Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

FLOW THROUGH PIPES – NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

Problem: Compute the head loss due to pipe friction and the power required to
maintain flow in a circular pipe of 40 mm diameter and 750 m laid horizontal
when water flows at a rate: (a) 4 litres per minute; (b) 30 litres per minute. Take
dynamic viscosity of water equal to 1.14 x 10-3 N s m-2. Assume that for the pipe
absolute roughness, k is 0.00008 m.

Solution.

(a) Diameter of pipe, D = 40 mm = 40 x 10-3 m

Length of pipe, L = 750 m
Orientation of pipe: horizontal
Rate of flow, Q = 4 lpm = 4 x 10-3 m3 / 60 s = 66.7 x 10-6 m3s-1
 
Cross-sectional area of pipe, A = D2  (40 x10 3 )2  1.26 x 10-3 m2
4 4
66.7 x106
Average velocity of flow in the pipe, V = Q/A = 3
 52.9 x 10-3 m s-1
1.26 x10
In order to determine the type of flow occurring in the pipe, let us determine the
Reynolds number of flow.

VD (1000)( 52.9 x103 )( 40 x103 )

Re = = = 1856
 1.14 x10 3

As Reynolds number of flow is less than 2000, the type of flow occurring in the
pipe is laminar. Hence, the loss of head due to pipe friction can be computed by
using either Hagen-Poiseuille’s equation or the Darcy-Weisbach’s equation.

Hagen-Poiseuille’s equation:

128LQ 128 x(1.14 x103 ) x750 x(66.7 x106 )

p  = 3 4
= 907.6 N m-2
D 4
x(40 x10 )
Hence, the head lost due to friction in pipe is given by
p 907.6
hf   = 92.4 x 10-3 m of water
 9810

Darcy-Weisbach’s equation:

4 fL V 2
hf 
D 2g

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

16 16
f= = = 0.00862
Re 1856
4 x0.00862 x750 (52.9 x103 )2
Hence, hf = 3
x = 92.4 x 10-3 m of water.
40 x10 ( 2 x 9.81)
Power required to maintain flow, P = Qh f
= 9810 x (66.7 x 10-6) x (92.4 x 10-3)
= 0.0605 Nm/s (or) 0.0605 Watts

(b) Rate of flow, Q = 30 lpm = 30 x 10-3 m3 / 60 s = 0.5 x 10-3 m3 s-1

0.5 x103
Average velocity of flow in the pipe, V = Q/A = 3
 0.4 m s-1
1.26 x10
In order to determine the type of flow occurring in the pipe, let us determine the
Reynolds number of flow.

VD (1000) x0.4 x(40 x103 )

Re = = = 14035
 1.14 x10 3

As Reynolds number of flow is more than 4000, the type of flow occurring in
the pipe is turbulent. Hence, the loss of head due to pipe friction can be
computed by using he Darcy-Weisbach’s equation.

To determine the value of friction factor:

k 0.00008
Relative roughness =   0.002
D 40 x103

From the Moody’s chart, for Reynolds number, Re, equal to 14035 and relative
roughness equal to 0.002, friction factor, f = 0.008

4 fL V 2 4 x0.008 x750 (0.4)2

Hence, h f  = x = 4.89 m of water
D 2g 40 x10 3 ( 2 x9.81)

Power required o maintain flow, P = Qh f

= 9810 x (0.5 x 10-3) x (4.89)
= 24 N m s-1 (or) 24 Watts

Problem: Oil of specific gravity 0.9 and kinematic viscosity 0.00033 m2 s-1 is
pumped over a distance of 1.5 km through a 75 mm diameter tube at a rate of 25
x 103 kg h-1. Determine whether the flow is laminar and calculate the pumping
power required, assuming 70 per cent mechanical efficiency.
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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Solution:

Specific gravity of oil, S = 0.9

Mass density of oil,  = specific gravity of oil x mass density of water
= S w = 0.9 x 1000 = 900 kg m-3
Specific weight of oil,  = S w = 0.9 x 9810 = 8829 N m-3
Kinematic viscosity of oil,  = 0.00033 m2 s-1
Length of pipe, L = 1.5 km = 1500 m
Diameter of pipe, D = 75 mm = 75 x 10-3 = 0.075 m
 
Cross-sectional area of pipe, A = D2  (75 x10 3 )2  4.419643 x 10-3 m2
4 4
Mass rate of pumping, Q = 25 x 10 kg h-1 3

Rate of flow, Q = mass rate of pumping / mass density of oil

Q 25 x103
= = = 27.778 m3 h-1 = 27.778 / (60 x 60)
 900
= 0.007716 m3 s-1
0.007716
Average velocity of flow in the pipe, V = Q/A = -3
 1.746 m s-1
4.419643 x 10
Dynamic viscosity of oil,  =   = 0.00033 x 900 = 0.297 N s m-2

To determine whether the flow is laminar, let us compute the Reynolds number
of flow.

VD 900 x1.746 x0.075

Re = = = 396.8
 0.297

As Reynolds number of flow is less than 2000, the type of flow occurring in the
pipe is laminar. Hence, the loss of head due to pipe friction can be computed by
using either Hagen-Poiseuille’s equation or the Darcy-Weisbach’s equation.

Hagen-Poiseuille’s equation:

128LQ 128 x0.297 x1500 x0.007716

p  = = 4424663 N m-2
D 4
x(0.075) 4

Hence, the head lost due to friction in pipe is given by

p 4424663
hf   = 501.1511 m of water
 8829

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Qh f
Power required to maintain flow, P =

where  = mechanical efficiency = 70 % = 0.7

Qh f 8829 x0.007716 x 501.1511

Hence, P = = = 48772.43 W = 48.772 kW
 0.70

Problem: Water at a density of 998 kg m-3 and kinematic viscosity of 1 x 10-6

m2 s-1 flows through smooth tubing at a mean velocity of 2 m s-1. If the tube
diameter is 30 mm, calculate the pressure gradient per unit length necessary.
Assume that the friction factor for a smooth pipe is given by 16/Re for laminar
flow and 0.079/Re1/4 for turbulent flow.

Solution.

Density of water,  = 998 kg m-3

Kinematic viscosity of water,  = 1 x 10-6 m2 s-1
Dynamic viscosity of water,  =   = 1 x 10-6 x 998 = 0.000998 N s m-2
Mean velocity of flow, V = 2 m s-1
Diameter of tube, D = 30 mm = 30 x 10-3 = 0.030 m
 
Cross-sectional area of pipe, A = D2  ( 30 x10 3 )2  0.707143 x 10-3 m2
4 4
p
Pressure gradient per unit length, ?
L
Rate of flow, Q = A V = (0.707143 x 10-3) x 2 = 1.414286 x 10-3 m3 s-1

To determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent, let us compute the

Reynolds number of flow.

