KINEMATICS

Distance:

• It is defined as the total path length taken between two points.

• It is a scaler quantity.
• Its SI Unit is metre, m.

DISTANCE/TIME GRAPHS

Calculating distance travelled:

• With constant speed: 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

• With constant acceleration: (𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑+𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑) × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 / 2
• 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝒚𝟐−𝒚𝟏 / 𝒙𝟐−𝒙𝟏 = Speed (m/s)

Displacement:

• It is defined as the change of position of a point in a particular direction.

• It is a Vector quantity as it has both magnitude and direction.
• Its SI unit is also metre, m.

Remember:

• If an object is moving in one direction along a straight path, there is no difference

between distance and displacement.
• If an object is under a circular motion. It completes one resolution and goes back
to the starting point. The displacement is zero but the distance travelled is the
circumference of the circular path.

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Speed:
Speed is the distance an object moves in a time frame. It is measured in meters/second
(m/s) or kilometers/hour (km/h).
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 / 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
• Speed is a scalar quantity

SPEED / TIME GRAPHS

• Area under the line equals to the distance travelled

• 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑦2−𝑦1 / 𝑥2−𝑥1 = Acceleration
• Units = m/s2
Instantaneous Speed:

Instantaneous speed is a speed of a particular instance of time.

Uniform Speed:

Equal distances covered in equal intervals of time gives us uniform speed.

*Remember if an object is under circular motion, its speed is uniform but the velocity is
changing. It is because the direction of motion keeps changing when the object is
moving.

Difference between Velocity and Speed:

Velocity has magnitude and direction while speed has magnitude only.

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 Acceleration:

𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = (𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 − 𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅) / 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏

• Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity per unit of time
• It is measured in meters per second, or m/s2
• Acceleration is a vector quantity
• Positive acceleration means the velocity of a body is increasing
• Deceleration or negative acceleration means the velocity of a body is decreasing
• If acceleration is not constant, the speed/time graph will be curved.
• Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity.

Acceleration Due to Gravity:

The force of gravity pulls down all objects here on earth. If objects are allowed to fall,
they accelerate downwards. If there is no air resistance or friction, all objects will fall
with the same acceleration. The acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity,
which is always pointing downwards.
The acceleration due to gravity is 10 ms -2.
• Free fall of objects under gravity in the absence of air resistance has a constant
acceleration.
• Free fall of objects under gravity in the presence of air resistance has decreasing
acceleration.

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 MCQs

105 The speed-time graph represents the motion of a car travelling along a straight
level road.

Which statement describes the motion of the car?

A It accelerates and reaches a constant speed.

B It accelerates and then stops moving.
C It decelerates and then reaches a constant speed.
D It decelerates and then stops moving.

106 An athlete runs 300 metres up a hill at a steady speed of 3.0 m / s.

She then immediately runs the same distance down the hill at a steady speed of 6.0m/s.

What is her average speed for the 600 metre run?

A 2.0 m/s B 3.0 m/s C 4.0 m/s D 4.5 m/s

107 A car is travelling along a straight horizontal road. The speed-time graph is
shown.

In which labelled part of the journey is the resultant force on the car zero?

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108 A parachutist is falling through the air at terminal velocity.

Which statement about the parachutist is correct?

A Every force acting on the parachutist is equal to zero and his acceleration is equal to
zero.
B Every force acting on the parachutist is equal to zero and his velocity is equal to zero.
C The resultant force acting on the parachutist is equal to zero and his acceleration is
equal to zero.
D The resultant force acting on the parachutist is equal to zero and his velocity is equal
to zero.

109 The curved line on the graph shows the motion of a car.

What is the acceleration of the car at the time of 4.0 s?

A 0.33 m/s2 B 0.44 m/s2 C 2.3 m/s2 D 3.0 m/s2

110 A car takes 15 minutes to travel along a road that is 20 km long.

What is the average speed of the car?

A 0.75 km / h B 5.0 km / h C 80 km / h D 300 km / h

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111 Four balls with different masses are dropped from the heights shown.
Air resistance may be ignored.

Which ball has the greatest average speed?

112 A car is moving along a straight, level road, with a constant acceleration.

Which graph shows the motion of the car?

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113 A ball is dropped in an evacuated tube. A series of photographs is taken at equal
time intervals from the time of release. Another ball of the same size but twice the mass
is also dropped in the same evacuated tube and photographed.

Which diagram shows the motion of the heavier ball?

114 A sprinter runs a 100 m race in a straight line. The table shows how his speed
changes with time for the first 5.0 s of the race.

What is the average acceleration of the sprinter between time 2.0 s and time 3.0 s?

A 1.6 m/s2 B 1.9 m/s2 C 4.1 m/s2 D 5.7 m/s2

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115 The diagrams are distance-time graphs for four bodies.

Which body is moving with an increasing speed?

116 The graph shows how the speed of an object varies with time.

At which point on the graph is the greatest distance travelled per second?

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117 A girl goes for a ride on her bicycle.

The diagram shows how her speed changes with time for part of her journey.
In which labelled section is she moving with constant speed?

118 A small, light ball is dropped from the top of a tall building.

Which graph shows how the speed of the ball changes with time?

119 A runner runs 300 m at an average speed of 3.0 m / s. She then runs another
300 m at an average speed of 6.0 m / s.

What is her average speed for the total distance of 600 m?

A 2.0 m / s B 4.0 m / s C 4.5 m / s D 8.0 m / s

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120 The speed-time graph shows the motion of a car.
At which time is its acceleration greatest?

121 An athlete runs at a speed of 8 m / s for 10 s, and then at a speed of 6 m / s for

12 s.

Which calculation gives the average speed of the athlete in m / s?

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122 An object falls in a gravitational field with air resistance.

Which distance-time graph shows this motion?

123 A boy runs 400 m at an average speed of 4.0 m / s.

He runs the first 200 m in 40 s.

How long does he take to run the second 200 m?

A 60 s B 66.7 s C 80 s D 140 s

124 A ball rolls down a ramp. The time it takes to move from X to Y is measured.

Which other quantity must be measured in order to calculate the average speed of the
ball between point X and point Y?

A angle of slope B diameter of ball

C distance between X and Y D height of ramp

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125 An object is moving with uniform deceleration.

Which statement describes its motion?

A Its rate of change of speed is decreasing.

