PROBLEM-SOLVING

SUMMARY
Week 1: Fundamentals of Problem Solving

Day 1: What is Problem-Solving?

Understanding the concept of problem-solving, its importance, and where it applies in life and
work.

Day 2: Types of Problems

Explore different types of problems, from simple to complex, and the various approaches
needed for each.

Day 3: Creative and Critical Thinking

Learn about the two modes of thought that are key to problem-solving: creative thinking for
generating ideas, and critical thinking for analyzing and refining them.

Day 4: Steps in Problem-Solving

Introduction to a general problem-solving framework, such as the one defined by George Polya
in "How to Solve It": Understand, Plan, Carry Out, and Review.

Day 5: Practice with Simple Problems

Apply what you've learned this week to solve some simple problems.

Week 2: Tools and Techniques

Day 1: Brainstorming
Learn how to use brainstorming effectively to generate ideas and solutions.

Day 2: Mind Mapping

Explore mind mapping, a visual tool for organizing your thoughts and generating creative
solutions.

Day 3: Root Cause Analysis

Introduction to techniques like the 5 Whys and Fishbone Diagram for identifying the underlying
cause of a problem.
Day 4: Decision Making Techniques
Learn about different ways to make decisions, such as SWOT analysis, decision matrix, and
cost-benefit analysis.

Day 5: Practice with Tools and Techniques

Apply the tools and techniques you've learned this week to solve a problem.

Week 3: Advanced Problem-Solving Concepts

Day 1: Systems Thinking

Learn about seeing problems in terms of larger systems, and how changes in one part of the
system can affect the whole.

Day 2: Lateral Thinking

Explore lateral thinking, a technique for solving problems through an indirect and creative
approach.

Day 3: Dealing with Complex Problems

Learn strategies for breaking down complex problems and tackling them piece by piece.

Day 4: Problem-Solving in Groups

Explore the dynamics of group problem-solving, including advantages, challenges, and best
practices.

Day 5: Practice with Advanced Concepts

Apply what you've learned this week to a complex problem.

Week 4: Applications and Practice

Day 1: Problem-Solving in Business

Understand how problem-solving applies in a business context, and learn about some
real-world examples.

Day 2: Problem-Solving in Personal Life

Explore how to apply problem-solving techniques to personal life challenges.

Day 3: Problem-Solving in Society

Learn about how problem-solving techniques can be applied to societal issues.

Day 4: Case Studies

Review and learn from a selection of detailed problem-solving case studies.

Day 5: Final Practice and Reflection

Apply everything you've learned to solve a complex, real-world problem, and reflect on your
progress and future goals in problem-solving.

This plan will give you a comprehensive understanding of problem-solving and plenty of practice
opportunities. The key to learning problem-solving is to actually solve problems, so make sure
you find a variety of problems to apply these techniques to. I will provide detailed lessons on
each topic as we progress.

Keep in mind that becoming an expert in problem-solving is a lifelong journey. While this
one-month plan can give you a solid foundation.
Week 1: Fundamentals of Problem Solving
Lesson 1: What is Problem-Solving?

Problem-solving is a crucial skill in life that involves the ability to find solutions to difficult or
complex issues. It's a process that involves identifying a problem, analyzing it, generating
potential solutions, and then implementing and assessing the best solution.

In essence, problem-solving is the bridge between the present and the future. It starts with the
current situation where a problem exists and ends with the future situation where the problem is
resolved.

Importance of Problem-Solving

1. Daily Life: Problem-solving skills help us navigate challenges in our daily lives, from
simple tasks like fixing a broken appliance to major life decisions.

2. Career Success: In the workplace, problem-solving skills are highly valued. Employees
who can identify and solve problems are often considered to be excellent team
members.

3. Leadership: Problem-solving is a key leadership skill. Leaders are often faced with
difficult decisions and complex problems, and their ability to solve these problems can
have a big impact on the success of their team or organization.

4. Innovation: Problem-solving is the foundation of innovation. By identifying problems and

coming up with creative solutions, we can innovate and create new products, services,
or ways of doing things.

Where it Applies

Problem-solving is applicable in a wide range of contexts, including:

1. Personal Life: We use problem-solving in our personal lives to make decisions and
overcome challenges.

2. Work: In the workplace, problem-solving can be applied to improve processes, develop

new products or services, manage conflicts, and more.

3. Society: On a societal level, problem-solving can be used to address social, economic,

and environmental problems.
In summary, problem-solving is a vital skill that involves identifying, analyzing, and solving
problems. It is applicable in a wide variety of contexts and is crucial for personal and
professional success.

Your task for today is to identify a problem in your personal life, work, or society that you'd like to
solve. Write it down and think about why it's a problem and who it affects. We'll use this problem
in our future lessons as you learn more about the problem-solving process.