VD 998 x 2 x0.030

Re = = = 60000
 0.000998

As Reynolds number of flow is more than 2000, the type of flow occurring in
the pipe is turbulent. Hence, the loss of head due to pipe friction can be
computed by using the Darcy-Weisbach’s equation.

4 fL V 2
Darcy-Weisbach’s equation: h f 
D 2g
0.079 0.079
where f = friction factor = 1 / 4   0.005
Re 600001 / 4

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

4 x0.005 xL 22
hf = x
0.030 2 x9.81
h 4 x0.002 22
 f  x = 0.136 m m-1
L 0.030 2 x9.81
 p 
 
  
  0.136 m m-1
L
p
  0.136  0.136 x9810  1333.333 N m-2 m-1 = 1.333 kN m-2 m-1
L

Problem: Water flows through a pipe 25 mm in diameter at a velocity of

6 m s-1. Determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. Assume that the
dynamic viscosity of water is 1.30 x 10 -3 kg m-1 s-1 and its density is 1000
kg m-3. If oil of specific gravity 0.9 and dynamic viscosity 9.6 x 10 -2 kg m-1 s-1 is
pumped through the same pipe, what type of flow will occur?

Data given:

Diameter of pipe, D = 25 mm = 0.025 m

Velocity of flow of water in pipe, V = 6 m s-1
Dynamic viscosity of water,  = 1.30 x 10-3 kg m-1 s-1
Density of water,  = 1000 kg m-3
Specific gravity of oil, Soil = 0.9
Dynamic viscosity of oil, oil = 9.6 x 10-2 kg m-1 s-1

Required:

Type of flow when water is flowing through the pipe

Type of flow when oil is flowing through the pipe

Solution.

Case (i): When water is flowing through the pipe

 2 
Cross-sectional area of pipe, A = D  x 0.0252  0.000491 m2
4 4
VD 1000 kg m-3 x 6 m s-1 x 0.025 m
Reynolds number of flow, Re = 
 1.30 x 10-3 kg m-1s-1
= 115385
As the Reynolds umber of flow is greater than 4000, the flow is categorized as
turbulent.
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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Case (ii) When oil is flowing through the pipe

Mass density of oil, oil = Soil x water = 0.9 x 1000 kg m-3 = 900 kg m-3
oilVD 900 kg m-3 x 6 m s-1 x 0.025 m
Reynolds number of flow, Re = 
oil 9.60 x 10-2 kg m-1s-1
= 1406

As the Reynolds number of flow is less than 2000, the flow is categorized as
laminar.

Problem: In a 0.6 m diameter duct carrying air the velocity profile was found to
follow the law u  5r 2  0.45 m s-1, where u is the velocity at radius r.
Determine the volume flow rate of the air and the mean velocity of flow of air.

Data given:

Diameter of duct, D = 0.6 m

Velocity profile, u  5r 2  0.45 m s-1
Velocity of flow at radius r = u

Required:

Volume rate of flow of air, Q = ?

Mean velocity of flow of air, u = ?

Solution.

r R
Volume rate of flow of air, Q = 2  ur.dr
r 0
r R

= 2   5r 2  0.45 r.dr 
r 0
r R

= 2   5r 3  0.45r dr 
r 0
r R r R
= 2   5r 3dr 2  0.45rdr
r 0 r 0

r 4  r 0.3r2 
r 0.3
=  10   0.90 
 4  r 0  2  r 0

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

 0.34   0.32 
=  10  0  0.90  0
 4   2 
= 0.0636 m3 s-1

Q
Mean velocity, u 
A
 2 
Cross-sectional area of duct, A = D  x 0.62  0.282857 m 2
4 4
0.0636 m3s-1
Hence, u  2
 0.225 m s-1
0.282857 m

Problem: A fluid flows through a circular duct of diameter 2 m such that the
fluid velocity is zero at the duct surface and 6 m s-1 on the axis of the duct. The
flow rate is 9 m3 s-1. Assuming the velocity distribution is given by v  c1  c2r n ,
where v is the fluid velocity at any radius r. Determine the constants c1, c2 and
n. Specify the units of c1 and c2. Evaluate the mean velocity of fluid and
determine the radial position at which a Pitot tube must be placed to measure
this mean velocity.

Data given:

Diameter of circular duct, D = 2 m

Fluid velocity at the surface of duct (i.e., at the boundary of the duct, r = R) = 0
Fluid velocity on the axis of the duct (i.e., at r = 0) = 6 m s-1
Fluid velocity in the duct is assumed to follow the equation v  c1  c2r n

Required:

Values of constants c1, c2 and n in the equation v  c1  c2r n

Units of c1 and c2
Mean velocity of fluid in the duct, v
Radial position from the axis at which this mean velocity occurs

Solution.

D 2m
Radius of duct, R =  1m
2 2
Let us use the boundary conditions. At r = R = 1 m, the fluid velocity v = 0.
Hence, v  0  c1  c2r n  c1  c2 1n

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

 c1  c2 1n
 c1  c2 …… (1)

At r = 0, fluid velocity v = 6 m s-1. Hence,

v  6 m s-1  c1  c2r n
 6 m s-1  c1  c2 0n
 6 m s-1  c1 - 0
 6 m s-1  c1

Therefore, from (1), c2  c1  6

Units of c1 and c2:

The velocity distribution in the duct is given by v  c1  c2r n

Here, the units of velocity v are m s-1

Hence, the units of c1 and the quantity c2r n must be m s-1
In the quantity c2r n , r represents the radius of duct having unit of m and n is
simply a number whose value is found to 1.826. Hence, c2 must have units of
m-0.826 s-1, so that c2 m-0.826 s-1 x (r m) 1.826 = (c2r1.826) m-0.826 s-1 m1.826
= (c2r1.826) m s-1

Volume flow rate is given by

r R
Q  2  vrdr
r 0
r 1

 Q  9 m3 s-1  2  c1  c2r n rdr 
r 0
r 1 r 1
 r2   r n 2 
 9 m s = 2c1   2c2
3 -1

 2  r 0  n  2  r 0
 12   1n  2  c c 
 9 m3 s-1 = 2c1  0  2c2  0 = 2   1  2 
 2   n  2   2 n  2

  1  2  =
c c 9
 1.431818
 2 n  2  2
6 6 
    1.431818
 2 n  2 

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

 6 
 3   1.431818
 n  2 
6
  3  1.431818  1.568182
n2
6
 n2  3.826
1.568182
 n  3.826  2  1.826

Q Q 9 m3 s-1
Mean velocity of flow, v     2.863 m s-1
A   2   2
 D   x 2 m  
4  4 
To find the radial position at which this mean velocity occurs, let us put v =
2.863 m s-1 in the velocity distribution profile.

v  2.863 m s-1  c1  c2r n  6  6r1.826

 6r1.826 = 6 - 2.863 = 3.136364
3.136364
 r1.826 =  0.522727
6
 r = 0.701 m

Problem: Air flows through a rectangular duct having a cross-section of 300

mm width and 200 mm depth. In order to determine the volume rate of flow of
air through the duct experimentally, the cross-section of the duct is divided into
a number of imaginary rectangular elements of equal area and the velocity
measured at the centre of each element. The results obtained are given below.