B Its speed is constant.
C Its speed is decreasing.
D Its speed is increasing.

126 The graph shows how the speed of a car varies during part of its journey.

What is the value of the car’s acceleration between 6 s and 10 s?

A 0.50 m/s2 B 0.80 m/s2 C 1.25 m/s2 D 1.50 m/s2

127 A long-distance runner wishes to calculate her average speed for a race.

Which calculation should she use?

A average speed =total distance / total time

B average speed = total distance × total time
C average speed = total time / total distance
D average speed = total distance + total time

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128 A car travels at constant speed.

Which pair of graphs show how the distance travelled by the car and how the car’s
speed vary with time?

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129 The diagram shows the speed-time graph for a car.

Which row describes the motion of the car at point X and at point Y?

130 The velocity of an object increases from 30 m / s to 50 m / s in 5.0 seconds.

What is the average acceleration of the object?

A 0.10 m / s2 B 0.25 m / s2 C 4.0 m / s2 D 10 m / s2

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131 Four objects are moving along a straight line.
The distance of an object from a fixed point on the line is plotted against time for each
object.

Which object is decelerating?

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132 A heavy metal ball falls vertically downwards through air past four equally spaced
levels J, K, L and M.

The times taken to fall from one level to the next are measured.

Where is the speed of the ball greatest and which time is shortest?

133 The graph shows how the speed of an object changes with time.

How far does the object travel in 10 seconds?

A8m B 10 m C 40 m D 80 m

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135 The graph shows the motion of a car for a five-second period.

Which row is correct?

136 An object begins to fall close to the Earth’s surface. Air resistance can be
ignored.

Which statement about the object’s acceleration is correct?

A The acceleration is constant.

B The acceleration decreases as the body falls.
C The acceleration increases as the body falls.
D The acceleration is zero.

137 A light object is dropped from rest. It falls a large distance vertically through air.

How can the motion of the object be described?

A constant acceleration
B increasing acceleration
C decreasing acceleration and then moving at terminal velocity
D increasing acceleration and then moving at terminal velocity

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138 The graph shows how the speed of a car varies during part of a journey.

What is the acceleration of the car between 6.0 s and 10.0 s?

A 0.50 m / s2 B 0.80 m / s2 C 1.25 m / s2 D 1.50 m / s2

139 A car travels at an average speed of 60 km / h for 15 minutes.

How far does the car travel in 15 minutes?

A 4.0 km B 15 km C 240 km D 900 km

140 The graph shows how the speed of an object varies with time.
At which labelled time is the object decelerating?

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141 The graph shows how the speed of a car changes with time over part of a
journey.

Which section of the graph shows acceleration and which section of the graph shows
deceleration?

142 A steel ball is dropped from the top floor of a building. Air resistance can be
ignored.

Which statement describes the motion of the ball?

A The ball falls with constant acceleration.

B The ball falls with constant speed.
C The ball falls with decreasing speed.
D The ball falls with increasing acceleration.

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143 A ball falls from rest through the air towards the ground. The diagram shows two
forces acting on the ball.

As the ball falls, the air resistance increases.

Which statement is correct?

A The acceleration of the ball decreases.

B The acceleration of the ball increases.
C The speed of the ball decreases.
D The gravitational force on the ball decreases.

144 The motion of an object is represented by the speed–time graph shown.

Which quantity is equal to the area under the graph?

A acceleration
B average speed
C distance travelled
D kinetic energy

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145 The graph shows how the speed of an object varies with time.

At which labelled time is the acceleration greatest?

146 The speed–time graph shows the motion of an object.

How far does the object travel at constant speed?

A 25 m B 50 m C 75 m D 125 m

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147 A student investigates the motion of a ball rolling down a slope.
The diagram shows the speed v of the ball at different times t.

Which statement describes the motion of the ball?

A The acceleration is not constant.

B The acceleration is negative.
C The speed is decreasing.
D The velocity is constant.

148 Which statement about acceleration is correct?

A It is related to the changing speed of an object.

B It is the distance an object travels in one second.
C It is the force acting on an object divided by the distance it travels in one second.
D It is the force acting on an object when it is near to the Earth.

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 ANSWERS

105 A
106 C
107 C
108 C
109 D
110 C
111 D
112 D
113 B
114 A
115 D
116 D
117 A
118 C
119 B
120 B
121 B
122 A
123 A
124 C
125 C
126 C
127 A
128 C
129 D
130 C
131 C
132 D

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Q # 68 Some cyclists are racing around a track.

(a) Fig. 2.1 shows the speed-time graph for one cyclist.

Fig. 2.1

(i) Tick the box that represents the cyclist travelling at constant speed.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the distance travelled by the cyclist in the first 5 seconds.

distance = ..................................................... m [3]

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(b) The length of the track is 250 m.
Another cyclist goes around the track four times (four laps). This takes 80.0 seconds.
(i) Calculate the average speed of this cyclist.

average speed = ................................................. m / s [4]

(ii) A friend of the cyclist starts a stopwatch at the beginning of the race.
Fig. 2.2 shows the reading on the stopwatch when the cyclist has gone around the track
once.
Fig. 2.3 shows the reading on the stopwatch when the cyclist has gone around the track
twice.

Fig. 2.2 Fig. 2.3

Calculate the time taken for the cyclist to go around the track during the second lap.

time = ....................................................... s [1]

[Total: 9]

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Q # 69 (a) Define acceleration.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time axes for the graph of the motion of a car.

Fig. 1.1
(i) The car starts from rest.
From time = 0 to time = 15 s, the car has a constant acceleration to a speed of 28 m / s.
From time = 15 s to time = 32 s, the car has a constant speed of 28 m / s.
From time = 32 s, the car has a constant deceleration of 2.0 m / s2 until it comes to rest.
On Fig. 1.1, draw the graph, using the space below for any calculations.

[5]

(ii) From time = 15 s to time = 32 s, the path of the car is part of a circle.
For this motion, state

1. the direction of the resultant force on the car,

...........................................................................................................................................

2. what happens to the velocity of the car.

...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]

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Q # 70 Model trains move along a track passing through two model stations.
Students analyses the motion of a train. They start a digital timer as the train starts to
move. They record the time that it enters Station A and the time it enters Station B.

Fig. 1.1 shows the time on entering Station A and the time on entering Station B.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Calculate the time taken from the train entering Station A to the train entering Station
B.