Tomorrow, we'll explore different types of problems and the various approaches needed for
each.
Lesson 2: Types of Problems

There are many ways to classify problems, but for the purpose of this lesson, we'll consider
three main types: well-structured problems, ill-structured problems, and wicked problems.
Understanding the type of problem you're dealing with can help you decide which
problem-solving strategies to use.

1. Well-Structured Problems

Well-structured problems, also known as "tame" or "puzzle" problems, have a clear and definite
solution. These are problems where all the necessary information is available, and there are
established methods for solving them.

For example, a mathematical equation like 2x + 3 = 7 is a well-structured problem. We have all

the information we need, and we know the method for solving it: isolate x by subtracting 3 from
both sides, then divide by 2.

2. Ill-Structured Problems

Ill-structured problems, also known as "messy" problems, lack a clear definition and/or solution.
They often involve uncertainty and ambiguity. The information available may be incomplete, and
it may not be clear what a successful solution would look like.

For example, choosing a career path is an ill-structured problem. There's no single right answer
that applies to everyone. The solution depends on individual values, interests, skills,
opportunities, and other factors that can be difficult to quantify or compare.

3. Wicked Problems

As mentioned earlier, wicked problems are complex, challenging, and often large-scale societal
or organizational issues with many interdependent factors. They have no clear definition or
solution, and they're often resistant to resolution.

For example, climate change is a wicked problem. It's influenced by a myriad of interlinked
factors, including energy production, agriculture, transportation, and consumer behavior. Solving
it requires changes in technology, policy, and individual behavior across multiple sectors and
countries, and solutions that work in one context may not work in another. Moreover, every
solution has potential trade-offs and consequences that need to be managed.

Summary

By understanding the nature of the problem you're facing, you can better determine the
strategies and tools you should use in your problem-solving process.
Your task for today is to think about the problem you identified yesterday and try to categorize it.
Is it a well-structured problem, an ill-structured problem, or a wicked problem? How does its
category affect the way you'll approach solving it?

Tomorrow, we'll dive into the two main modes of thought in problem-solving: creative thinking
and critical thinking.

Lesson 3: Creative and Critical Thinking

In problem-solving, two modes of thinking are generally employed: creative thinking and critical
thinking. Both are crucial, serving different purposes in the problem-solving process.

1. Creative Thinking

Creative thinking is the process of generating new, innovative, and out-of-the-box ideas. It's
about pushing boundaries, challenging assumptions, and looking at things from different
perspectives. Creative thinking is most useful in the idea generation stage of problem-solving,
where the goal is to come up with as many potential solutions as possible.
Techniques for enhancing creative thinking include:

● Brainstorming: A group activity where the goal is to generate as many ideas as possible.
All ideas are welcomed, and judgment is suspended to create a safe space for creativity.
● Mind Mapping: A visual technique for organizing your thoughts and generating ideas. It
can help you see connections between ideas and spark new ones.
● Lateral Thinking: A method developed by Edward de Bono that encourages thinking
outside the box and generating ideas that may not be immediately obvious.

2. Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is the process of logically and objectively evaluating information. It involves
analyzing facts, questioning assumptions, determining the relevance and importance of
information, and making reasoned judgments. In problem-solving, critical thinking is used to
analyze the problem, evaluate potential solutions, and assess the effectiveness of the solution
after implementation.

Techniques for enhancing critical thinking include:

● Socratic Questioning: A method of questioning that stimulates critical thinking, named

after the classical Greek philosopher Socrates.
● SWOT Analysis: A framework for identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,
and threats related to a decision or course of action.
● Pro-Con Lists: A simple but effective way of weighing the advantages and disadvantages
of a decision.

Balancing Creative and Critical Thinking

The key to effective problem-solving is to balance creative and critical thinking. You need
creative thinking to generate a wide range of potential solutions, and critical thinking to evaluate
these solutions and choose the best one.

Your task for today is to practice both creative and critical thinking. Choose a minor problem
you're facing and generate as many potential solutions as you can, pushing yourself to think
creatively and come up with out-of-the-box ideas. Then use your critical thinking skills to
evaluate these solutions and choose the best one. Remember, the aim is not necessarily to
solve the problem right now, but to exercise your thinking skills.

Tomorrow, we'll introduce a general problem-solving framework that you can use to tackle any
problem: Understand, Plan, Carry Out, and Review.
Lesson 4: Steps in Problem-Solving

One of the most widely recognized problem-solving frameworks was proposed by George Polya
in his book "How to Solve It". This framework includes four steps: Understand the Problem,
Devise a Plan, Carry Out the Plan, and Look Back (Review). Let's explore each step in detail.