Distance from side of duct (mm)

Distance from top of duct (mm) 30 90 150 210 270
Velocity (m s-1)
20 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.7
60 1.9 3.4 6.9 3.7 2.0
100 2.1 6.8 10.0 7.0 2.3
140 2.0 3.5 7.0 3.8 2.1
180 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.1 1.9

Determine the volume flow rate and the mean velocity of flow in the duct.

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Distance from one side of duct 

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
0
20
40
60
0
80
100
120
Distance from top of duct 
140
160
180
200
Width of each imaginary rectangular element = 60 mm
Depth of each imaginary rectangular element = 40 mm
Velocity of flow of air is measured at the centre of each rectangular element

20 1.6 m s-1
Distance from top of duct (mm)

60 1.9 m s-1

100 2.1 m s-1

140 2.0 m s-1

180 1.8 m s-1

Velocity (m s-1)

Figure. Velocity profile at the vertical section 30 mm from one side of duct

Mean velocity at vertical section 30 mm from one side (left side) of duct is
given by the area under the graph shown in Figure above. The area under the
graph may be determined by the mid-ordinate method. As the cross-section of
the duct is divided into a number of imaginary rectangular elements of equal
area and the velocity measured at the centre of each element, the given velocity
profile at the section conforms to mid ordinate values. Hence,

 Mid  ordinates u30 ,20  u30 ,60  u30 ,100  u30 ,140  u30 ,180
u30  
5 5

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

1.6  1.9  2.1  2.0  1.8 9.4

= =  1.88 m s-1
5 5

Similarly, the mean velocity at vertical sections 90 mm, 150 mm, 210 mm and
270 mm can be determined using the mid-ordinate method.

 Mid  ordinates u90,20  u90 ,60  u90 ,100  u90,140  u90,180

u90  
5 5
2.0  3.4  6.8  3.5  2.0 17.7
=   3.54 m s-1
5 5

 Mid  ordinates u150 ,20  u150 ,60  u150 ,100  u150 ,140  u150 ,180
u150  
5 5
2.2  6.9  10.0  7.0  2.3 28.5
=   5.7 m s-1
5 5

 Mid  ordinates u210 ,20  u210 ,60  u210 ,100  u210 ,140  u210 ,180
u210  
5 5
2.0  3.7  7.0  3.8  2.1 18.6
=   3.72 m s-1
5 5

 Mid  ordinates u270 ,20  u270 ,60  u270 ,100  u270 ,140  u270 ,180
u270  
5 5
1.7  2.0  2.3  2.1  1.9 10.0
=   2.0 m s-1
5 5

To find the mean velocity of flow in the duct, let us construct the velocity
profile using the mean velocities worked out earlier at the vertical sections
located at 30 mm, 90 mm, 150 mm, 210 mm and 270 mm from one side of duct
as shown below.

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

u150

u90 u210
u30
u270

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300

Distance from one side of duct 

Mean velocity of flow in the duct is given by

 Mid  ordinates u30  u90  u150  u210  u270 1.88  3.54  5.7  3.72  2.0
u  
5 5 5
16.84
=  3.368 m s-1
5

Problem: In a laboratory, the water supply is drawn from a roof storage tank 25
m above the water discharge point. If the friction factor is 0.008, the pipe
diameter is 5 cm and the pipe is assumed vertical, calculate the maximum
volume of flow achievable, if separation losses are ignored.

Solution.

Head of water available, H = 25 m

Diameter of pipe, D = 5 cm = 0.05 m
 
Cross-sectional area of pipe, A = D2  (5 x10  2 )2  1.964286 x 10-3 m2
4 4
Friction factor for pipe, f = 0.008
Pipe is laid vertical from the storage tank; hence, length of pipe, L = 25 m
Ignoring the separation losses, head lost due to pipe friction, hf = H = 25 m
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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

As per Darcy-Weisbach’s equation for head loss due to pipe friction, we have,

4 fL V 2
hf 
D 2g
4 x0.008 x25 V2
 25 = x
0.05 2 x9.81
 V2 = 30.65625
 V = 5.536809 m s-1
Hence, Q = A V = (1.964286 x 10-3) x (5.536809) = 0.010876 m3 s-1

Problem: The friction factor applicable to turbulent flow in a smooth glass pipe
is given by 0.079/Re1/4. Calculate the pressure loss per unit length necessary to
maintain a flow of 0.02 m3 s-1 of kerosene, specific gravity 0.82, viscosity 1.9 x
10-3 N s m-2, in a glass pipe of 8 cm diameter. If the tube is replaced by a
galvanized steel pipeline, wall roughness 0.15 mm, calculate the increase in pipe
diameter to handle this flow with the same pressure gradient.

Solution.

0.079
For turbulent flow in a smooth glass pipe, friction factor, f =
Re1 / 4
Flow in pipeline, Q = 0.02 m3 s-1
Specific gravity of kerosene, S = 0.82
Mass density of kerosene,  = S w = 0.82 x 1000 = 820 kg m-3
Specific weight of kerosene,  = S w = 0.82 x 9810 = 8044 N m-3
Viscosity of kerosene,  = 1.9 x 10-3 N s m-2
Diameter of glass pipe, D = 8 cm = 0.08 m
 
Cross-sectional area of pipe, A = D2  (8 x10 2 )2  5.029 x 10-3 m2
4 4
0.02
Mean velocity of flow, V = Q / A = 3
= 3.98 m s-1
5.029 x10

VD 820 x 3.98 x0.08

Reynolds number of flow, Re = = = 137415
 1.9 x10 3

As Reynolds number of flow is more than 2000, the type of flow occurring in
the pipe is turbulent. Hence, the loss of head due to pipe friction can be
computed by using the Darcy-Weisbach’s equation.