State your answer in seconds.

time taken = ....................................................... s [1]

(b) A faster train takes 54 s to travel from Station A to Station B. The distance between
the stations is 120 m.

Calculate the average speed of this train.

average speed = .................................................. m / s [3]

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(c) Fig. 1.2 shows the speed-time graph for a train travelling on a different part of the
track.

Fig. 1.2

Determine the total distance travelled by the train on this part of the track.

distance = ...................................................... m [4]

[Total: 8]

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Q # 71 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for a car.

Fig. 1.1

(a) On Fig. 1.1, the labels W, X, Y and Z show the points when the car’s motion
changed.

On Fig. 1.2, draw a line from each section of the graph to the correct description of the
motion.

Fig. 1.2 [3]

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(b) Calculate the distance that the car travels between 60 s and 100 s.

distance travelled = ...................................................... m [3]

(c) Fig. 1.1 shows that the car’s acceleration is greater than its deceleration.

Explain how the graph shows this.

............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]

Q # 72 A student watches a car race around a track. He uses a stopwatch to

measure the time for the car to make one lap of the track.

(a) The student forgets to reset the stopwatch at the start of the race. Fig. 1.1 shows the
time on the stopwatch at the start and the time after going around the track once.

time at start time after going around the track once

Fig. 1.1

Calculate the time the car takes to go around the track once, in seconds.

time = ....................................................... s [2]

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(b) The length of the track is 4.0 km. The car goes around the track 20 times. The car
takes 26 minutes and 40 seconds to complete the 20 laps.
Calculate the average speed of the car in m / s.

average speed = .................................................. m / s [4]

(c) Fig. 1.2 shows a speed-time graph for the car during part of the race.

Fig. 1.2

(i) State the section of the graph that shows the greatest acceleration.

...........................................................................................................................................

Explain your answer.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the distance travelled by the car during the first 2.5 seconds.

distance = ...................................................... m [3]

[Total: 11]

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Q # 73 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for a vehicle accelerating from rest.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Calculate the acceleration of the vehicle at time = 30 s.

acceleration = ...........................................................[2]

(b) Without further calculation, state how the acceleration at time = 100 s compares to
the acceleration at time = 10 s. Suggest, in terms of force, a reason why any change
has taken place.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) Determine the distance travelled by the vehicle between time = 120 s and
time = 160 s.

distance = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 8]

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Q # 74 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the axes of a distance-time graph for an object moving in a
straight line.

Fig. 1.1

(i) 1. On Fig. 1.1, draw between time = 0 and time = 10 s, the graph for an object
moving with a constant speed of 5.0 m / s. Start your graph at distance = 0 m.

2. State the property of the graph that represents speed.

................................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Between time = 10 s and time = 20s the object accelerates. The speed at time = 20s
is 9.0 m / s.
Calculate the average acceleration between time = 10 s and time = 20 s.

acceleration = ...........................................................[2]

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(b) Fig. 1.2 shows the axes of a speed-time graph for a different object.

Fig. 1.2

(i) The object has an initial speed of 50 m / s and decelerates uniformly at 0.35 m / s2
for 100 s.

On Fig. 1.2, draw the graph to represent the motion of the object. [2]

(ii) Calculate the distance travelled by the object from time = 0 to time = 100 s.

distance = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 9]

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Q # 75 There is no atmosphere on the Moon.

A space probe is launched from the surface of the Moon. Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time
graph of the space probe.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Determine the acceleration of the space probe at time = 0.

acceleration = ...........................................................[3]

(b) Between time = 0 and time = 150 s, the acceleration of the space probe changes.

(i) Without calculation, state how the graph shows this.

...........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(ii) During this time, the thrust exerted on the space probe by the motor remains
constant.
State one possible reason why the acceleration changes in the way shown by Fig. 1.1.

...........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Calculate the distance travelled by the space probe from time = 200 s to
time = 300 s.

distance = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 8]

Q # 76 Fig. 1.1 shows a speed-time graph for a student who is running.

Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) Describe the movement of the student, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(ii) Calculate the distance travelled by the student between 80 s and 100 s.

distance travelled = .......................................................m [3]

(b) An athlete runs 630 m in 130 s on a flat section of a road and then 254 m in 40 s on
a downhill slope.
Calculate the average speed for the total distance run by the athlete.

average speed = ...................................................m / s [3]

[Total: 8]

Q # 77 A person on roller skates makes a journey. Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time
graph for the journey.

Fig. 1.1

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(a) The graph shows three types of motion.
Complete the table to show when each type of motion occurs. Use the letters shown on
Fig. 1.1. Add a letter to each of the blank spaces.

The first row is done for you.

[2]

(b) Calculate the distance travelled between 60 s and 100 s.

distance = ..................................................... m [3]

(c) The size of the acceleration is greater than the deceleration.

Describe how Fig. 1.1 shows this.
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]

Q # 78 Fig. 1.1 shows a large tank containing water. The tank leaks. Drops of
water fall from the tank.
The drops hit the ground at a regular rate.

Fig. 1.1
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(a) A student measures the time interval between two drops of water hitting the ground.
She uses a stopwatch and repeats the procedure three times. Fig. 1.2 shows each
stopwatch reading.

time = ............................ s time = ......................... s time = ....................... s

Fig. 1.2

(i) On the line below each stopwatch, state the time readings shown, in seconds. [1]

(ii) Calculate the average time interval between two drops of water hitting the ground.

average time = ....................................................... s [2]

(b) Another student measures the average time taken for a drop of water to fall from the
tank to the ground. The time taken is 1.6 s.
Calculate the average speed of this drop of water.

average speed = ................................................... m/s [3]

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(c) Fig. 1.3 shows the speed-time graph for a different drop of water.

Fig. 1.3

Use Fig. 1.3 to determine the distance fallen by the drop between P and Q.

distance = ...................................................... m [3]

[Total: 9]

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Q # 79 A train of mass 5.6 × 105 kg is at rest in a station.
At time t = 0 s, a resultant force acts on the train and it starts to accelerate forwards.
Fig. 1.1 is the distance-time graph for the train for the first 120 s.

Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Use Fig. 1.1 to determine:

1. the average speed of the train during the 120 s

average speed = ...........................................................[1]

2. the speed of the train at time t = 100 s.

speed = ...........................................................[2]

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(ii) Describe how the acceleration of the train at time t = 100 s differs from the
acceleration at time t = 20 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) (i) The initial acceleration of the train is 0.75 m / s2.
Calculate the resultant force that acts on the train at this time.

resultant force = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) At time t = 120 s, the train begins to decelerate.