1. Understand the Problem

The first step in problem-solving is to understand the problem thoroughly. This involves defining
the problem clearly, identifying the root cause, and understanding the context and constraints.
The aim of this step is to ensure that you're solving the right problem, and not just addressing
symptoms.
Techniques: Asking probing questions, Root Cause Analysis (which you'll learn next week),
talking to stakeholders, researching, and so on.

2. Devise a Plan

Once you understand the problem, the next step is to devise a plan to solve it. This involves
generating potential solutions, evaluating them, and deciding on the best course of action. The
plan should be clear, actionable, and tailored to the specific problem and context.

Techniques: Brainstorming, mind mapping, decision matrix, SWOT analysis, and so on.

3. Carry Out the Plan

After devising a plan, the next step is to carry it out. This involves implementing the chosen
solution, monitoring progress, and making adjustments as necessary. This step can be
straightforward if the plan is well-devised, but it may also involve overcoming obstacles and
dealing with unexpected issues.

Techniques: Project management, time management, communication, and so on.

4. Look Back (Review)

The final step in Polya's problem-solving framework is to look back and review. This involves
assessing the effectiveness of the solution, reflecting on the problem-solving process, and
learning from the experience. The aim of this step is to improve your problem-solving skills and
prepare for future problems.

Techniques: Reflection, feedback, evaluation, and so on.

Remember, problem-solving is often an iterative process. You may need to go back and forth
between these steps until you find a successful solution.

Your task for today is to apply this problem-solving framework to the problem you identified on
Day 1. Try to understand the problem thoroughly, devise a plan to solve it, think about how you
would carry out the plan, and consider how you would review the process and the solution.

Tomorrow, we'll consolidate what we've learned this week and apply it to some simple problems.
Lesson 5: Practice with Simple Problems

Now that you have a basic understanding of problem-solving, it's time to put what you've
learned into practice. We'll work through two simple problems to help you familiarize yourself
with the problem-solving process. You can apply the four-step problem-solving framework we
discussed yesterday to solve these problems.

Problem 1: The Leaky Faucet

Imagine you have a leaky faucet at home that's causing a constant drip. The sound is annoying,
and you're wasting water. How would you go about solving this problem?

1. Understand the Problem: Identify the cause of the leak (e.g., a worn-out washer or a
damaged valve).
 2. Devise a Plan: Generate potential solutions (e.g., tighten the faucet, replace the washer,
call a plumber).
3. Carry Out the Plan: Implement the chosen solution and monitor the results.
4. Look Back (Review): Reflect on the effectiveness of the solution and the problem-solving
process.

Problem 2: Choosing a Restaurant for a Group Dinner

You're in charge of choosing a restaurant for a group dinner with friends. Everyone has different
dietary preferences, and you want to find a place that accommodates everyone's needs. How
would you go about solving this problem?

1. Understand the Problem: Gather information on everyone's dietary preferences and any
other relevant factors (e.g., budget, location).
2. Devise a Plan: Generate a list of potential restaurants, considering factors like menu
options, price, and location. Evaluate the options using a decision matrix or pro-con lists.
3. Carry Out the Plan: Make a reservation at the chosen restaurant, inform the group, and
make any necessary arrangements.
4. Look Back (Review): After the dinner, reflect on the choice of the restaurant and the
problem-solving process. Did everyone enjoy the meal? What could have been done
differently?

Your task for today is to practice problem-solving by working through these two simple
problems. Apply the four-step problem-solving framework and think about how you would
approach each problem.

Next week, we'll delve into various tools and techniques that can enhance your problem-solving
abilities, starting with brainstorming on Monday.

Week 2: Tools and Techniques

Lesson 6: Brainstorming

Brainstorming is a powerful technique used during the "Devise a Plan" phase of

problem-solving. It allows you to come up with multiple potential solutions to a problem,
encouraging creativity and out-of-the-box thinking.

What is Brainstorming?
Brainstorming is a group creativity technique designed to generate a large number of ideas for
the solution to a problem. The method was popularized in the late 1930s by Alex Osborn, an
advertising executive looking for ways to inspire creative ideas in organizational settings.

How to Brainstorm

Here are the general steps to conduct an effective brainstorming session:

1. Define the Problem Clearly: Clearly state the problem that needs to be solved. Everyone
in the group should understand the problem.

2. Generate Ideas: Allow the group to suggest as many ideas as possible. Encourage free
thinking and discourage criticism of ideas. No idea is too outlandish.

3. Encourage Everyone to Participate: Every participant should contribute. The more

diverse the group, the wider range of ideas will be generated.

4. Build on Others' Ideas: Encourage group members to build on the ideas of others. This
can lead to unique and innovative solutions.

5. Evaluate Ideas: After the brainstorming session, evaluate the ideas, combine similar
ones, and prioritize or rank them. This could be a separate session where critical
thinking is applied.

