CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Addis Ababa University

Adil Zekaria (Dr.-Ing.)

Presentation outline
 Introduction
 Typical force-deformation (hysteresis) relation
 Ductility: definition and determination
 Relationship between strength and ductility
 Ductility demand and ductility capacity
 Normalized yield strength, yield reduction factor and
ductility factor
 Effect of yielding
 Relative effect yielding and damping
 Construction of constant ductility response spectra
 Inelastic design spectra

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Introduction
 In Earthquake Engineering it is common practice to
design against a large earthquake, that has a given mean
period of return (say 500 years), quite larger than the
expected life of the construction.
 Most buildings are designed, however, for base shear
smaller than the elastic base shear associated with the
strongest shaking that can occur at the site.
 It should not be surprising that buildings suffer damage
during intense ground shaking.

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Introduction
The response of structures deforming
into their inelastic range during intense
ground shaking is of central importance
in earthquake engineering

Six-story Imperial County Service Building after

Imperial valley EQ of 1979 (Magnitude 6.5 & PGA
near building of 0.23g). Columns shattered at and
dropped 15 cm at ground level
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Introduction

Olive View Hospital, Psychiatric

Unit, San Fernando, California. 1971
San Fernando Earthquake of
Magnitude 6.4. This unit was a 2-
story reinforced concrete building.

Lightweight concrete was used in the construction of this building. Note that
the building collapsed completely at the first (soft) story and the second
floor dropped to the ground after moving laterally about 2 meters

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Introduction

Olive View Hospital, San Fernando,

California. 1971 San Fernando
Earthquake of Magnitude 6.4.

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Introduction

The O’Higgin’s Tower, built in 2009, is a 21-

story reinforced-concrete building with an
unsymmetric (in plan) shear wall and column-
resisting system that is discontinuous and highly
irregular over height. Chile EQ 2010, M 8.8
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Introduction
 If you know the peak ground acceleration associated with
the design earthquake, you can derive elastic design spectra
and then, from the ordinates of the pseudo-acceleration
spectrum, derive equivalent static forces to be used in the
member design procedure.
 However, in the almost totality of cases the structural
engineer does not design the structures considering the
ordinates of the elastic spectrum of the maximum
earthquake, the preferred procedure is to reduce these
ordinates by factors that can be as high as 5 or more.
 This, of course, leads to a large reduction in the cost of the
structure.
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Introduction
 If we design for forces smaller than the forces likely to
occur during a large earthquake, our structures will be
damaged, or even destroyed.
 The reasoning behind such design procedure is that, for
the unlikely occurrence of a large earthquake, a large
damage in the construction is acceptable as far as no
human lives are taken in a complete structural collapse
and that, in the mean, the costs for repairing a damaged
building are not disproportionate to its value.

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Introduction
 To ascertain the amount of acceptable reduction of
earthquake loads it is necessary to study:
 the behavior of structural members and systems
subjected to cyclic loading outside the elastic range,
to understand the amount of plastic deformation and
cumulated plastic deformation that can be sustained
before collapse and
 the global structural behavior for inelastic response,
so that we can relate the reduction in design ordinates
to the increase in members’ plastic deformation.
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Typical force-deformation (hysteresis) relations

Structural steel, RC & Masonry
 Investigation of the cyclic behavior of structural members,
sub-assemblages and scaled or real sized building model,
either in labs or via numerical simulations, constitutes the
bulk of Earthquake Engineering.
 What is important, at the moment, is the understanding of
how different these behaviors can be, due to different
materials or structural configurations, with instability
playing an important role.
 We will see 3 different diagrams, force vs deformation, for a
clamped steel beam subjected to flexure, a reinforced concrete
sub-assemblage an a masonry wall.

