag isda e  Received assistance
baligya namo niya ang halin e palit namo og from the government
bugas og mag bilin og gamayng isda aron
sud anon namo.
Translation:
“As a fisherman, we are really having a hard
time because it has been going on for a long
time, and there is nothing we can do about it.
It was nice at first because we caught a lot of
fish, but now there aren’t many only small
ones. We are thankful because, in situations
where it is very difficult, the government has
given us small tools for hunting fish, which is
a big help to us and so we only have to think
of our capital since we already have tools
given by the government. If we are lucky
enough to catch a lot of fish, we will sell it
and we will buy rice and leave the small
ones for us to eat.’’
I9: Sa amoa naay gihatag ang gobyerno
pero di pud tantong daghan kay ubay ubay
sad beya mi dria na mangingisda unya
among gi ingon na sa mga officials namo
dria ang problema pero ang ingon raman
kay mag hulat lang mi og aksyonan rana nila
kami dria na side paabot lang pud mi
bahalag nagka lisod lisod na sa sitwasyon.  Received assistance
Translation: from the government
‘’In our case, the government gave us
something but not too much because there
are many of us who go for fishing. We have
opened up our problems to our officials but
they told us to just wait for the action. Hence,
we will just wait even if the situation is
getting difficult.’’
I10: Ahh... Sauna naa mi madawat gikan sa
gobyerno nga bugas pero karon wa paman
mao nang maningkamot nalang jud aron dili  Lack of government
ma pasmo ug kung kana lang. support
Translation:  Looking for alternative
‘’During the close season before I receive job
rice from the government but now nothing at  Alternative job
all, I need to find another way to sustain our
daily needs.’’
I11: Daghan jud ug pagsulay o hagit ang
among nadawat gikan sa gobyerno kay
nagbuhat silag panagtapok pero naglisud
gihapon ang mananagat kay gamay ra kaau
ang natuman sa ilang mga saad.  Affect livelihood
Translation:  Lack of government
“We really faced a lot of challenges from the support
government. Although they have created  Promises are not
ways to help, we still have a hard time since fulfilled
some of their promises are not fulfilled.’’
I12: Nagpatawag silag panagtapok ug naa
silay mga gipang hisgutan bahin sa pag
closed season ug gipasabot nila tanan. Pero
naa gihapon uban mangisdaay nga naglisud  Government provides
ug sabot kay lage maapektuhan daw ilanng action but not for all
panginabuhi. fishermen
Translation:
‘’The government gathered all the fishermen
and talked about the close season but some
of the fishermen had a hard time
understanding it because it affects their
livelihood.”
I13: Unsaon mao rana sir kanang kuan lang
kanang mga ma hatagan ug mga project nila
parehas anang naa may mga project nila
nga nadawat namo parehas anang taga ug
naylon dako na kaayu nag tabang sa amoa
nga mga ing ana nga mga benepisyo kay
ang gobyerno man gud naghatag ug mga
syempre sa mga mananagat nga gagmay
pag close season jud na sila mag ing ana
mga project nila kay para makatabang pod
sa mga gagmay nga mananagat ba kay ang
uban man gud magdahum man gud ang
 Received assistance
uban kay pag close season di gyud me ma
from the government
apektuhan ana mas maka kuan pami ana
 Beneficial to the
maka kwarta pami ana ug tarung.
fishermen
Translation:
‘’They give us projects and materials like
nylon, etc. It's a big help for us because the
government is the one who gives these to
the small fishermen when the closing season
happens. They will be doing their projects
because it is to help the small fishermen,
and some people will also expect that they
will receive projects from the government
when the close season happens. By that
close season, it will not affect us at all, and
we can get money for that.’’
I14: Amo lang hangyo kung naa man silay
okay ayuda samtang nag hulat mi sa open
season. Pero mao lage tama-tama rapud.
Translation:  Insufficient cash
‘’We are just asking if they have any help assistance
that they can give us while we wait for the
open season. But then again, that's not
enough for us.’’
I15: Kung mo reklamo me sabton me nila,  Understanding
kung dili me mo reklamo wala gihapon, ana between the
rang dagan sa atong probinsya sa Mati ug government and
dinhi sa Banaybanay. fishermen
Translation:
‘’If we complain, they must understand us, if
we don't complain, nothing happens still.
 That's just what's happening here in the
province of Mati, and here in the Municipality
of Banaybanay.’’