Brainstorming Rules

● No Criticism: During the brainstorming session, criticism is not allowed. The aim is to
open up possibilities and break down wrong assumptions about the limits of the problem.
● Welcome Wild Ideas: The wilder the idea, the better. It's easier to tame down than to
ramp up.
● Quantity Over Quality: The goal is to generate as many ideas as possible. It’s a matter
of creating a long list and then shortlisting.
● Combine and Improve Ideas: Good ideas can be combined to form a single better idea,
often called "idea piggybacking."

Your task for today is to practice brainstorming. Choose a problem you're currently facing and
try to generate as many potential solutions as you can. Remember the rules of brainstorming:
no criticism, welcome wild ideas, aim for quantity, and try to combine and improve ideas.

Tomorrow, we'll explore another problem-solving tool: the 5 Whys technique for root cause
analysis.
Lesson 7: The 5 Whys Technique

The 5 Whys is a simple but effective method for exploring the cause-and-effect relationships
underlying a particular problem. The goal of the technique is to determine the root cause of a
problem by repeating the question "Why?" Each answer forms the basis of the next question.
The "5" in the name derives from an empirical observation on the number of iterations needed to
resolve the problem.

How to Use the 5 Whys Technique

1. Define the Problem: Clearly state the problem. It's essential to start with a
well-articulated problem statement.
 2. Ask the First Why: Start asking why the problem is occurring. Be specific and accurate
with your answer.

3. Ask Subsequent Whys: For each answer you come up with, ask why that is the case.
This will help you peel back the layers of symptoms and understand the underlying
cause.

4. Identify the Root Cause: Usually, after about five iterations of asking why, you will start
to see the root cause of the problem.

5. Develop a Countermeasure: Once the root cause has been identified, develop a plan
to prevent the problem from occurring again.

Example of the 5 Whys

Let's consider a simple example:

Problem: The vehicle will not start.

1. Why? - The battery is dead.

2. Why? - The alternator is not functioning.
3. Why? - The alternator belt has broken.
4. Why? - The alternator belt was well beyond its useful service life and has never been
replaced.
5. Why? - The vehicle was not maintained according to the recommended service
schedule. (Root cause)
Countermeasure: Start a program of scheduled vehicle maintenance.

Remember, sometimes the method will lead you to a probable root cause, not the definite root
cause. It's critical to understand that other factors might be in play.

Your task for today is to practice the 5 Whys technique. Choose a problem you're facing,
preferably one where the root cause isn't immediately apparent, and try to identify the root
cause using the 5 Whys.

Tomorrow, we'll delve into another problem-solving tool: the Fishbone Diagram, also known as
the Ishikawa Diagram or Cause-and-Effect Diagram.
Lesson 8: The Fishbone Diagram

The Fishbone Diagram, also known as the Ishikawa Diagram or Cause and Effect Diagram, is a
tool used to visually display the many potential causes for a specific problem or effect. It was
invented by Kaoru Ishikawa, a Japanese quality control statistician, to visualize the causes of a
specific event.

The Fishbone Diagram helps teams categorize the many potential causes of problems or issues
in an orderly way and in identifying root causes. It's often used in product design and quality
defect prevention to identify potential factors causing an overall effect.
How to Create a Fishbone Diagram

1. Define the Problem (the Effect): Write down the problem or effect, draw a box around it,
and draw a horizontal arrow running to it. This will become the "spine" or the "backbone"
of the fish.

2. Identify the Main Cause Categories: Identify categories for causes. Standard categories
include Methods, Machines (equipment), People (manpower), Materials, Measurement,
and Environment (often referred to as 6M). Write these categories as branches from the
main arrow.

3. Identify Causes: Brainstorm all the possible causes of the problem. Ask "why does this
happen?" as many times as you can to dig deeper into the root causes. Add these
causes as sub-branches.

4. Analyze and Discuss: Analyze your fishbone diagram. What areas need more
exploration? Is there a common root cause? Discuss with your team.

Example of a Fishbone Diagram

Let's take an example: A software development team is facing a problem of "software

application crash." They can create a Fishbone Diagram to explore potential causes. Categories
might include Hardware, User Training, Software Design, and External Factors. Under each
category, they list potential causes. For example, under Hardware, they might list "Insufficient
system memory," "Outdated processor," etc.

Your task for today is to create a Fishbone Diagram for a problem you're facing. Identify the
main cause categories, brainstorm potential causes, and organize these causes on your
diagram.

Tomorrow, we'll explore another critical aspect of problem-solving: decision-making. We'll

discuss some common decision-making techniques, including the Decision Matrix and the
Pro-Con List.

Lesson 9: Decision-Making Techniques

After generating potential solutions to a problem, the next step is to decide on the best course of
action. This involves evaluating the options and choosing the one that is most likely to achieve
your objectives. There are several decision-making techniques that can assist with this process.
Today, we'll discuss two of them: the Decision Matrix and the Pro-Con List.