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Typical force-deformation (hysteresis) relations

Structural steel

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Typical force-deformation (hysteresis) relations

Reinforced Concrete

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Typical force-deformation (hysteresis) relations

Masonry

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Ductility: Definition & Determination

Effect of Confinement
 The following slides present:
 Different levels of ductility
 Determination of ductility
 Relationship between curvature ductility and member
ductility
 Relationship between confinement and ductility of a section
 Different tie configuration for confinement
 Relationship between strength and ductility
 Definition of ductility demand and ductility capacity

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Ductility – Definition (Types of ductilities)

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Ductility – Definition (cont’d)

The elastic deformation capacity of the cantilever is

estimated as: L2
 y  y  (2)
3
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Ductility – Determination

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Ductility – Determination (cont’d)

The plastic hinge model neglects

•Tension shifts
•Shear deformation
•Anchorage deformation
•Strength degradation

•From the geometry

 L pl 
 p  u   y  L pl  L    (3)
 2 

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Ductility – Determination (cont’d)

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Ductility – Determination (cont’d)

Adding equations (2) and (3) yield the total deformation

L2  L 
u   y   p   y  u   y  L pl  L  pl 
3  2 
Hence, the resulting displacement ductility (global) is:

 
u    y L pl L  L pl 2  1  (   1) L pl L  L pl 2
 1 u
y ( y L2 ) / 3 L2 / 3
The relationship between local and global ductility is:
   1
  u  1 
y L pl  L pl 
3 1  0.5 
L  L 
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Relationship between Confinement & Ductility

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Relationship between Confinement & Ductility

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Different tie configurations for

confinement
 As shown in the previous
slide’s stress-strain
relationship, confined
sections have larger strength,
ductility and energy
absorption capacity than the
unconfined sections.
 Different hoop and tie
configurations are used with
varying degree of
confinement.

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Different tie configurations for

confinement

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Relationship between strength & Ductility

 For seismic collapse prevention, the following approximation hold

“quality” of seismic behavior = strength x ductility
 To survive an EQ different combination of strength and ductility is
possible

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Ductility demand and ductility capacity

 Ductility demand is the

required ductility to be
imposed on the system
 Ductility demand = ∆m/∆y
 Ductility capacity is the
ability of the structure to
deform beyond the
elastic limit and sustain
the plastic deformation
demand without
collapsing
 Ductility capacity = ∆u/∆y

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Elastoplastic Idealization

 A more complex behavior may be represented with an

elastoplastic (i.e. elastic-perfectly plastic) bilinear
idealization, as shown in the figure next slide, where
two important requirements are obeyed:
 the initial stiffness of the idealized elastoplastic system is
the same of the real system, so that the natural frequencies
of vibration for small deformation are equal,
 the yielding strength is chosen so that the sum of
stored and dissipated energy in the elastoplastic
system is the same as the energy stored and dissipated
in the real system.
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Elastoplastic Idealization

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Elastoplastic Idealization

 In perfect plasticity, when yielding

 the force is constant, fs = fy and
 the stiffness is null, ky = 0. The force fy is the yielding
force, the displacement uy = fy/k is the yield
deformation.
 In the right part of the figure, you can see that at
unloading (ux = 0) the stiffness is equal to the initial
stiffness, and we have fs = k(u-um) where um is the total
plastic deformation.

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Normalized yield strength, yield reduction

factor and ductility factor
The normalized yield strength f y
f y uy
fy  
f o uo
Yield reduction factor R y
f o uo
Ry  
f y uy
um
Ductility factor 
uy
um 
  fy 
uo Ry

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Normalized yield strength, yield reduction

factor and ductility factor (cont’d)

Governing equation for an inelastic system is:

mu  cu  f s (u , u )   mug (t )

~
 u  2n u  n2u y f s (u , u )  ug (t )
k c ~ f (u, u )
where n   f s (u , u )  s
m 2 m n fy
Note that : = 𝑓 = 𝑘𝑢 =𝜔 𝑢 𝑓

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Normalized yield strength, yield reduction

factor and ductility factor (cont’d)