State what is meant by deceleration.

...........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]

Q # 80 A lorry is travelling along a straight, horizontal road.

Fig. 1.1 is the distance-time graph for the lorry.

Fig. 1.1

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(a) Using Fig. 1.1, determine:
(i) the speed of the lorry at time t = 30 s

speed = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) the average speed of the lorry between time t = 60 s and time t = 120 s.

average speed = ...........................................................[2]

(b) At time t = 30 s, the total resistive force acting on the lorry is 1.4 × 104 N.
(i) Using Fig. 1.1, determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the lorry at time
t = 30 s.

acceleration = ...........................................................[1]

(ii) Determine the forward force on the lorry due to its engine at time t = 30 s.

forward force = ...........................................................[1]

(c) Describe the motion of the lorry between time t = 60 s and time t = 130 s.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]

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Q # 81 Fig. 1.1 is the distance-time graph for a moving car.

Fig. 1.1

(a) On Fig. 1.1, mark a point P where the acceleration of the car is zero. [1]

(b) Determine:
(i) the speed of the car at time t = 15 s

speed = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) the average speed of the car between time t = 30 s and time t = 45 s.

average speed = ...........................................................[2]

(c) At time t = 45 s, the car starts to decelerate. At time t = 55 s and at a distance of

400 m from the starting point, the car stops. It then remains stationary for 5.0 s.
On Fig. 1.1, draw a possible continuation of the distance-time graph. [3]
[Total: 8]

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Q # 82 Fig. 2.1 shows students getting onto a school bus.

Fig. 2.1

(a) A student describes part of the journey.

The bus accelerates from rest at a constant rate for 10 s. It reaches a maximum speed
of 10 m / s.
The bus maintains a constant speed of 10 m / s for 60 s.
The bus then decelerates at a constant rate for 15 s, until it stops.
On Fig. 2.2, draw the speed-time graph for this part of the journey made by the bus.

Fig. 2.2 [5]

(b) On another part of the journey, the average speed of the bus is 7.5 m / s.
Calculate the distance the bus travels in 150 s.

distance = ..................................................... m [3]

[Total: 8]

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Q # 83 (a) Define acceleration.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 1.1 shows the distance-time graph for the journey of a cyclist.

Fig. 1.1

(i) Describe the motion of the cyclist in the time between:

1. time = 0 and time = 15 s

...........................................................................................................................................

2. time = 15 s and time = 30 s

...........................................................................................................................................

3. time = 30 s and time = 40 s.

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(ii) Calculate, for the 40 s journey:

1. the average speed

average speed = ......................................................... [2]

2. the maximum speed.

maximum speed = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

47 | P a g e
Q # 84 A teacher investigates the reaction time of five students. A 0.50 m ruler is
held above the hand of a student before being allowed to fall. The arrangement is
shown in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1

As soon as the ruler falls the student closes their hand, catching the ruler. The further
the ruler falls, the greater the reaction time of the student. The results obtained are
shown in Fig. 3.2.

Fig. 3.2

48 | P a g e
(a) Using the results shown in Fig. 3.2, calculate the average distance that the ruler
drops.

average distance = ................................................... cm [2]

(b) List the students in order of their reaction times, with the shortest reaction time at the
top of the table. One has been done for you.

[2]

(c) In a similar investigation, a ruler drops a distance of 11.0 cm and has an average
speed of 16 cm / s.
Calculate the reaction time.

reaction time = ...................................................... s [3]

[Total: 7]

49 | P a g e
Q # 85 A student moves a model car along a bench.
Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph for the motion of the model car.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Describe the motion of the car in each of the sections A, B, C and D.

A.........................................................................................................................................
B.........................................................................................................................................
C.........................................................................................................................................
D.................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Determine the distance moved by the model car in the first five seconds.

distance = .................................................... m [3]

[Total: 7]

50 | P a g e
Q # 86 Fig. 2.1 shows a distance-time graph for a man walking from home to a
café. At the café the man stops for a drink. On the return journey from the café, the man
stops to rest.

Fig. 2.1

(a) Using Fig. 2.1, determine

(i) the distance from the man’s home to the café.

distance = .................................................. km [1]

(ii) the time taken to walk to the café.

time = .............................................. hours [1]

(iii) the speed, in km / hour, of the man as he walks to the café.

speed = ......................................... km / hour [3]

51 | P a g e
(b) On the return journey from the café, the man stopped to rest.

(i) The man left home at 13:00.

Determine the time when the man began his rest.

time when rest began ........................................................ [1]

(ii) For how long did the man rest on the return journey? State the time in minutes.

time = .......................................... minutes [1]

(iii) Describe, in words, how the graph in Fig. 2.1 shows that the man travelled at a
slower speed on the return journey after resting.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]

Q # 87 A rocket is stationary on the launchpad. At time t = 0, the rocket engines

are switched on and exhaust gases are ejected from the nozzles of the engines. The
rocket accelerates upwards.
Fig. 1.1 shows how the acceleration of the rocket varies between time t = 0 and time
t = t f.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Define acceleration.

............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

52 | P a g e
(b) On Fig. 1.2, sketch a graph to show how the speed of the rocket varies between
time t = 0 and time t = tf.

Fig. 1.2 [3]

(c) Some time later, the rocket is far from the Earth. The effect of the Earth’s gravity on
the motion of the rocket is insignificant. As the rocket accelerates, its momentum
increases.

(i) State the principle of the conservation of momentum.

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain how the principle of the conservation of momentum applies to the
accelerating rocket and the exhaust gases.

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]

53 | P a g e
Q # 88 A bus is travelling between points A and D. There are bus stops at A, B, C
and D but the bus does not stop at B and C. Fig. 1.1 is a speed-time graph for the bus.

Fig. 1.1
(a) Describe the motion of the bus between each of the bus stops. Select the
appropriate description from the list below.

constant acceleration decreasing acceleration

increasing acceleration moving backwards at constant speed
moving forwards at constant speed stationary

1. between A and B..............................................................................

2. between B and C..............................................................................
3. between C and D............................................................................. [3]

(b) The average speed of the bus between A and D is 23 km / h.