1. Decision Matrix
A decision matrix is a table that helps you to visualize and compare the different options and
their potential impact. Here's how to create one:

1. List Your Options: Write down all the options you're considering as rows in the table.

2. Identify the Criteria: Write down the criteria that are important in making the decision as
columns in the table. These might include factors like cost, time, resources, impact,
feasibility, etc.

3. Rate Each Option: For each option, rate its performance against each criterion on a
scale of 1-5 (1 being poor and 5 being excellent).

4. Calculate the Scores: Multiply the rating for each option by the weight of the
corresponding criterion. Then add up these scores to get a total score for each option.

5. Choose the Best Option: The option with the highest total score is usually the best
choice.

2. Pro-Con List

A Pro-Con List is a simple but effective decision-making technique. It involves listing all the pros
(positive aspects) and cons (negative aspects) of each option, which can help you to see the
advantages and disadvantages more clearly.

1. List Your Options: Write down all the options you're considering.

2. Identify the Pros and Cons: For each option, list all the pros and cons you can think of.

3. Evaluate the Pros and Cons: Consider the importance of each pro and con. Some may
carry more weight than others.

4. Make a Decision: The option with the most pros and the least cons is usually the best
choice, but also consider the weight of each.

Your task for today is to practice these decision-making techniques. Choose a decision you're
currently facing and try to use a Decision Matrix and a Pro-Con List to evaluate your options.

Tomorrow, we'll discuss how to implement your chosen solution effectively and how to monitor
and review the results.
Lesson 10: Implementing Solutions and Reviewing Results

Once you've chosen a solution, the next step is to implement it. This is where your plan comes
to life. However, it's not enough to just implement a solution—you also need to monitor the
results and review the effectiveness of the solution and the problem-solving process.

Implementing Solutions

Implementation often involves project management skills. Here are some tips:
 1. Create an Action Plan: Define the steps you need to take, the resources you need, and
the timeline for implementation.

2. Communicate: If other people are involved, communicate the plan clearly to them.
Make sure everyone knows what they need to do and why.

3. Execute the Plan: Carry out the actions you've planned. Be prepared to deal with
obstacles and make adjustments as necessary.

Monitoring Results

Monitoring involves tracking the progress and the results of the solution:

1. Set Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): These are measurable factors that will
indicate whether the solution is working as expected.

2. Track Progress: Regularly check the KPIs and track the progress of the solution.

3. Make Adjustments: If the solution is not working as well as expected, don't be afraid to
make adjustments. Problem-solving often involves iteration.

Reviewing Results

Reviewing involves reflecting on the problem-solving process and the effectiveness of the
solution:

1. Assess the Solution: Did it solve the problem? Were there any unexpected side
effects?

2. Reflect on the Process: What did you learn? What went well, and what could have
been done better?

3. Document Your Learnings: Write down your reflections and learnings so that you can
refer back to them in the future.

Your task for today is to think about how you would implement a solution to a problem you're
currently facing. What steps would you need to take? How would you monitor the results? How
would you review the effectiveness of the solution and the problem-solving process?

Next week, we'll delve into advanced problem-solving techniques, including systems thinking,
lateral thinking, and the use of digital tools for problem-solving.
Week 3: Advanced Problem-Solving Concepts

Lesson 11: Introduction to Systems Thinking

As we move into more advanced problem-solving techniques, it's important to understand the
concept of systems thinking. Systems thinking is a holistic approach to problem-solving that
involves viewing problems as part of a wider, dynamic system. It emphasizes the
interrelationships and interactions among the system's parts, rather than the parts in isolation.

Understanding Systems

A system is a group of interrelated elements or parts that collectively both include and transcend
the parts individually, creating a unique whole. Examples of systems include ecosystems,
organizations, economies, and even the human body.

Characteristics of Systems Thinking

1. Interconnectedness: Systems thinking emphasizes the interconnectedness of the

elements within a system. Changes to one part of the system can have effects on other
parts.

2. Holistic Perspective: Rather than reducing a system to its individual parts, systems
thinking tries to understand the system as a whole.

3. Feedback Loops: Systems thinking recognizes that systems are dynamic and that they
involve feedback loops. Feedback loops can either amplify (positive feedback) or
stabilize (negative feedback) system behavior.

4. Causality: Systems thinking looks for the underlying causes of system behavior, rather
than just addressing symptoms.

Applying Systems Thinking to Problem-Solving

When you're faced with a complex problem, systems thinking can be a valuable tool. Here's how
you might apply it:

1. Define the System: Identify the boundaries of the system related to the problem. What
elements are included in the system? How do they interact?