~
From u  2n u  n2u y f s (u, u )  ug (t )
u (t ) fy
Letting  (t )  and ay   n2uo f y
uy m
u (t )  u y  (t ), u (t )  u y  (t ), u(t )  u y (t )
~ ug
   2n   n2 f s (  ,  )  n2
ay

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Elastic response

• In the figure above, the elastic response of an undamped,

Tn = 0.5 s system to El Centro 1940 NS ground motion.
• Top, the deformations, bottom the elastic force normalized
with respect to weight, from the latter peak value we know
that all elastoplastic systems with fy < 1.37w will experience
plastic deformations during the EC1940NS ground motion.
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Inelastic response, ḟy = 1/8 = 0.125

• The various response graphs above were computed for

ḟybar = 0.125. (i.e., Ry = 8 and fy = 1.37/8w = 0.171w)
and ξ = 0, Tn = 0.5 s.
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Inelastic response, ḟy = 1/8

• Top, the deformation response, note that the peak

response is um = 1.71 in, different from u0 = 3.34 in; it is
𝜇 = 𝑅 = 4.09
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Inelastic response, ḟy = 1/8

• Second row, normalized force fS/w, note that the response

is clipped at fS = fy = 1.171w
• Third row, response in terms of yielding state, positive or
negative depending on the sign of velocity
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Inelastic response, ḟy = 1/8

• The force-deformation diagram for the first two excursions
in plastic domain, the time points a, b, c, d, e, f and g are
the same in all 4 graphs:
• until t = b we have an elastic behavior,
• until t = c the velocity is positive and the system
accumulates positive plastic deformations,
• until t = e we have an elastic unloading (note that for
t = d the force is zero, the deformation is equal to the
total plastic deformation),
• until t = f we have another plastic excursion,
cumulating negative plastic deformations
• until at t = g we have an inversion of the velocity and
an elastic reloading.
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Response for different ḟy ’s

ḟybar um up μ
1.000 2.25 0.00 1.00
0.500 1.62 0.17 1.44
0.250 1.75 1.10 3.11
0.125 2.07 1.13 7.36
• This table was computed for Tn = 0.5 s and ξ= 5% for the EC1940NS
excitation.
• Elastic response was computed first, with peak response u0 = 2.25 in
and peak force f0 = 0.919w, later the computation was repeated for
ḟybar = 0.5, 0.25, 0.125.
• In our example, all the peak values of the e-p responses are smaller
than the elastic one, but this is not always true, and shouldn’t be
generalized.
• The permanent displacements up increase for decreasing yield
strengths, and also this fact shouldn’t be generalized.
• Last, the ductility ratios increase for decreasing yield strengths, for
our example it is μ ≈ Ry .
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Effect of Yielding
Elastic system
• Oscillation about initial equilibrium position
• There will be no permanent deformation

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Effect of Yielding (cont’d)

Inelastic Systems
• Oscillation not about initial equilibrium position
• Permanent deformations remains

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Peak deformation & ductility demand of

elastoplastic system (cont’d)

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Peak deformation & ductility demand of

elastoplastic system (cont’d)

• In the previous slide, for EC1940NS, for ξ = 5%, for

different values of Tn and for fybar = 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125
the peak response u0 of the equivalent system and the
peak responses of the 3 inelastic systems has been
computed
• There are two distinct zones: left (acceleration sensitive
zone) there is a strong dependency on fybar, the peak
responses grow with Ry; right (displacement sensitive
zone) the 4 curves intersects with each other and there is
no clear dependency on fybar.