Calculate the distance between A and D.

distance = ........................................................ [3]

(c) The bus stops at D for 1 min and then travels at a constant acceleration for 30
seconds.
On Fig. 1.1, sketch a possible graph for this additional motion. Label X when the bus
starts to accelerate and label Y for 30 seconds later. [3]
[Total: 9]

54 | P a g e
Q # 89 Fig. 1.1 shows a distance‑time graph for a cyclist travelling between points
P and V on a straight road.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Describe the motion between:

Q and R: ............................................................................................................................
R and S: ............................................................................................................................
S and T: ........................................................................................................................ [3]

(b) Calculate the speed between U and V.

speed = ......................................................... [2]

(c) After point V, the straight road continues down a steep hill. The cyclist travels down
the steep hill. He does not apply the brakes and all resistive forces can be ignored.
On Fig. 1.1, sketch a possible motion for the cyclist after V. [1]
[Total: 6]

55 | P a g e
Q # 90 Four students P, Q, R and S each attempt to measure the time period (the
time for one complete oscillation) of a pendulum. The arrows in Fig. 2.1 show the
movements of the pendulum that each student times.

Fig. 2.1

(a) State the student who has chosen the correct movement for one period of a
pendulum.

student..................................... [1]

(b) Another student uses a stopwatch to measure the time taken for 50 periods of a
pendulum.

Fig. 2.2 shows the time taken on the stopwatch.

Fig. 2.2

56 | P a g e
Calculate the time for one period of the pendulum. Give your answer to 3 significant
figures.

time for one period = ...................................................... s [3]

(c) The student measures the displacement of the pendulum bob from its rest position.
The displacement is 16.5 cm, as shown in Fig. 2.3.

Fig. 2.3
State the displacement in millimetres.

displacement = ..................................................mm [1]

[Total: 5]

57 | P a g e
Q # 91 Fig. 1.1 shows a water tank that is leaking. Drops of water fall from the
tank at a constant rate.

Fig. 1.1 (NOT to scale)

(a) A student uses a stopwatch to determine the time between two drops hitting the
ground.
He sets the stopwatch to zero. He starts the stopwatch when the first drop hits the
ground.
He stops the stopwatch after a further 30 drops have hit the ground.
The reading on the stopwatch is recorded and shown in Fig. 1.2.

Fig. 1.2

(i) State the time taken for 30 drops to hit the ground.

time = ..................................................... s [1]

58 | P a g e
(ii) Calculate the average time between two drops hitting the ground.

time = ..................................................... s [2]

(iii) Explain why the student measures the time for 30 drops to hit the ground instead of
measuring the time for one drop to hit the ground.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 1.1 shows that the drops get further apart as they get close to the ground.
State why the drops get further apart.

............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) In another experiment the student determines the speed of a falling weight at
different times.
The speed–time graph for his results is shown in Fig. 1.3.

Fig. 1.3

Calculate the distance fallen by the weight in the first 1.5 s

distance = .................................................... m [3]

[Total: 8]

59 | P a g e
Q # 92 A student reviews some data about athletes and footballers.
(a) An athlete runs 12 km in 1.5 hours.
Calculate the athlete’s average speed in km / h.

average speed = ............................................... km / h [3]

(b) Fig. 2.1 shows the speed-time graph for a footballer for the first 15.0 seconds of a
game.

Fig. 2.1

(i) Use the graph in Fig. 2.1 to calculate the distance travelled by the footballer during
the first 4.0 seconds.

distance = ..................................................... m [3]

60 | P a g e
(ii) Use the graph in Fig. 2.1 to determine when the footballer is moving with greatest
acceleration.

Between .............................. s and .............................. s

Give a reason for your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Another footballer has a mass of 72 kg.

Calculate the weight of this footballer.

weight = ...................................................... N [3]

[Total: 11]

61 | P a g e
Q # 93 A car accelerates from rest at time t = 0 to its maximum speed.
Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph for the first 25 s of its motion.

Fig. 1.1

(a) The mass of the car is 2300 kg.

For the time between t = 0 and t = 5.0 s, determine:
(i) the acceleration of the car

acceleration = ........................................................ [2]

(ii) the resultant force acting on the car.

resultant force = ........................................................ [2]

62 | P a g e
(b) Describe the motion of the car between t = 10 s and t = 15 s. Explain how Fig. 1.1
shows this.

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) Between t = 10 s and t = 15 s, the force exerted on the car due to the engine
remains constant.
Suggest and explain why the car moves in the way shown by Fig. 1.1.

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]

63 | P a g e
Q # 94 A student drops a ball from a high window.

(a) The mass of the ball is 0.12 kg.

Calculate the weight of the ball.

weight = .................................................... N [3]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows the speed of the ball while it is falling. The points S, T, U, V and W
are shown on the graph.

Fig. 3.1

64 | P a g e
Draw one line from each section of the graph to the correct description of the motion.
One has been drawn for you.

[2]

(c) Determine the distance fallen by the ball in section U – V of the graph.

distance = .................................................... m [3]

(d) State the distance fallen by the ball in section V – W of the graph.

distance = .................................................... m [1]

[Total: 9]

65 | P a g e
Q # 95 A rocket is launched vertically upwards from the ground. The rocket
travels with uniform acceleration from rest. After 8.0 s, the speed of the rocket is
120 m / s.

(a) Calculate the acceleration of the rocket.

acceleration = ........................................................ [2]

(b) (i) On Fig. 1.1, draw the graph for the motion of the rocket in the first 8.0 s.

Fig. 1.1 [1]

66 | P a g e
(ii) Use the graph to determine the height of the rocket at 8.0 s.

height = ........................................................ [2]

(iii) From time = 8.0 s to time = 20.0 s, the rocket rises with increasing speed but with
decreasing acceleration.
From time = 20.0 s to time = 25.0 s, the rocket has a constant speed of less than
200 m / s.

On Fig. 1.1, draw the graph for this motion. [3]

[Total: 8]

67 | P a g e
Q # 96 (a) During part of a race, a skier travels a distance of 200 m in a time of 6.4 s.
Calculate the average speed of the skier.

average speed = ................................................ m / s [3]

(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a speed–time graph for the skier in another part of the race.

Fig. 4.1

Describe the motion of the skier at each point P, Q, R and S on the graph.