2. Map the System: Create a diagram that shows the elements of the system and their
interconnections. This can help you to visualize the system's complexity.
 3. Identify Feedback Loops: Look for feedback loops within the system. Are there any
reinforcing or balancing loops?

4. Find Leverage Points: These are places within a system where a small shift can
produce big changes throughout the system.

Your task for today is to try applying systems thinking to a problem you're currently facing.
Define the system, map it out, identify feedback loops, and look for leverage points.

Tomorrow, we'll delve into another advanced problem-solving technique: lateral thinking.
Lesson 12: Lateral Thinking

Lateral thinking is a method of problem-solving that encourages thinking outside the box. It's a
way of thinking that seeks a solution to an intractable problem through unorthodox methods or
elements that would normally be ignored by logical thinking.

The term was coined by Edward de Bono in 1967. Unlike vertical thinking, which relies on
traditional methods of logic, lateral thinking encourages creativity and innovation.

Key Principles of Lateral Thinking

1. Question Existing Assumptions: Many problems persist because the assumptions that
underpin them go unchallenged. Lateral thinking encourages us to identify and challenge
these assumptions.

2. Generate Many Ideas: Quantity is important in lateral thinking. The aim is to generate as
many ideas as possible, with the understanding that some will inevitably be unworkable
or impractical.

3. Welcome Randomness: Lateral thinking welcomes random inputs and ideas. This can
help to disrupt traditional thought patterns and lead to new solutions.

4. Think Creatively: Lateral thinking encourages us to think creatively and to consider

non-obvious solutions.

Lateral Thinking Techniques

Here are a few techniques that can help you practice lateral thinking:

● Random Entry Idea Generating Tool: Choose an object at random, or a noun from a
dictionary, and associate that with the area you are thinking about.

● Provocation Idea Generating Tool: Move from a provocative statement to a new idea.

● Challenge Existing Concepts: Why is something done the way it is? Challenge it and
consider different ways it could be done.

● Disproving: Try to prove the opposite of the obvious choice.

Your task for today is to apply lateral thinking to a problem you're currently facing. Try to
generate as many ideas as possible, welcome randomness, and challenge existing
assumptions.

Tomorrow, we'll explore the use of digital tools in problem-solving.

Lesson 13: Dealing with Complex Problems

Some problems are more complex than others, involving multiple layers, stakeholders, or
systems. Complex problems can be challenging to solve, but certain strategies can help. Today,
we'll discuss these strategies.

1. Break It Down

Complex problems can often be broken down into smaller, more manageable parts. This is
known as decomposition. Once the problem has been decomposed, you can focus on each part
individually, making the problem easier to handle.

2. Look for Patterns

Patterns can often be found within complex problems. These might be patterns in data,
behavior, or events. Identifying these patterns can provide valuable insights and help you
understand the problem more fully.

3. Use Systems Thinking

As we discussed earlier this week, systems thinking is a holistic approach to problem-solving

that involves looking at how the parts of a system interact. This can be particularly useful when
dealing with complex problems.

4. Collaborate

Complex problems often benefit from multiple perspectives. Don't be afraid to ask for help or to
collaborate with others. Different people may bring different insights and ideas to the table.

5. Use Appropriate Tools

Various tools and techniques can help with problem-solving, including digital tools, project
management techniques, and specific problem-solving methodologies. Choose the tools and
techniques that are most suited to the problem at hand.

6. Be Patient and Persistent

Complex problems often require time and persistence to solve. Don't expect to find a solution
immediately, and don't give up if a solution isn't immediately apparent.

Your task for today is to take a complex problem you're currently facing and apply these
strategies. Break the problem down, look for patterns, apply systems thinking, collaborate with
others, choose appropriate tools, and be patient and persistent.
Lesson 14: Problem-Solving in Groups

While individual problem-solving skills are essential, many real-world problems require group or
team problem-solving. Collaborative problem-solving can offer several advantages such as
diverse perspectives, shared responsibility, and increased creativity.

Benefits of Group Problem-Solving

1. Diversity of Perspectives: Each member brings unique experiences, knowledge, and

viewpoints to the table, leading to more comprehensive analysis and creative solutions.

2. Shared Responsibility: In a group, the responsibility for the problem and the efficacy of
the solution is shared, which can reduce the pressure on a single individual.

3. Increased Creativity: Brainstorming in a group can often lead to a larger number of

diverse ideas than individuals might come up with on their own.

Effective Group Problem-Solving Strategies

1. Define the Problem Clearly: Everyone in the group should have a clear understanding
of the problem and the objective of the group.

2. Encourage Open Communication: Create an environment where everyone feels

comfortable sharing their ideas and opinions. Active listening should be encouraged.

3. Promote Collaborative Decision Making: Encourage all members to participate in

decision making to increase the acceptance and effectiveness of the solutions.