Darcy-Weisbach’s equation for head loss due to pipe friction:

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

4 fL V 2
hf 
D 2g
0.079 0.079
f= 1/ 4
= = 0.004
Re (137415)1 / 4

Head loss per unit length of pipe is given by

hf 4 f V 2 4 x0.004 ( 3.98)2
  x = 0.161472 m m-1
L D 2g 0.08 2 x9.81
 p 
 
  
  0.161472 m m-1
L
p
  0.161472  0.161472 x8044  1298 N m-2 m-1
L

When the glass tube is replaced by galvanized steel pipeline:

Absolute wall roughness, k = 0.15 mm = 0.00015 m

Flow in pipeline, Q = 0.02 m3 s-1

Solution incomplete

Problem: In a water pipeline there is an abrupt change in diameter from 140

mm to 250 mm. If the head lost due to separation when the flow is from the
smaller to the larger pipe is 0.6 m greater than the head lost when the same flow
is reversed, determine the flow rate.

Solution.

D1 D2
V1 V2

D1 = diameter of smaller pipe = 140 mm

D2 = diameter of larger pipe = 250 mm

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

 
A1 = cross-sectional area of smaller pipe = D12  0.142  0.0154 m2
4 4
 
A2 = cross-sectional area of smaller pipe = D22  0.252  0.049107 m2
4 4
When the flow is from smaller pipe to larger pipe, the loss is due to sudden
enlargement. The head lost due to sudden enlargement is given by equation

 A1   V12 
2
 0.0154   V12 
2 V 2 

( hL )S . E .   1   = 1   = 0.471  1 
 A2   2 g   0.049107   2 g   2g 
 
When the flow is reversed, the flow is from larger pipe to smaller pipe and the
loss is due to sudden contraction.

D2 D1
V2 V1

Vena contracta

D1 = diameter of larger pipe = 250 mm

D2 = diameter of smaller pipe = 140 mm
The head lost due to sudden contraction is given by equation
  V22    V22 
2 2
 A2  1
(hL)S.C.    1   =   1  
 Ac   2g   Cc   2g 
where, Ac = cross-sectional area of vena contracta
A2 = cross-sectional area of smaller pipe
A1 = cross-sectional area of larger pipe
Cc = coefficient of contraction for the junction based on the smaller pipe
entry diameter (D2)

Table below shows the experimental values of Cc.

A2/A1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0

Cc 0.61 0.632 0.673 0.73 1.0
 
Here, A2 = D22  0.142  0.0154 m2
4 4
 
A1 = D12  0.252  0.049107 m2
4 4
The ratio, A2/A1 = 0.0154 / 0.049107 = 0.3
For A2/A1 = 0.3, Cc = 0.632

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

 1   V22 
2
 1   V2 
2 2 V 2 
(hL)S.C. =   1 =  1 = 0.34  2 
 Cc   2 g   0.632   2 g   2g 
 
It is given that the head lost due to separation when the flow is from the smaller
to the larger pipe is 0.6 m greater than the head lost when the same flow is
reversed. That is,

( hL )S . E .  (hL)S.C. + 0.6 m
V 2  V 2 
 0.471  1  = 0.34  2  + 0.6
 2g   2g 
where, V1 = velocity of flow in smaller pipe when flow occurs from smaller
pipe to larger pipe
V2 = velocity of flow in smaller pipe when flow occurs from larger ppe
to smaller pipe
Therefore, we can afford to replace V1 by V2 or V2 by V1 in the above
expression. Let us replace V1 by V2 in the above expression; then, the above
expression becomes

V 2  V 2 
0.471  2  = 0.34  2  + 0.6
 2g   2g 
V 2 
 (0.471 – 0.340)  2  = 0.6
 2g 
V 2 
 0.131  2  = 0.6
 2g 
V 2 
  2  = 0.6 / 0.131 = 4.58 m of water
 2g 
 
 V2 = velocity of flow in smaller pipe = 9.48 m s-1

Problem: A 150 mm diameter pipe reduces in diameter abruptly to 100 mm. If

the pipe carries water at 30 litres s-1, calculate the pressure loss across the
contraction and express this as a percentage of the loss to be expected if the
flow was reversed. Take the coefficient of contraction as 0.6.

Solution.

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Discharge carried in the pipe,

Q = 30 lps
= 30 x 10-3 m3 s-1
D2 D1
V2 V1 = 0.03 m3 s-1
Loss of head
Vena contracta due to sudden contraction,
(hL)S.C. = ?
D1 = diameter of larger pipe = 150 mm
D2 = diameter of smaller pipe = 100 mm
Loss of head due to sudden expansion, (hL)S.E. = ?
Coefficient of contraction, Cc = 0.6

The head lost due to sudden contraction is given by equation

  V22    V22 
2 2
 A2  1
(hL)S.C.    1   =   1  
 Ac   2g   Cc   2g 
where, Ac = cross-sectional area of vena contracta
A2 = cross-sectional area of smaller pipe
A1 = cross-sectional area of larger pipe
Cc = coefficient of contraction for the junction based on the smaller pipe
entry diameter (D2)
 
Here, A2 = D22  0.102  0.007857 m2
4 4
 
A1 = D12  0.152  0.017679 m2
4 4
Cc = 0.6 (given)
 1   V22 
2 2 2  V 2 
(hL)S.C. =   1   =   1   2  = 0.444
1 V  2 
 Cc   2g   0.6   2g   2g 
 
V2 = velocity of flow in smaller pipe = Q/A1 = 0.03 / 0.017679 = 1.7 m s-1
 1.7 2 
Hence, (hL)S.C. = 0.444   = 0.065 m of water

 2 x9.81 
Pressure loss due to sudden contraction is given by,
p   hL S .C .  (9810 N m-3) x (0.065 m of water) = 638 N m-2

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

D1 D2
V1 V2

D1 = diameter of smaller pipe = 100 mm

D2 = diameter of larger pipe = 150 mm
 
A1 = cross-sectional area of smaller pipe = D12  0.102  0.007857 m2
4 4
 
A2 = cross-sectional area of larger pipe = D22  0.152  0.017679 m2
4 4
V1 = velocity of flow in smaller pipe = Q / A1 = 0.03 / 0.007857 = 1.7 m s-1

When the flow is from smaller pipe to larger pipe, the loss is due to sudden
enlargement. The head lost due to sudden enlargement is given by equation

2 2 2 2   1.7 2 
 A1   V1  =  1  0.007857   V1  = 0.309   =
( hL )S . E .   1  
 A2   2g 
   0.017679   2 g   2 x9.81 
 
= 0.0455 m of water
Expressing loss of head due to sudden contraction as a percentage of loss of
head due to sudden expansion, we have,

hL S .C . 0.065
x100  x100  143.8 %
hL S . E 0.0455

Problem: Two reservoirs A and B have a difference in level of 9 m and are

connected by a pipeline 200 mm in diameter over the first part AC, which is 15
m long, and then 250 mm diameter for CB, the remaining 45 m length. The
entrance to and exit from the pipes are sharp and the change of section at C is
sudden. The friction coefficient f is 0.01 for both pipes.
(a) List the losses of head (energy per unit weight of flowing liquid) which
occur, giving an expression for each.

