[G.R. No. L-7955. May 30, 1958.
JOAQUIN LOPEZ, Petitioner, v. ENRIQUE P. OCHOA, Respondent.
Ramirez & Ortigas for Petitioner.
Jose V. Rosales for Respondent.
SYLLABUS
1. OBLIGATION AND CONTRACT; ACCEPTANCE OF PARTIAL PAYMENT, WAIVER
OF THE TERM. — The acceptance of a partial payment by a creditor is not a novation of the
contract, but a waiver of the period agreed upon during which payment should not be made. It is
a relinquishment of his right to refuse any payment before the expiration of the term. If no
explanation is given why the creditor received said partial payment before the maturity of the
obligation, it may be presumed that his relinquishment was intentional and his choice to dispense
with the term, voluntary. It is not a mere forbearance. (56 Am. Jur. pp. 102, 104, 107 and 113)
2. ID.; WORDS AND PHRASES; "ESTOPPEL" AND "WAIVER" ARE CONVERTIBLE. —
The words "estoppel" and "waiver" are frequently used as convertible. The doctrine of waiver
belongs to the family of, or is based upon, estoppel. This is especially true where the waiver
relied upon is constructive or implied from the conduct of a party, when it is said that the
elements of estoppel are attendant.
3. PLEADING AND PRACTICE; "BALLANTYNE SCALE OF VALUES" NEED NOT BE
PLEADED OF PROVED. — The Ballantyne scale of values is now a matter that comes within
judicial notice it having been applied by the Supreme Court in several previous cases and had
become part of our jurisprudence.
DECISION
BAUTISTA ANGELO, J.:
This is a petition for review of a decision of the Court of Appeals modifying that of the
court a quo in the sense that "all the amounts awarded . . . shall be reduced to its
equivalent in actual Philippine currency in the proportion of 15 to 1", without costs.
On August 26, 1943, Enrique P. Ochoa executed in favor of Joaquin Lopez a document
whereby he mortgaged a piece of land located in Manila as security for the payment of
a loan in the amount of P15,000 in Japanese military notes to be paid, among other
conditions, as follows: jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"1 — Devolera dicha cantidad en el plazo de DOS AÑOS, a contar desde la fecha de esta
escritura, cuyo plazo se estipula estrictamente en beneficio reciproco del deudor y del
acreedor. De tal manera que el deudor no podra pagar al acreedor el capital ni parte del
mismo, antes de la expiracion del plazo, aunque ofrezca pagar los intereses
correspondientes al periodo no transcurrido de dicho plazo; y de igual manera, el
acreedor tampoco podra exigir el pago del capital de este préstamo antes del plazo
convenido. Esta clausula se considera como una condición especial y esencial de este
contrato, que forma parte de su consideracion especial y de este contrato, que forma
parte de su consideracion legal, pues sin ella las partes contratantes no hubieran
aceptado este contrato.
"2. — Pagara sobre la mencionada cantidad intereses a razon de cinco por ciento
annual, pagaderos por semestres vencidos en la residencia del acreedor y sin necesidad
de requerimiento." cralaw virtua1aw library
On March 1, 1944, Ochoa paid Lopez the sum of P375 as interest on the principal of the
aforesaid loan for the period from August 26, 1943 to February 25, 1944 and on June
12, 1944, he paid P5,000, in Japanese war notes, on account of the principal for which
Lopez issued a receipt.
On August 25, 1944, Ochoa made another payment in the sum of P323.62 on account
of interest for the period from February 26, 1944 to August 26, 1944. On October 2,
1944, he tendered to López the payment of the balance of the indebtedness with the
corresponding interest, but the latter refused to accept it on the ground that it was
against the terms of the mortgage. In view of such refusal, Ochoa advised López that
he would deposit the money in court and, accordingly, he filed a complaint with the
Court of First Instance of Manila accompanied by a deposit in the amount of
P10,631.50. Lopèz was properly served with summons on October 7, 1944 but the case
was never tried nor its record reconstituted after its destruction during the battle for
the liberation of the City of Manila.
His several demands to cancel the mortgage having failed, Ochoa commenced the
present action on January 30, 1950 before the Court of First Instance of Manila with the
prayer that the tender of payment and consignation made by him of the amount of
P10,000 be declared as complete payment of his obligation and that the mortgage
executed by him be canceled, with costs. Defendant pleaded that the alleged
consignation of the obligation had not been validly made, and set up a counterclaim
seeking the judgment against plaintiff for the mortgage debt of P10,000, still due,
together with the stipulated interest and attorneys’ fees and, in default thereof, for the
foreclosure of the mortgage in accordance with law.
Finding that the alleged consignation was not valid for it was made when the debt was
not yet due and upholding the validity of the terms of the mortgage contract, the court
rendered judgment absolving the defendant of the complaint and sentencing the
plaintiff to pay the sum of P10,000, with interest at the rate of 5% per annum from
January 26, 1950, the further sum of P2,707.09 as accrued interest, with interest at the
legal rate from January 26, 1950, and the sum of 10% on the principal amount as
attorneys’ fees, plus the cost, and ordering plaintiff to make said payment within ninety
days, with the warning that, upon his default, the mortgaged property shall be sold as
provided for in the Rules of Court. The Court of Appeals modified this judgment as
stated in the early part of this decision.