4. Use Structured Problem-Solving Techniques: Techniques such as brainstorming, the

nominal group technique, or multi-voting can help structure the group's problem-solving
process.

5. Manage Group Dynamics: Be aware of and manage issues that can arise in groups,
such as dominance by a single member, groupthink, or conflict.

6. Reflect and Learn as a Group: After implementing the solution, the group should reflect
on the effectiveness of the solution and their performance as a team.

Your task for today is to find an opportunity to solve a problem collaboratively. Pay attention to
the group dynamics and the process of collaborative problem-solving. Reflect on what worked
well and what could be improved.

Tomorrow, we'll explore how to leverage different problem-solving styles within a group.
Lesson 15: Practice with Advanced Concepts

Now that you've learned about a range of problem-solving techniques, from basic to advanced,
it's time to put these skills into practice. Today, we'll focus on applying some of the more
advanced concepts we've discussed, including lateral thinking, systems thinking, and root cause
analysis.

Exercise 1: Lateral Thinking

Consider a problem you're currently facing. Now, apply the principles of lateral thinking to this
problem. Generate as many ideas as possible, without worrying about how feasible or practical
they are. Try to think outside the box and come up with some truly creative solutions.

Exercise 2: Systems Thinking

Choose a different problem, ideally one that involves multiple components or systems. Map out
the system related to this problem. What are the components of the system? How do they
interact? Where are the potential leverage points that could be used to solve the problem?

Exercise 3: Root Cause Analysis

Take another problem and perform a root cause analysis. Use the 5 Whys technique or create a
Fishbone Diagram to identify the root cause. Once you've identified the root cause, brainstorm
potential solutions that address this cause.

While you're working through these exercises, remember that problem-solving is a process. It's
not always linear, and it often involves revisiting and revising your solutions. Be patient with
yourself and remember that practice is key.
Week 4: Applications and Practice
Lesson 16: Problem-Solving in Business

Problem-solving is a crucial skill in the business world. From addressing customer complaints to
improving operational efficiency, problem-solving can help businesses improve their products,
services, and processes.

1. Identifying Problems

In business, problems can arise in various areas, such as operations, customer service, finance,
or human resources. The first step to solving these problems is identifying them. This might
involve collecting data, getting feedback from employees or customers, or observing operations.

2. Root Cause Analysis

Once a problem has been identified, the next step is to understand why it's happening.
Techniques like the 5 Whys or Fishbone Diagram can be useful here. The aim is to identify the
root cause of the problem, rather than just addressing the symptoms.

3. Developing and Evaluating Solutions

Once you understand the cause of the problem, you can start to develop potential solutions. It's
important to evaluate these solutions in terms of their feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and
potential impact. Techniques like cost-benefit analysis or decision matrix analysis can be useful
here.

4. Implementing and Monitoring Solutions

After a solution has been chosen, it needs to be implemented. This might involve developing a
project plan, assigning responsibilities, and setting timelines. Once the solution has been
implemented, it's important to monitor its effectiveness and make adjustments as necessary.

5. Continuous Improvement

In business, problem-solving is often part of a continuous improvement process. This involves

regularly reviewing and improving operations, products, and services. Techniques like the
Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle can be useful here.

Your task for today is to identify a problem in a hypothetical or real business setting and try to
apply the business problem-solving steps we just covered.
Lesson 17: Problem-Solving in Personal Life

Problem-solving skills are not only applicable in the professional world but are also essential for
addressing challenges in our personal lives. From financial planning to interpersonal
relationships, effective problem-solving can lead to better decision-making and overall
well-being.

1. Identifying Personal Problems

The first step in solving personal problems is recognizing that they exist. This may involve
self-reflection, journaling, or discussing issues with friends or family members.

2. Assessing the Situation

Once a problem has been identified, it's important to assess the situation objectively. Consider
the context, potential causes, and any underlying issues that might be contributing to the
problem.

3. Considering Alternatives

Generate potential solutions to the problem. It's essential to be open-minded during this phase,
considering a range of possible solutions without judgment. Remember that not all solutions will
be feasible or effective, but generating a variety of ideas can help to identify the best course of
action.

4. Evaluating Options and Making a Decision

Weigh the pros and cons of each potential solution. Consider the short-term and long-term
implications of each option, and choose the one that seems most likely to resolve the problem
effectively.

5. Taking Action and Monitoring Progress

Implement the chosen solution and monitor its effectiveness. Be prepared to make adjustments
if necessary, and remember that problem-solving is an iterative process.

6. Reflecting and Learning

After the problem has been addressed, take the time to reflect on the process. What worked
well? What could have been done differently? What lessons can be learned for future
problem-solving?
Your task for today is to identify a problem in your personal life and apply the problem-solving
steps outlined above. Reflect on the process and the outcome, and consider how you might
apply these skills to other areas of your life.
Lesson 18: Problem-Solving in Society

Problem-solving is crucial not only on an individual or business level but also on a societal level.
Many of the challenges we face as a society, from climate change to social inequality, require
effective problem-solving.