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Peak deformation & ductility demand of

elastoplastic system (cont’d)

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Peak deformation & ductility demand of

elastoplastic system (cont’d)

• With the same setup as before, in graph of previous slide

are reported the values of the ductility factor μ.
• The values of μ are almost equal to Ry for large values of
Tn, and in the limit, for Tn → ꝏ, there is a strict equality.
An even more interesting observation regard the interval
Tc ≤ Tn ≤ Tf , where the values of μ oscillate near the
value of Ry.
• On the other hand, the behavior is completely different in
the acceleration sensitive zone, where μ grows very fast,
and the ductility demand is very high even for low
values (0.5) of the yield strength reduction factor.
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Construction of constant ductility spectrum

1. Numerically define ground acceleration üg(t)

~ ug
From   2n   n2 f s (  ,  )  n2
ay
2. Select and fix the damping ratio ξ and period Tn
3. Compute deformation response u(t) of linear system
4. Determine u0 peak value of u(t) and peak force
f0=ku0

 These steps are the same as that of the construction

of elastic response spectrum, but the following steps
are different
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Construction of constant ductility spectrum

(cont’d)
5. Determine u(t) of elastoplastic system with same ξ
and Tn and yield force fy= [fybar*f0 ] with fybar <1. From
u(t) determine um and corresponding μ for enough
values of fybar to get as many data pts of (fybar,μ) as
required
6. For a selected μ interpolate fybar (if necessary) and
determine spectral ordinates corresponding to fybar
7. Repeat step 3 to 6 for a range of Tn and μ selected in 6
8. present steps 3 to 7 for several values of μ

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Constant ductility response spectrum

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Constant ductility response spectrum (cont’d)

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Design yield strength & allowable ductility

Short period systems (Tn < Ta) fybar =1;

Long period systems (Tn > Tf) fybar=1/μ;
Medium period (Tb <
Addis Ababa Tn <(Adil
University TdZ)) fybar is irregular

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Relative effects of Yielding & Damping

 Damping has negligible influence but effect of

yielding on design force is very important in
displacement sensitive region Tn > Tf
 Damping has negligible influence but effect of
yielding on peak deformation & ductility demand is
very important in acceleration sensitive region Tn < Ta
 Damping is most effective in velocity sensitive region
where yielding is even more effective
The effectiveness of damping is smaller for inelastic
systems and decreases as inelastic deformation
increases
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Relative effects of Yielding & Damping

(Cont’d)

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Relative effects of Yielding & Damping

Energy dissipation

Energy dissipation of linear system Tn = 0.5 sec, ζ = 5%

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Relative effects of Yielding & Damping

Energy dissipation (cont’d)

Energy dissipation of elastoplastic system

Tn = 0.5 sec, ζ = 5% , fybar =0.25
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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Inelastic Design Spectra

Simpler approach of constructing constant-ductility design

spectrum is by multiplying elastic design spectrum by
normalized strength fy,bar

1 Tn  Ta

f y   2   1
1 / 2
Tb  Tn  Tc Equal energy principle
 1 Tn  Tc Equal displacement principle


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Inelastic Design Spectra (cont’d)

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Inelastic Design Spectra (cont’d)

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Inelastic Design Spectra (cont’d)

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Inelastic Design Spectra (cont’d)

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Application: design of a SDOF system

 Decide the available ductility level μ (type of structure,

materials, details. etc).
 Preliminary design, m, k, ξ; ωn; Tn.
 From an inelastic design spectrum, for known values of ξ, Tn
and μ read Ay .
 The design yield strength is
𝑓 = 𝑚𝐴
 The design peak deformation,

𝑢 = =
( , )

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CEng 6506 Earthquake Engineering Lecture Notes

Example
 One story frame, weight w, period is Tn =
0.25 s, damping ratio is ξ = 5%, peak
ground acceleration is üg0 = 0.5g. Find
design forces for
1) system remains elastic, μ = 1
2) μ = 4 and
3) μ = 8.
 In the figure, a reference elastic spectrum
for üg0 = 1g, Ay(0.25) = 2.71g;
for üg0 = 0.5g it is f0 =1.355w.

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Any questions?

 Refer to
Chapter 7 – Earthquake response of Inelastic systems
In Chopra’s Structural Dynamics book

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