P ........................................................................................................................................
Q ........................................................................................................................................
R ........................................................................................................................................
S ................................................................................................................................... [4]

68 | P a g e
(c) Skis are strapped to a skier’s feet and are longer and wider than the skier’s feet.

Explain how the skis prevent the skier from sinking into soft snow.

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]

69 | P a g e
Q # 97 (a) Some students determine the speed of a car on a road. The students
measure the time for the car to travel 30 m along the road. The time is 5.4 s.
Calculate the average speed of the car.

average speed = ................................................ m / s [3]

(b) Another car moves at a constant speed of 16 m / s for 4.0 seconds. During the next
2.0 seconds, the car decelerates from a speed of 16 m / s to a speed of 13 m / s. It then
continues at a constant speed of 13 m / s for 3.0 seconds.
On Fig. 2.1, plot the speed–time graph for the motion of the car during these 9.0 s.

Fig. 2.1 [3]

70 | P a g e
(c) A motorcycle accelerates as shown in Fig. 2.2. Calculate the distance the
motorcycle travels while it is accelerating. Use information from Fig. 2.2.

Fig. 2.2

distance travelled = .................................................... m [3]

[Total: 9]

71 | P a g e
Q # 98 An aeroplane of mass 2.5 × 105 kg lands with a speed of 62 m / s, on a
horizontal runway at time t = 0. The aeroplane decelerates uniformly as it travels along
the runway in a straight line until it reaches a speed of 6.0 m / s at t = 35 s.
(a) Calculate:
(i) the deceleration of the aeroplane in the 35 s after it lands

deceleration = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) the resultant force acting on the aeroplane as it decelerates

force = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) the momentum of the aeroplane when its speed is 6.0 m / s.

momentum = ......................................................... [2]

72 | P a g e
(b) At t = 35 s, the aeroplane stops decelerating and moves along the runway at a
constant speed of 6.0 m / s for a further 15 s.

On Fig. 1.1, sketch the shape of the graph for the distance travelled by the aeroplane
along the runway between t = 0 and t = 50 s. You are not required to calculate distance
values.

Fig. 1.1 [3]

(c) As the aeroplane decelerates, its kinetic energy decreases.

Suggest what happens to this energy.

............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]

73 | P a g e
Q # 99 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed–time graph of a person on a journey.
On the journey, he walks and then waits for a bus. He then travels by bus. He gets off
the bus and waits for two minutes. He then walks again. His journey takes 74 minutes.

Fig. 1.1

74 | P a g e
(a) For the whole journey calculate:
(i) the distance travelled

distance = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) the average speed.

average speed = ......................................................... [2]

(b) State and explain which feature of a speed–time graph shows acceleration.

............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) State and explain the acceleration of the person at time = 40 minutes.
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]

75 | P a g e
Q # 100 (a) Define acceleration.

............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 1.1 shows two speed–time graphs, A and B, and two distance–time graphs, C
and D.

Fig. 1.1

Describe the motion shown by:

(i) graph A ..........................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) graph B .........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) graph C ........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) graph D. .......................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]

76 | P a g e
 ANSWERS

Q # 68 (a)(i) 2nd box ticked section B B1

(ii) distance = area under graph or line or 0.5 × base × height C1

= 20 × 5 × 0.5 C1
= 50 (m) A1

(b)(i) (average speed =) (total) dist ÷ (total ) time C1

= (250 × 4) C1
= 1000 ÷ 80 C1
= 12.5 (m / s) A1

(ii) 43.88 – 20.16 or 23.72 B1

Q # 69 (a) Rate of change of velocity OR change of velocity / time

OR change of velocity over time OR (v – u)/t B1

(b)(i) Straight line from origin to (15, 28) B1

Horizontal line {from (15, 28)} to (32, 28) B1
a = (v – u) / t
OR (t =) (v – u) / a OR (0 – 28) / 2.0 C1
= 14 (s) C1
Straight line from (32, 28) to (46, 0) A1

(ii) 1. Towards the centre of the circle / inwards B1

2. Velocity is (continually) changing its direction B1

Q # 70 (a) 72 (s) 1

(b) (average speed =) distance ÷ time 1

= 120 ÷ 54 1
= 2.2(2) (m / s) 1

(c) area under line OR three areas indicated OR (dist =) (av.) speed × time OR
= 1/2 (b + h) × L 1
= ½ 3.5 × 4.0 OR 7 (m) seen OR 6 × 3.5 OR 21 (m) 1
= 6 × 3.5 OR 21 (m) AND {½ × 3.5 × 4.0 OR 7 (m)} OR 14 (m) 1
= (21 + 14 =) 35 (m) 1

77 | P a g e
Q # 71 (a)

1 mark for each correct line. 2 or more lines from any section loses the mark.

(b) (distance travelled) = area under graph OR ½ × base × height 1

= ½ × 40 × 20 1
= 400 (m) 1

(c) 1st section/WX/from 0 s to 30 s has greater gradient than last (section)/YZ/from 60 s

to 100 s 1

Q # 72 (a) 2 : 33 : 65 – 1 : 22 : 15 OR 153.65 – 82.15 1

71.50 (s) 1

(b) 4 × 20 OR 4000 × 20 1
(average speed =) distance ÷ time 1
80 000 ÷ 1600 1
50 (m / s) 1

(c)(i) (section) P or from 0 s to 2.5 s 1

(line has) greatest gradient 1

(ii) dist travelled = area under graph OR ½ × b × h 1

= ½ × 2.5 × 40 1
= 50 (m) 1

Q # 73 (a) Mention of gradient of graph at t = 30 s OR tangent drawn at t = 30 s and

triangle drawn 1
2
Acceleration in range 0.30 to 0.45 m / s 1

(b) Acceleration less/at a slower rate 1

Less driving force OR greater resistive force/friction/air resistance/drag 1
Resultant force less 1

78 | P a g e
(c) Area under graph 1
Distance = (20 × 40) + (½ × 40 × 10) OR ½ × (30 + 20) × 40 1
= 1000 m 1

Q # 74 (a)(i) 1. straight line from (0,0) to (10,50) 1

2. gradient/slope 1

(ii) a= Δv ÷ Δt in any form OR (a=) Δv ÷ Δt

OR (a =) (9–5) ÷ 10 OR 4 ÷ 10 1
(a =) 0.40 m / s2 1

(b)(i) straight line down from any point on y-axis to any speed at 100 s 1
from (0,50) to (100,15) 1