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

A Entry loss

Friction loss in pipe 1

Loss due to sudden expansion

Friction loss in pipe 2 H=9m

Reservoir A
Total Energy Line
Hydraulic Gradient Line

B
Exit loss

V1 C

Pipe 1 Reservoir B
V2

Pipe 2

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Data given:
Difference of water level in two reservoirs A and B, H = 9 m
Diameter of pipe 1 taking off from reservoir A, D1 = 200 mm = 0.2 m
 
Cross-sectional area of pipe 1, A1 = D12  0.22 = 0.0314 m2
4 4
Length of pipe 1, L1 = 15 m
Diameter of pipe 2 connecting reservoir B, D2 = 250 mm = 0.25 m
 
Cross-sectional area of pipe 1, A2 = D22  0.252 = 0.049107 m2
4 4
Length of pipe 2, L2 = 45 m
Friction coefficient for pipe 1, f1 = 0.01
Friction coefficient for pipe 2, f2 = 0.01

(a) The losses of head which occur are as follows:

(i) Loss at entrance to pipe 1 taking off from reservoir A. This is a

separation loss and, since the entrance is described as sharp and is below the
free surface of the reservoir, the value of loss coefficient k will be 0.5
 V12 
Loss of head at entrance to pipe 1, hL entrance  0.5 
 2g 
where, V1 = mean velocity of flow in pipe 1

(ii) Loss of head due to friction in pipe 1 of length 15 m and diameter 0.2 m
2
4 f1 L1 V1
h f1 
D1 2 g
(iii) Loss of head due to sudden change of section (sudden expansion) at C
where the pipe diameter abruptly changes from 200 mm to 250 mm.

Loss of head due to sudden enlargement at C, hL S .E . 

V1  V2 
2

2g
where V1 = mean velocity of flow in pipe 1
V2 = mean velocity of flow in pipe 2
(iv) Loss of head due to friction in pipe 2 of length 45 m and diameter 250 mm
2
4f L V
h f2  2 2 2
D2 2 g
(v) Loss of head at exit of pipe 2 (exit of pipe 2 is connected to reservoir 2)
As the exit of pipe is described as sharp and it is beneath the free surface of
liquid in reservoir B, there will be a separation loss.

Loss of head at exit of pipe 2 is given by

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

2
hL exit  V2
2g
Governing equation for solving for the flow rate in pipeline from reservoir A to
reservoir B:

1. Difference in water level between reservoir A and reservoir B = loss of head

at entrance to pipe 1 + loss of head due to friction in pipe 1 + loss of head due to
sudden enlargement of pipe section at C + loss of head due to friction in pipe 2
+ loss of head at exit of pipe 2

V 2  4f L V
i.e., H = 0.5 1  + 1 1 1 +
2
V1  V2 2 +
2
4 f 2 L2 V2 V2
+ 2
 2g  D1 2 g 2g D2 2 g 2g
2. Principle of continuity

Q = A1V1 = A2V2
   
  D12 V1   D22 V2  D12V1  D22V2  (0.2)2V1  (0.25)2V2
4  4 
(0.25)2
 V1  V2  1.5625 V2
(0.2)2
Putting V1 = 1.5625 V2 in equation (1), we have,
H = 0.5
 1.5625V2 2  4(0.01)(15) (1.5625V2 ) 2 1.5625V2  V2 2 + 4(0.01)(45) V2 2 +
 + +
 2 x9.81  0.2 2 x9.81 2 x9.81 0.25 2 x9.81
V22
2 x9.81
 9 = 0.062217 V22 + 0.373304 V22 + 0.016127 V22 + 0.366972 V22 +
0.050968 V22
 9 = 0.869589 V22
 V2 = 3.217 m s-1
Therefore, Q = A2V2 = (0.049107) x (0.311) = 0.158 m3 s-1

Problem: Two vessels in which the difference of surface levels is maintained

constant at 2.4 m are connected by a 75 mm diameter pipeline 15 m long. If the
frictional coefficient f may be taken as 0.008, determine the volume rate of flow
through the pipe.

Solution.

Data given:
Difference of water surface levels in two vessels, H = 2.4 m
Diameter of pipeline connecting the two vessels, D = 75 mm = 0.075 m

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Length of pipeline connecting the two vessels, L = 15 m

Frictional coefficient of pipeline, f = 0.008
Required: Volume rate of flow through the pipeline, Q

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

A Entry loss

Friction loss in pipe H = 2.4 m

Reservoir A m
Total Energy Line
Hydraulic Gradient Line

Exit loss B

Reservoir B
V
Pipe of diameter,
D = 75 mm

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Governing equation for solving for the flow rate in pipeline from reservoir A to
reservoir B:

Difference in water level between reservoir A and reservoir B = loss of head at

entrance to pipe + loss of head due to friction in pipe + loss of head at exit of
pipe

V 2  4f L V
2
V2
i.e., H = 0.5  + +
 2 g  D 2 g 2g
where, V = mean velocity of flow in pipe connecting the two vessels
(reservoirs) A and B

 V2  4 x 0.008 x 15  V2   V2 
We have, H = 0.5  +   +  
 2 x 9.81  0.075  2 x 9.81   2 x 9.81 
 2.4 m = 0.025484 V + 0.326198 V + 0.050968 V
2 2 2

= 0.40265 V2
2 .4
 V2 = = 5.961
0.40265
 V = 2.44 m s-1


As per equation of continuity, we have, Q = AV =  D 2 V
4 

=  x 0.00752 2.44
4 
= 0.01079 m3 s-1
Problem: Water discharges from a reservoir through a 100 mm diameter pipe
15 m long which rises to its highest point at B, 1.5 m above the free surface of
the reservoir, and discharges direct to the atmosphere at C, 4 m below the free
surface at A. The length of pipe LAB from A to B is 5 m and the length of pipe
LBC from B to C is 10 m. Both the entrance and exit of the pipe are sharp and
the value of f is 0.08. Calculate (a) the mean velocity of water leaving the pipe
at C and (b) the pressure in the pipe at B.