After considering the terms of the mortgage contract with regard to the period within
which the loan may be paid particularly the clause to the effect that the debtor shall not
pay the capital before the expiration of two years, in the light of the partial payment
made by Ochoa of the sum of P5,000 on account of the principal obligation which López
accepted on June 12, 1944, the Court of Appeals made the following findings: jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"2. — The acceptance of the partial payment in the sum of P5,000.00 made by the
plaintiff-appellant on June 12, 1944 (Exh.’I’) was not a novation of the contract, but it
was undoubtedly a waiver by defendant-appellee of the aforesaid term of two years. It
was a relinquishment of his right to refuse any payment before the expiration of said
term. No explanation having been given why defendant-appellee received said partial
payment before the maturity of the obligation, it may be presumed that his
relinquishment was intentional and his choice to dispense with the term, voluntary. It
was not a mere forbearance. (56 Am. Jur. pp. 102, 104, 107 and 113)"
Petitioner now contends that the Court of Appeals erred in considering the acceptance
of the partial payment of P5,000 on account as a waiver on his part of the period of two
years for the reason that such defense was not set by respondent in the court a quo
and as such it was error to entertain it to his prejudice. It appears however that in the
respondent’s reply to petitioner’s answer and counterclaim, the former made the
following averment: "defendant herein is now estopped from claiming that payment of
the obligation on the mortgage indebtedness cannot be made before the expiration of
two years as alleged by him in paragraph (5) and sub-paragraph 1 of paragraph (7) of
his counterclaim, assuming without admitting that such alleged stipulation was a
condition in the mortgage deed executed between the parties." It may be contended
that there is an allegation of estoppel, and not of waiver, but these two terms are
frequently used as convertible. The doctrine of waiver belongs to the family of, or is
based upon, estoppel. This is especially true where the waiver relied upon is
constructive or implied from the conduct of a party, when it is said that the elements of
estoppel are attendant.
"(2) B. Nature of Doctrine. — The doctrine of waiver has been characterized as
technical, as of some arbitrariness. It is one of the most familiar in the law, prevalent in
ancient as well as in modern times throughout every branch of law as well as of
practice. . . . It is a doctrine resting upon an equitable principle which courts of law will
recognize, that a person, with full knowledge of the facts shall not be permitted to act
in a manner inconsistent with his former position or conduct to the injury of another, a
rule of judicial policy, the legal outgrowth of judicial abhorrence so to speak, of a
person’s taking inconsistent positions and gaining advantages thereby through the aid
of courts. The doctrine, it has been said, belongs to the family of, is of the nature of, is
based upon, estoppel. The essence of waiver, it has been stated, is estoppel, and where
there is no estoppel, there is no waiver.’Waiver’ and ‘estoppel’ are frequently need as
convertible. On the other hand, it has been said that the terms are not convertible, that
an estoppel in pais has connections in no wise akin to waiver, and that the doctrine of
waiver does not necessarily depend on estoppel or misrepresentation; thus, a waiver
does not necessarily imply that one has been misled to his prejudice or into an altered
position; a waiver may be created by acts, conduct, or declarations to create a technical
estoppel. However, the distinction, it has been said, is more easily preserved in dealing
with express waiver, but where the waiver relied upon is constructive or merely implied
from the conduct of a party, irrespective of what his actual intention may have been, it
is at least questionable if there are not present some of the elements of estoppel." (67
C.J. pp. 294-295. Emphasis supplied.)
Petitioner also contends that it was error to consider that respondent made a partial
payment of P5,000 on account of his principal obligation there being no proof submitted
by him to that effect. But the Court of Appeals found it as a fact that such partial
payment was actually made especially considering the receipt signed by him
acknowledging said payment. It being a question of fact, it cannot now be looked into
at this stage of the proceeding.
Another contention refers to the application of the Ballantyne scale of values to the
present case on the pretense that the same has not been set up as a defense nor has
evidence to prove it been presented. But this pretense is untenable because said
Ballantyne scale is now a matter that comes with in judicial notice it having been
applied by this Court in several previous cases and had become part of our
jurisprudence. There is therefore no cogent reason why it cannot now be considered
even if it has not been set up as a defense.
It is finally contended that the Court of Appeals erred in revaluing the balance of the
obligation under the Ballantyne scale of values taking as basis the month of June, 1944
because, in the opinion of petitioner, the basis should be the date of the mortgage, or
on August 26, 1943. On this point, the court said: "Defendant-appellee having waived,
on June 12, 1944, his right to the term of two years agreed upon in the contract
(Exh.’1’), the obligation under consideration became payable since June 13, 1944 and
during the Japanese military occupation. Hence, conformably with the ruling of the
Supreme Court, it should be revalued on the basis of the relative value of the Japanese
military notes in Philippine genuine currency on June, 1944 under the Ballantyne sliding
scale of values, which is 15 to 1."
cralaw virtua1aw library
There is nothing incorrect in this finding considering that the obligation only became
payable on June 13, 1944. This became possible because of petitioner’s waiver. In fact,
several attempts were made by respondent to pay the whole obligation thereabouts but
his attempts failed because of petitioner’s refusal. It is therefore reasonable that the
revaluation be made as of said date and not on the date of the mortgage.
The decision appealed from being in accordance with law, the same is hereby affirmed,
with costs against petitioner.
Paras, C.J., Bengzon, Labrador, Concepcion, Reyes, J. B. L., Endencia and Felix, JJ.,
concur.