1. Understanding the Problem

Societal problems can be complex and multifaceted, often involving multiple stakeholders and
systems. Understanding these problems requires research, dialogue, and sometimes expert
input.

2. Engaging Stakeholders

Solving societal problems often requires the engagement and collaboration of various
stakeholders, including government bodies, businesses, nonprofits, and community members.
Stakeholder engagement can provide different perspectives and contribute to a more
comprehensive understanding of the problem.

3. Developing and Evaluating Solutions

Just like with individual or business problem-solving, developing solutions to societal problems
involves brainstorming ideas and evaluating them based on their potential impact, feasibility,
and cost.

4. Implementing and Monitoring Solutions

Implementing solutions to societal problems often requires policy changes, community

initiatives, or other large-scale efforts. Once a solution is implemented, it's important to monitor
its effectiveness and adjust the approach as necessary.

5. Advocating for Change

As a member of society, you can contribute to problem-solving by advocating for change. This
might involve raising awareness about issues, lobbying for policy changes, or supporting
organizations that are working to address societal problems.

Your task for today is to identify a societal problem you care about and go through the
problem-solving process. What are some potential solutions? How could they be implemented?
How could you contribute to solving this problem?
Lesson 19: Case Studies

Case studies provide an excellent way to understand the application of problem-solving skills in
real-world situations. Today, we will go through a couple of hypothetical case studies and
discuss how problem-solving techniques can be applied in each.

Case Study 1: Business

Problem: A business is facing a decline in sales due to increased competition.

Problem-Solving Process:

1. Identify the Problem: The business's sales are declining.

2. Analyze the Problem: Sales data reveals that the decline started when a new
competitor entered the market. Customer feedback indicates dissatisfaction with the
current product's price.
3. Generate Potential Solutions: Solutions could include reducing prices, improving
product features, or launching a marketing campaign.
4. Evaluate Solutions and Decide: A cost-benefit analysis might reveal that improving
product features and launching a marketing campaign would provide a better return on
investment than reducing prices.
5. Implement the Solution: Implement product improvements and launch the marketing
campaign.
6. Review: Monitor sales and customer feedback to assess the effectiveness of the
solution.

Case Study 2: Personal Life

Problem: An individual is feeling overwhelmed by stress.

Problem-Solving Process:

1. Identify the Problem: The individual is feeling stressed and overwhelmed.

2. Analyze the Problem: Self-reflection and journaling reveal that the stress is coming
from work, family responsibilities, and a lack of self-care time.
3. Generate Potential Solutions: Solutions could include delegating tasks at work, asking
for help with family responsibilities, or scheduling regular self-care activities.
4. Evaluate Solutions and Decide: The individual decides to delegate tasks at work,
arrange for a babysitter two nights a week, and schedule regular self-care activities.
5. Implement the Solution: The individual implements these changes.
6. Review: The individual monitors their stress levels and adjusts their approach as
necessary.
Your task for today is to take a problem you are currently facing, either in your personal life or
work life, and write a case study about it. Go through each step of the problem-solving process,
documenting your thoughts and actions at each stage.

Tomorrow, we will wrap up our course by discussing how to maintain and continue to develop
your problem-solving skills.
Lesson 20: Final Practice and Reflection

Congratulations on reaching the final day of our course! Today, we'll apply all the
problem-solving techniques and strategies you've learned over the past month and reflect on
your progress and future goals.

Final Practice: The Comprehensive Problem-Solving Challenge

Choose a complex problem you're currently facing. It could be a personal, professional, or

societal issue. Spend some time working through the entire problem-solving process:

1. Identify the problem

2. Analyze the problem
3. Generate potential solutions
4. Evaluate solutions and decide
5. Implement the solution
6. Review the effectiveness of the solution

This exercise is a chance to put all the skills you've learned into practice. Try to incorporate
different problem-solving techniques and strategies you've learned throughout this course.

Reflection

After completing the comprehensive problem-solving challenge, reflect on your experience with
the following questions:

1. What aspects of the problem-solving process were most challenging for you? Why?
2. What strategies or techniques did you find most helpful? Why?
3. How have your problem-solving skills improved over the past month?
4. In what areas do you feel you still need more practice or improvement?
5. How will you continue to develop your problem-solving skills in the future?

Remember, problem-solving is a lifelong skill. It's normal to encounter challenges and make
mistakes along the way. The important thing is to keep learning, practicing, and improving.

This concludes our one-month problem-solving course. Congratulations on your progress, and
best of luck with your future problem-solving endeavors!