Solution.

Data given. Diameter of pipe, D = 100 mm = 0.1 m

Length of pipe, L = 15 m
Vertical height of the highest point B of the pipe above the free surface of water
in reservoir = 1.5 m
Vertical location of the free discharge point C of the pipeline below the free
surface of water in reservoir = 4 m
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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Length of portion AB of pipe, LAB = 5 m

Length of portion BC of pipe, LBC = 10 m
Entrance of pipe at A is sharp
Exit of pipe at C is sharp
Friction coefficient, f = 0.08

Required. (a) Mean velocity of water leaving the pipe at C, V

(b) Pressure in the pipe at B, pB

B
Free surface of reservoir
O 1.5 m

Reservoir 4m
LAB LBC
A ZB

C
ZO
AA Zc
Datum level

The pressure at the free surface of water in the reservoir is atmospheric.

Similarly, the pressure at the exit of pipe at C is also atmospheric. So, we can
write, pO = pC = zero gauge pressure.

The datum head of point O on the free surface of water in the reservoir = ZA
Similarly, datum head at the exit of pipe at C = ZC

As the area of free surface of reservoir is considered to be large, the velocity at

point O on the free surface is negligible, i.e., VO = 0
Velocity with which water leaves the exit of pipe at C is V, i.e., Vc = V
V is the mean velocity of flow in the pipe ABC.

It should be noted that even though the exit of pipe is sharp, there will be no
loss of energy at exit because, water emerges into the atmosphere without any
change of cross-section of the stream.
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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Since the entrance to the pipe at A is sharp, there will be an entrance loss of
0.5V 2
.
2g
The loss due to friction in the pipe ABC is given by the Darcy-Weisbach
4 f LAB  LBC  V 2
formula as
D 2g
Let us now apply the steady flow energy equation between point O on the free
surface of water in the reservoir and the exit of pipe at C.

Total energy per unit weight of water at O = Total energy per unit weight of
water at C +
Loss in energy per unit weight of
water
pO VO2  p V2 
ZO +    ZC  C  C   Losses
 2g   2g 

V2 0.5V 2 4 f LAB  LBC  V 2

 ZO + 0 + 0 = ZC + 0 + + +
2g 2g D 2g
1.5V 2 4 x 0.08 x (5  10) V 2
 ZO - ZC = 
2g 0.1 2g
 4 m = 0.076453 V + 2.446483 V = 2.522936 V2
2 2

4
 V2 = = 1.585
2.522936
 V = 1.585 = 1.26 m s-1

Now, let us apply the steady flow energy equation between the points O and B.
We have,

 p V2   p V2 
 ZO  O  O    Z B  B  B   Entrance loss at A  Friction loss in segment AB of pipe
  2g    2g 
 pB V  0.5V 2 4 fLAB V 2
2

 ZO + 0 + 0 = Z B   + +
  2 g  2g D 2g

 pB V  0.5V 2 4 x 0.08 x 5  V 2 
2

 ZO + 0 + 0 =  Z B   + +  
  2 g  2g 0.1  2g 
p
 ZO = ZB + B  0.050968 V2 + 0.025484 V2 + 0.815494 V2

p
 ZO – ZB = B + 0.891947 V2


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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

= Z O  Z B   0.891947V 2
pB


= - 1.5 – 0.891947 (1.26)2
= - 2.91606 m
 pB = (- 2.91606 m) x (9810 N m-3)
= - 28606.5 N m-2
= 28.607 kN m-2 below atmospheric pressure

Problem: The difference in surface levels in two reservoirs connected by a

siphon is 7.5 m. The diameter of the siphon is 300 mm and its length 750 m. The
friction coefficient is 0.0064. If air is liberated from solution when the absolute
pressure is less than 1.2 m of water, what will be the maximum length of the
inlet leg of the siphon to run full, if the highest point is 5.4 m above the surface
level in the upper reservoir? What will be the discharge?

Solution.

Data given: Difference in surface levels in two reservoirs, H = 7.5 m

Diameter of the siphon, D = 300 mm = 0.3 m
Length of siphon, L = 750 m
Friction coefficient, f = 0.0064
Vapour pressure of solution, Hvap = 1.2 m of water absolute
Vertical height of the highest point B of the siphon above the free
surface of water in reservoir 1 = 5.4 m

Required: Maximum length of inlet leg of siphon, LAB

Discharge, Q

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

B
Free surface of reservoir
O 5.4 m

7.5 m
Reservoir 1
LAB LBC
A ZB Reservoir 2
C
ZO
AA Zc
Datum level

Total energy losses per unit weight of flowing fluid as the fluid flows from
reservoir 1 to reservoir 2 through the siphon ABC of length 750 m = Difference
in surface levels in two reservoirs, H

 H = Entrance loss at A + Friction loss in length of siphon ABC +

Exit loss at C
0.5V 2 4 fL V 2 V 2
 7.5 m = + +
2g D 2g 2g
4 x 0.0064 x 750  V 2 
 7.5 m = 0.025484 V2 +   + 0.050968 V2
0.3  2 x 9.81 
 7.5 m = 0.025484 V2 + 3.261978 V2 + 0.050968 V2

 7.5 m = 3.33843 V2

7 .5
 V2 = = 2.246565
3.33843
 V = 1.5 m s-1

Discharge, Q = (area of cross-section of siphon) x

(mean velocity of flow in siphon)
 
=  D 2 V
4 
 
=  x 0.32  x 1.5
4 
= 1.065 m3 s-1

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Air is liberated from solution when the absolute pressure is less than 1.2 m of
water, that is, the solution flowing in the siphon will get separated when the
pressure in the siphon falls less than 1.2 m of water absolute pressure. The
pressure in the siphon will fall to the maximum level below atmospheric
pressure at the summit point B of the siphon. Hence, to avoid separation of flow
in siphon, the pressure developed in the summit point B must not fall below 1.2
pB
m of water absolute pressure. That is,  - (10.3-1.2) = - 9.1 m of water, i.e.,

9.1 m of water below atmospheric pressure.