(ii) uses area under graph OR av speed × time

OR s=ut + ½ at2 OR v2=u2 + 2as 1
100 × (50 + 15) ÷ 2 OR 100 × 15 + ½ (100 × 35)
OR 5000 – ½ × 0.35 × 1002 1
= 3300 m 1

Q # 75 (a) tangent on graph OR gradient OR (a =) Δv ÷ Δt or (v – u) ÷ t C1

accept gradient increases; not gradient decreases C1
values from tangent or line 13 to 14 m / s2 A1

(b)(i) gradient changes OR graph is curved B1

(ii) mass of space rocket decreases OR gravitational field strength decreases B1

(c) area under graph OR (distance =) average speed × time C1

4550 × 100 OR (4100 + 5000) ÷ 2 × 100 C1
4.5/4.55/4.6 × 105 m A1

Q # 76 (a)(i) constant speed OR speed of 4 m / s (for 80 s) B1

(constant) deceleration OR speed decreases OR slows (down after 80 s) OR stops after
100 s B1

(ii) distance = area under graph C1

= 20 × 4 × 0.5 or area = ½ × base × height C1
= 40 (m) A1

(b) (average speed =) total distance ÷ total time C1

= (630 + 254) ÷ (130 +40) OR 884 ÷ 170 C1
= 5.2 (m / s) A1

79 | P a g e
Q # 77 (a) middle row: YZ B1
bottom tow: XY B1

(b) area under graph C1

= 0.5 × 20 × 40 OR ½ base × height C1
= 400 (m) A1

(c) (WX or acceleration has) steeper line / gradient B1

Q # 78(a)(i) 1.24 (s) AND 1.14 (s) AND 1.16 (s) B1

(ii) (1.24 + 1.14 + 1.16) ÷ 3 OR 3.54 ÷ 3 C1

= 1.18 (s) A1

(b) (average speed =) dist ÷ time C1

= 12 ÷ 1.6 C1
= 7.5 (m / s) A1

(c) distance travelled = area under graph OR counting squares C1

= 4.5 × 0.75 C1
= 3.375 OR 3.4 A1

Q # 79 (a)(i) 1. (4800 / 120 =) 40 m / s B1

2. (v =) gradient of any part of straight line C1
Value between 50 and 60 m / s A1

(ii) At t = 20 s, acceleration > zero / acceleration is taking place / greater acceleration

than at 100 s B1
At t = 100 s, acceleration = zero / 0 B1

(b)(i) (F =) ma OR 5.6 × 105 × 0.75 C1

= 4.2 × 105 N A1

(ii) Speed / velocity decreases (with time) OR slowing down

OR negative acceleration
OR Rate of decrease of speed / velocity B1

Q # 80 (a)(i) (v =) gradient or 1800 / 60 or 900 / 30 C1

= 30 m / s A1

(ii) (v = ) d / t or (average speed =) d / t OR (2700 – 1800) / (120 – 60) = 900 / 60 C1

= (v =) 15 m / s A1

(b)(i) 0 (m / s2) B1

(ii) 1.4 × 104 N B1

80 | P a g e
(c) speed / velocity decreases (with time) or negative acceleration or deceleration B1
to zero (speed) / stationary B1

Q # 81 (a) P marked on line between t = 0 s and t = 30 s B1

(b)(i) (v =) gradient or 150 / 30 or appropriate division using other points C1

= 5.0 m / s A1

(ii) (v =) x / t or (300 – 150) / (45 – 30) or 150 / 15 C1

= 10 m / s A1

(c) gradient decreasing B1

smooth transition to horizontal and line not too thick B1
horizontal to (60 s, 400 m) B1

Q # 82 (a) line starts from 0 on y-axis

straight diagonal line to 10 m / s
line parallel to time axis
straight diagonal line to x-axis at greater time (from horizontal section)
line drawn to time axis at (85, 0) B5

(b) speed = distance ÷ time in any form OR (distance =) speed × time C1

= 7.5 × 150 C1
= 1125 (m) A1

Q # 83 (a) Rate of change of speed OR change of speed / time

OR Δv / t OR (v – u) / t B1

(b)(i) 1 Acceleration OR increasing speed OR going faster B1

2 Constant speed OR steady speed B1
3 Deceleration OR decreasing speed OR slowing down B1

(ii) 1 Total distance / total time OR 300 / 40 C1

= 7.5 m / s A1
2 Change of distance / change of time OR (250 – 70) / (30 – 15) OR
= 180 / 15 C1
= 12 m / s A1

Q # 84 (a) 67 (cm) C1
= (67 ÷ 5 =) 13.4 (cm) A1

(b) C 1st ; A 2nd; B1

D 4th; E 5th B1

81 | P a g e
(c) speed = distance ÷ time in any form OR (t = ) distance ÷ speed C1
= 11 ÷ 16 C1
= 0.69 (s) A1

Q # 85 (a) A accelerating (uniformly) / speeding up B1

B steady/constant/uniform speed B1
C deceleration (non-uniform) / slowing down B1
D at rest / stopped/stationary / not moving B1

(b) distance = area under graph OR area = ½ × base × height C1

= 0.5 × 3.5 × 5 C1
= 8.75 (m) A1

Q # 86 (a)(i) 10 (km) B1

(ii) 1.5 (hours) B1

(iii) speed = distance ÷ time in any form C1

= 10 ÷ 1.5 C1
= 6.7 (km/h) accept 6.67 (km/h) A1

(b)(i) 4:30 (pm) OR 16:30 B1

(ii) 30 (minutes) B1
(iii) smaller gradient OR less steep slope owtte B1

Q # 87 (a) change of velocity per unit time OR (v – u) / t B1

(b) line starts at origin and is asymptotic to x-axis B1

increasing gradient initially and no decrease B1
constant and clearly positive gradient finally B1

(c)(i) no external forces OR isolated system B1

sum of momenta / (total) momentum remains constant B1

(ii) rocket gains (upward) momentum B1

(ejected) gas gains equal (quantity of) momentum in opposite direction
OR momentum of gas decreases by equal amount B1

82 | P a g e
Q # 88 (a) (A and B) decreasing acceleration B1
(B and C) moving forwards at constant speed B1
(C and D) constant acceleration B1