Chapter V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the conclusion and recommendations which are

based on the lived experiences of the local fisherfolk about Seasonal Fisheries

Closure .
Conclusion

In this study, the researchers found out that fishing is the main source of

income of the local fisherfolks of Barangay Puntalinao, Barangay Piso and

Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay, Davao Oriental. Based on the answers given

by informants 4, 5 and 7, they get prohibited to do their only source of income

which is fishing since the implementation of Seasonal Fisheries Closure requires

them not to go to the ocean to catch fish. Likewise, based on the results, the

researchers discovered that local fishermen of the three identified barangays

depend only on the sea. According to the answers of informants 4, 8 and 9, they

said that they just rely only on sea for their daily needs. In the same manner, the

researchers determined that during the implementation of Seasonal Fisheries

Closure, the local fishermen have difficulties in sustaining their needs. As

presented, the answers of informants 5, 7, 8 and 9, claimed that they have

difficulties in providing the necessities of their family. In addition, the researchers

identified that there is no alternative job for these local fishermen during the

Seasonal Fisheries Closure as expressed by informants 7, 8, 9 and 10. However,

the researchers figure out that despite the challenges mentioned above, there is

still positive effect taken from the implementation of Seasonal Fisheries Closure.

According to the results, the researchers found out that the positive effect of

Seasonal Fisheries Closure in the coastal areas of Banaybanay, Davao Oriental

specifically Puntalinao, Piso and Maputi is the increasing population of fish in

these areas. Based on the answers given by informants 2, 3, 8, 9, 13 and 14,

they said that the positive result of Seasonal Fisheries Closure is to preserve and
increase the population of fish. In contrast, the researchers also discovered the

negative effects of Seasonal Fisheries Closure in the said barangays. Based on

the results, the negative effect of the implementation of such mandate is the

difficulties in sustaining their needs as stated by informants 1, 4 and 9.

Moreover, in this study, the researchers learn how the local fishermen

handle the challenges that they experienced during the Seasonal Fisheries

Closure. As stated in the results of the study, the researchers discovered that

these fishermen manage the challenges they faced by obeying the law and

looking for alternative jobs in the time that the Seasonal Fisheries Closure was

implemented. The opinions of informants 1, 5, 7, 9, 12 and 15, talked about their

acceptance to the said mandate through following it despite the difficulties

experienced. Also, informants 1, 4, 6, 7 and 8, said that they should find

alternative job to ease the problems suffered which are brought by the Seasonal

Fisheries Closure.

Further, the researchers also determine the coping strategies of the local

fishermen in overcoming the problems that Seasonal Fisheries Closure have

given to them. This includes accepting the law as presented on the answers

given by informants 3, 5, 6, 8 and 12, when they said that they should accept the

law because they know that the government implemented it for their good sake.

Likewise, as claimed by informants 4, 6, 7 and 14, another coping strategy done

during Seasonal Fisheries Closure is by looking for alternative job since fishing is

prohibited during those periods.

 In addition, the researchers learn how the implementation of Seasonal

Fisheries Closure affect the livelihood of the local fishermen. The researchers

determine that they have difficulties in sustaining the needs of their family. Since

the informants’ criteria for this study requires them to have families of their own,

then most of the insights shared on its effect to their livelihood is the difficulty of

being able to provide and sustain for the needs of every member of the family.

This claim has been shared by informants 2, 7 and 9.

Lastly, with regard on how the government helped the local fishermen

during the Seasonal Fisheries Closure, it came out that there are positive and

negative insights for this matter. Based on the results of this study, one positive

insight is that they received assistance form the government. As what informants

5, 6, 8, 9 and 13 agreed upon, they received government assistance during the

implementation of Seasonal Fisheries Closure. However, its negative insight lies

on the fact that there was insufficient government support. Based on the answers

given by informants 4, 10 and 11, they said that they were not able to receive any

help from the government during the implementation of Seasonal Fisheries

Closure.

Recommendations

The results of the study show that the local fishermen in Barangay

Puntalinao, Barangay Piso, and Barangay Maputi in Banaybanay in Davao

Oriental were the ones who suffered the most as result to the seasonal closure of

the fisheries. The majority of them are solely dependent on the sea and struggle

to provide for their families. Hence, the researchers recommend that the
 government must provide financial aid and new fishing equipment to these

affected individuals in order to help during the implementation of the seasonal

closure of fishing. Additionally, the researchers advise the Bureau of Fisheries

and Aquatic Resources to assist the local fishermen by conducting interventions

programs, trainings, and seminars and offer them alternative livelihood during the

implementation of Seasonal Fisheries Closure. Lastly, the researchers would like

to recommend to the upcoming researchers to carry out a follow-up study on the

real-world experiences of fishermen during the Seasonal Fisheries Closure in

various locations throughout Davao Oriental in order to better understand the

circumstances of other local fishermen and gather additional data and insights for

the betterment of this field of study.

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