Now, let us apply the steady flow energy equation between the points O and B.
We have,

 p V2   p V2 
 ZO  O  O    Z B  B  B   Entrance loss at A  Friction loss in segment AB of pipe
  2g    2g 
 pB V  0.5V 2 4 fLAB V 2
2

 ZO + 0 + 0 = Z B   + +
  2 g  2g D 2g

 1.52  0.5 x 1.52 4 x 0.0064 x LAB  1.52 
 ZO + 0 + 0 =  Z B  9.1   + +  
 2 x 9.81  2 x 9.81 0.3  2 x 9.81 
 ZO = ZB – 9.1 + 0.114679 + 0.057339 + 0.009786 LAB

 ZO – ZB = -8.92798 + 0.009786 LAB

 - 5.4 m = -8.92798 + 0.009786 LAB

- 5.4  8.92798
 LAB = = 360.5 m
0.009786

Problem: Two reservoirs whose difference of level is 15 m are connected by a

pipe ABC whose highest point B is 2 m below the level in the upper reservoir A.
The portion AB has a diameter of 200 mm and the portion BC a diameter of 150
mm, the friction coefficient being the same for both portions. The total length of
pipe is 3 km.

Find the maximum allowable length of the portion AB if the pressure head at B
is not to be more than 2 m below atmospheric pressure. Neglect the secondary
losses.

Solution.

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Free surface of reservoir 1

O
2m
Reservoir 1 15 m
B
A
A
DAB = 200 mm ZB
Reservoir 2
ZO

L = LAB + LBC = 3 km = 3000 m DBC = 150 mm

C
A

Neglecting secondary losses as water flows from reservoir 1 through pipe ABC
to reservoir 2, we have,
Difference of level between free water surface in two reservoirs, H =
friction loss in segment AB of pipe ABC +
friction loss in segment BC of pipe ABC
2 2
4 fLAB VAB 4 fLBC VBC
 H = 15 m = + …… (1)
DAB 2 g DBC 2 g

By the principle of continuity, we have Q  AABVAB  ABCVBC

 2   2 
  DAB VAB   DBC VBC
4  4 
 DABVAB  DBCVBC
2 2

 (0.2)2VAB = (0.15)2VBC
 0.04 VAB = 0.0225 VBC
0.04
 VBC = VAB = 1.778 VAB
0.0225
LBC = L – LAB = 3000 – LAB

Putting LBC = 3000 – LAB and VBC = 1.778 VAB in equation (1), we have,
2
4f x LAB x VAB 4f x (3000 - L AB ) x (1.778VAB ) 2
15 m = +
2 x 9.81 x 0.2 2 x 9.81 x 0.15
 15 = 0.008155 LAB VAB + 0.034373 (3000 – LAB) VAB2
2

 15 = 0.008155 LAB VAB2 + 103.1204 VAB2 - 0.034373 LAB VAB2

 15 = -0.02622 LAB VAB2 + 103.1204 VAB2

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

103.1204 VAB  15
2
 LAB = 2
…… (2)
0.02622VAB

Now, let us apply the steady flow energy equation between the points O and B.
We have,

 p V2   p V2 
 ZO  O  O    Z B  B  B   Entrance loss at A  Friction loss in segment AB of pipe
  2g    2g 

Ignoring the entrance loss at A, we have,

 p V2   p V2 
 ZO  O  O    Z B  B  B   Friction loss in segment AB of pipe
  2g    2g 
 pB VAB2
 4 fLAB VAB 2
 ZO + 0 + 0 =  Z B   +
  2 g  DAB 2 g

 4 f  103.1204 VAB  15  VAB 

2 2
 2
VAB
 ZO + 0 + 0 =  Z B  2.0  +  2 x 9.81 
2 x 9.81  0.2 
2
 0.02622VAB  
 5.255882 VAB4
 0.764526 VAB
2

 ZO = ZB – 2.0 + 0.050968 VAB
2
+ 20f  2

 0.02622 V AB 
 5.255882 VAB  0.764526 VAB 
4 2
 ZO – ZB = - 2.0 + 0.050968 VAB
2
+ 20f  2

 0.02622 VAB 
 2.0 m = - 2.0 + 0.050968 VAB
2 2
+ 20f (200.4532 VAB - 29.15812)
 2.0 + 2.0 = 0.050968 VAB + 32.07251 VAB - 4.665299
2 2

 4.0 + 4.665299 = 0.050968 VAB2

+ 32.07536 VAB2

 8.665299 = 32.12633 VAB 2

8.665299
 VAB
2
= = 0.269726
32.12633
 VAB = 0.519351 m s-1

Substituting VAB = 0.519351 m s-1 in the expression for LAB given by equation
(2), we have, LAB = 1811.911 m

Problem: A pipeline 30 m long connects two tanks which have a difference of

water level of 12 m. The first 10 m of pipeline from the upper tank is of 40 mm
diameter and the next 20 m is of 60 mm diameter. At the change of section a
valve is fitted. Calculate the rate of flow when the valve is fully opened
assuming that its resistance is negligible and that f for both pipes is 0.0054. In
order to restrict the flow the valve is then partially closed. If k for the valve is
now 5.6, find the percentage reduction in flow.
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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Solution.

**

Reservoir 1
H = 12 m
Valve

Segment of Length Diameter B

Reservoir 2
Pipeline (m) (mm)
ABC
AB 10 40
BC 20 60
C
A

Difference of level between free water surface in two reservoirs, H =

Entrance loss at A + Friction loss in segment AB of pipe ABC +
Loss due to sudden expansion at B + Friction loss in segment BC of pipe ABC
+ Exit loss at C
 H = 12 m =
2
0.5VAB
+
4 fLAB VAB V  VBC  + 4 fLBC VBC + VBC2
+ AB
2 2 2
…… (1)
2g DAB 2 g 2g DBC 2 g 2g
By the principle of continuity, we have Q  AABVAB  ABCVBC
 2   2 
  DAB VAB   DBC VBC
4  4 
 DABVAB  DBCVBC
2 2

 (0.04)2VAB = (0.06)2VBC
 0.0016 VAB = 0.0036 VBC
0.0036
 VAB = VBC = 2.25 VBC
0.0016
Substituting VAB = 2.25 VBC in equation (1), we have,

0.52.25VBC  4 fLAB 2.25VBC  2.25VBC  VBC  + 4 fLBC VBC + VBC2

2 2 2 2
12 m = + +
2g DAB 2g 2g DBC 2 g 2g
0.52.25VBC  4 x 0.0054 x 10 2.25VBC  1.25VBC  +
2 2 2
= + +
2 x 9.81 0.004 2 x 9.81 2 x 9.81

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

2 2
4 x 0.0054 x 20 VBC VBC
+
0.006 2 x 9.81 2 x 9.81
2 2 2 2 2
= 0.129014 VBC + 1.393349 VBC + 0.079638 VBC + 0.366972 VBC + 0.050968 VBC
2
= 2.019941386 VBC
 VBC = 2.44 m s-1

 2 
Rate of flow when the valve is fully open, Qmax = ABCVBC =  DBC VBC
4 
 2
=  0.06 2.44
4 
= 0.0069 m3 s-1

Approximate solution:

Neglecting the entrance loss at A, loss due to sudden expansion at B and the exit
loss at C, we have,
2 2
4 fLAB VAB 4 fLBC VBC
H = 12 m = +
DAB 2 g DBC 2 g
4 fLAB 2.25VBC 
2 2
4 fLBC VBC
 12 m = +
DAB 2g DBC 2 g
 12 = 1.393349 VBC
2 2
+ 0.366972 VBC
2
= 1.760321 VBC
 VBC = 2.61 m s-1
 2 
Rate of flow when the valve is fully open, Qmax = ABCVBC =  DBC VBC
4 
 2
=  0.06  2.611
4 
= 0.00739 m3 s-1
Alternate method:

A
h 
f AB
B hL B B
h 
f BC
C

Figure above shows the given pipeline ABC in series. Section AB represents the
first segment of the pipeline ABC; section BC represents the second segment of
the pipeline ABC; section BB represents the valve at the junction B of the two
segments AB and BC for controlling the flow through the pipeline ABC.

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Total loss of head between A and C in the pipeline ABC can be expressed as

H = h f AB + hL B + h f BC

where, h f AB = head loss due to friction in segment AB of pipeline ABC

hL B = head loss due to partial closure of valve at junction B
h f BC = head loss due to friction in segment BC of pipeline ABC
Any head loss can be expressed as hL  KQn , where n is some power that
depends upon the type of flow. For turbulent flow, n will be equal to two and, if
separation losses are negligible, the above equation becomes hL  KQ2 .

Darcy-Weisbach equation for head loss due to friction is given by

4 fL V 2
hf 
D 2g
Q
Putting V  , we have,
A
2
 
2
Q
 
4 fL  A  
4 fL  Q  4 fL  16Q 2  32 fLQ 2 fLQ2
hf  =   =   = =
D 2g 2 gD    2   2 gD  2 D 4   2 gD 5 3.028D5
 D 
  4  

= 
fL  2
5 
Q
 3.028 D 
= KQ2
 fL 
where, K =  5 
 3.028D 
Head loss due to friction in segment AB of pipeline ABC, h f AB = K ABQ 2
 fLAB   0.0054 x 10 
where, K AB    =
5  5 
= 174155.8
 3.028DAB   3.028 x 0.04 

Head loss due to partial closure of valve at junction B, hL B = k

VAB  VBC 2 =
2g

=k
2.25VBC  VBC 2
2g

=k
1.25VBC 2
2g

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

= 5.6
1.25VBC 2
2g
2
   
 
  1.25  
2  
Putting VBC = 
Q
 , we have, h  = 5.6  
 2g   
Q

   DBC 2      D 2  
L B

  4     4 BC  
= 55741 Q2 = K BQ2
where, KB = resistance coefficient for the control valve at the junction B
= 55741

Head loss due to friction in segment BC of pipeline ABC, h f BC = K BCQ 2

 fLBC   0.0054 x 20 
where, K BC    =
5  5 
= 45868.19
 3.028 DBC   3.028 x 0.06 
Hence, H = h f AB + hL B + h f BC
 12 = 174156 Q2 + 55741 Q2 + 45868 Q2
 12 = 275765 Q2
 Q2 = 12 / 275765
 Q = 0.0066 m3 s-1

Q Q  0.00739  0.0066 

Percent reduction in flow =  max 100 =  100 = 10.69
 Qmax   0.00739 
Problem: A smooth walled tube having a friction coefficient f = 0.004 is used
in a 3000 m long pipeline carrying water at 15 C between two reservoirs whose
surface elevations are 6 m apart. Entry is sharp edged and the outlet is also
abrupt to the downstream reservoir. The pipeline contains six 45 bends and two
globe valves. Determine the necessary pipe diameter so that the discharge
should be 28 litres s-1 to the lower reservoir.

Take the equivalent length of each bend as 26.5 diameters, the valve as 75
diameters and the entry as 30 diameters.

Solution.

Mass density of water at 15C = 999.1 kg m-3

Specific weight of water,  = 999.1 x 9.81 = 9801.2 N m-3
Length of pipeline, L = 3000 m
Difference between free water surface in the two reservoirs, H = 6 m
0.5V 2
Loss at entrance due to sharp edged entry =
2g

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

Equivalent length of entry, Lequi entry = 30 diameters = 30D

where, D = diameter of the pipe connecting the two reservoirs
V2
Loss at abrupt (sharp edged) exit =
2g
Equivalent length of exit can be taken as twice the equivalent length of entry
since the head loss at exit is twice the head loss at entrance.
Equivalent length of exit, Lequi exit = 2(30D) = 60D
No. of bends in the pipeline = 6
Equivalent length of each bend = 26.5 diameters = 26.5D
Hence, equivalent length of six bends, Lequi bends = 6(26.5D) = 159D
Equivalent length of each valve = 75 diameters = 75D
Hence, equivalent length of two valves, Lequi valves = 2(75D) = 150D
As all the bends and valves are located in series along the pipeline of length
3000 m, equivalent length of pipeline taking into account the equivalent lengths
of entry, bends, valves and exit will be


Lequi  L  Lequi entry + Lequi 
bends
+ Lequi valves + Lequi exit
= 3000 + 30D + 159D + 150D + 60D
= 3000 + 399D
H = KQ2
 6 m = K (28.2/1000)2
6
K= = 7544.892
0.0282 2
 fLequi  0.0043000  399 D  12  1.596 D
 K = 7544.892 =   =
5 
=
 3.028D  3.028 D 5 3.028 D 5
 7544.892 (3.028D5) = 12 + 1.596D
 22846 D5 = 12 + 1.596D
 22846 D5 – 1.596 D – 12 = 0
Solving by trial and error, we have, D = 0.222 m
Problem: A horizontal duct system draws atmospheric air into a circular duct of
0.3 m diameter, 20 m long, then through a centrifugal fan and discharges it to
atmosphere through a rectangular duct 0.25 m x 0.20 m, 50 m long. Assuming
that the friction factor for each duct is 0.01 and accounting for an inlet loss of
one-half of the velocity head and also for the kinetic energy at outlet, find the
total pressure rise across the fan to produce a flow of 0.5 m3 s-1.

Sketch also the total energy and hydraulic gradient lines putting in the most
important values. Assume the density of air to be 1.2 kg m-3.

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Topic: Flow Through Pipes (Numerical Problems-Solved)

0.3 m 0.25 m
0.2 m

0.5 m3s-1 0.5 m3s-1

A B
20 m 50 m

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