(b) (average) speed = distance/time OR v = s/t in any form

OR (s =) (average) speed × time OR v × t
OR area under graph stated or used C1
(s = ) 23 × 2/60 C1
0.77 km round candidates response to 2 sfs A1

(c) horizontal line starting at t = 2.0 min AND at speed = 0 for 1 minute B1
line of constant positive gradient starting at t >= 2.0 min
NOT wrong labels X OR Y B1
for 30 seconds line continuously rising B1

Q # 89 (a)(i) constant velocity / speed B1

(ii) deceleration / negative acceleration B1

(iii) Stationary B1

(b) v = gradient OR distance / time

OR 160 160 / 100
OR evidence of use of gradient C1
(v =) 1.6 m/s A1
(c) line curves upwards with increasing gradient NOT vertical B1

Q # 89 (a)(i) constant velocity / speed B1

(ii) deceleration / negative acceleration B1

(iii) Stationary B1

(b) v = gradient OR distance / time

OR 160 160 / 100
OR evidence of use of gradient C1
(v =) 1.6 m/s A1
(c) line curves upwards with increasing gradient NOT vertical B1

Q # 90 (a) (student) S B1

(b) 83.37 (s) seen C1

83.37 ÷ 50 C1
1.67 (s) cao A1

(c) 165 (mm) B1

83 | P a g e
Q # 91 (a)(i) 13.2(0) (s) B1

(ii) 13.2 ÷ 30 C1
= 0.44 (s) A1

(iii) reduces the effects of (timing / reaction time) errors owtte B1

(b) Drops are accelerating OR moving with increasing speed B1

(c) distance = area under graph OR ½ × b × h C1

= 0.5 × 1.5 × 15 C1
= 11.25 (m) A1

Q # 92 (a) speed = (total) distance ÷ time in any form C1

= 12 ÷ 1.5 C1
= 8 (km / h) A1

(b)(i) distance = area under graph OR area = ½ × base × height C1

= ½ × 3.0 × 4.0 C1
= 6(.0) (m) A1

(ii) (between) 10(.0) and 12(.0) M1

steepest section of graph / greatest gradient A1

(c) W = mg in any form C1

= 72 × 10 C1
= 720 (N) A1

Q # 93 (a)(i) a = Δv / Δt or a = (v – u) / t in any form words, symbols or numbers C1

or (a =) Δv / Δt or (a =) (v – u) / t or 15 (– 0) / 5.0 or (a =) gradient 3.0 m / s2 A1

(ii) (F =) ma in any form words, symbols or numbers or (F =) ma or 2300 × 3.0 C1

= 6900 N A1

(b) accelerating or speed / velocity increasing B1

at a decreasing rate or acceleration decreasing B1
gradient (of graph is positive and) decreasing B1

(c) air resistance or friction mentioned or resistive force B1

air resistance or friction or resistive force increases (with speed) B1

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Q # 94 (a) W = m × g in any form C1
= 0.12 × 10 C1
(weight =) 1.2 (N) A1

(b) Line from T–U to decreasing acceleration B1

Line from U–V to moving with constant speed B1

(c) (distance travelled =) area under the graph C1

= 2 × 20 C1
= 40 (m) A1

(d) 20 OR answer = (c) answer ÷ 2 B1

Q # 95 (a) (a=)Δv / Δt in any form OR (a=)Δv / Δt OR (a)=120 / 8 C1

(a) = 15 m / s2 A1

(b)(i) straight line from (0,0) to (8,120) B1

(ii) (h = A =) ½ × 120 × 8 C1
(h=) 480 m A1

(iii) rising curve from 8 s to 20 s B1

decreasing gradient from 8 s to 20 s B1
horizontal from 20 s to 25 s AND below 200 m / s, AND above 120 m / s B1

Q # 96 (a) (s =) d ÷ t in any form C1

(s =) 200 ÷ 6.4 C1
(s =) 31 (m / s) A1

(b) P – (constantly) accelerates (from 5 m / s) B1

Q – constant speed (of 17.5 m / s) B1
R – (non-constant) decelerates (from 17.5 m / s to rest) B1
S – at rest or stationary B1

(c) (skis have) large (surface) area B1

(so) less pressure (on snow / ground) B1

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Q # 97 (a) (s =) d ÷ t OR s = d ÷ t in any form C1
(average speed =) 30 ÷ 5.4 C1
v = 5.6 (m / s) A1

(b)(i) first section and third section horizontal straight lines B1

second section line with negative gradient B1
first section horizontal line at 16 m / s AND third section horizontal line at 13 m / s at
correct times B1

(ii) (d =) ½ × (a + b) × t OR area under graph C1

½ × (24 + 30) × 2.5 OR (24 × 2.5) + (½ × 6 × 2.5) C1
d = 67.5 (m) A1

Q # 98 (a)(i) (a =) (v – u) / t OR (62 – 6.0) / 35 OR 56 / 35 C1

a = 1.6 m / s2 A1

(ii) (F =) ma OR Δp / Δt OR 2.5 × 105 × 1.6

OR (62 × 2.5 × 105 – 6.0 × 2.5 × 105) / 35 C1
F = 4.0 × 105 N A1

(iii) (p =) mv OR 2.5 × 105 × 6.0 C1

1.5 × 106 kg m / s A1

(b) curve of decreasing gradient from (0,0) to a point along dashed line B1
straight line of positive gradient after t = 35 s B1
gradient not zero at t = 35 s OR no change of gradient (at t = 35 s) B1

(c) thermal energy AND in something specific (e.g. brakes / air / tyres) OR kinetic
energy of air B1

Q # 99 (a)(i) s = vt in any form OR (s =) vt OR relates distance to area (under graph) C1

any one of: 5 × 20 / 60 OR 40 × 20 / 60 OR 6 × 22 / 60 C1
(s = 1.667 + 13.333 + 2.2 =) 17 km A1

(ii) average speed = candidate’s (i) / time C1

(average speed = 17 × 60 / 74 =) 14 km / h A1

(b) gradient B1
(gradient =) change of speed / time B1

(c) 0 B1
(constant) gradient = 0 OR speed constant B1

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Q # 100 (a) rate of change of velocity OR change in speed per unit time / s B1

(b)(i) deceleration C1
constant deceleration A1

(ii) acceleration C1
increasing acceleration A1

(iii) decreasing speed / velocity OR deceleration B1

(iv) constant speed B1

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