HAWASA UNIVERSITY

WONDO GENET COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCE

A RESEARCH ON:

ASSESSMENNT OF FARMERS TREE PLANTING PRACTICE IN THEIR FARM

LAND IN CASE OF TEMBRAKEBELECHILGAWOREDA, AMHARA REGION,

ETHIOPIA

SUBMITTED TO: AKILLU M

SUBMITTED BY: ABEBECH ASCHALEW

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................................................iii
ABBREVIATIONAND ACRONYMS......................................................................................................iv
1. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background and Justification....................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem.............................................................................................................2
1.3. Significance of the study..............................................................................................................2
1.4. Objective......................................................................................................................................3
1.4.2. General Objective......................................................................................................................3
1.4.3 Specific objective........................................................................................................................3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................................4
2.1. Concept of Tree Planting Practices..............................................................................................4
2.2. History of Tree Planting Practices in Ethiopia.............................................................................5
2.3. Factors Affecting Tree Planting Practice.....................................................................................5
2.3.1. Labor...................................................................................................................................6
2.3.2. Capital.................................................................................................................................6
2.3.3. Markets................................................................................................................................7
2.3.4. Incentives.............................................................................................................................8
2.3.5. Governance, policies and institutions...................................................................................8
2.3.6. Land availability and use pattern.........................................................................................8
2.3.7. Population growth and energy source..................................................................................9
2.3.8. Biophysical Factors.............................................................................................................9
MATERIAL AND METHODS.................................................................................................................10
2.4. Description of the Study area.....................................................................................................10
2.4.1. Location and Geography.....................................................................................................10
2.4.2. Population...........................................................................................................................10
2.4.3. Climate...............................................................................................................................10
2.4.4. Topography........................................................................................................................10
2.4.5. Soil.....................................................................................................................................10
3.1.6. Vegetation.................................................................................................................................11
3.2 Sampling Method........................................................................................................................11
3.3 Data collection method..................................................................................................................11

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 3.4 Data Analysis....................................................................................................................................11
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................12
4.1. Description of back ground of the respondent...........................................................................12
4.2. Trends of tree planting practice in their farm land....................................................................13
4.3 Current Situation of Tree Planting Practices in the Study Area........................................................14
4.4 Factors Affecting Trees Planting Practices.......................................................................................15
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION......................................................................................17
5.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................17
5.2 Recommendation..............................................................................................................................17
6.REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................18

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ABBREVIATIONAND ACRONYMS
FAO Food and agricultural organization

HH Household

CSA central statistical agency of Ethiopia

MASL Meter above Sea Le

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 ABSTRACT
Natural forest has been cleared for a long period of time for agricultural expansion, for
exploitation of timber, charcoal, fire wood, urban and industrial expansion. This leads to
several shrinking of a natural forest. The existing remnant forest can longer stratify the
increasing demand for various forest products. This is why plantation program aim is an
important issue currently. As a result, people grow trees in the form of boundary
planting, scattered trees retained on farm land, trees around homesteads to satisfy their
needs. The main objective of this paper was to assess factors affecting tree planting
practice in their farm land. A sample of house hold was taken using simple random
sampling to make sampling fair and un-biased. The methodology mainly involved in the
collection of both quantitative and qualitative data using primary and secondary source.
The collected quantitative data was analyzed using MS-excel 2010 and described using
descriptive statistics tools such as average, percentage, tables, and graphs. In this study
area farmers plant different trees in their farm land and to the boarder for different
purpose. The major trees are Eucalyptus, Peach, Acacia, Junipers, Mango and Avocado.
Farmers trend of tree planting practice in their farm land becomes decrease because the
demand for agricultural land becomes increase as the population increase. In this area,
there are a number of factors that hinder the practice of farmer’s tree planting practice
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in their farm land like shortage of farm land, free grazing habit, wealth status of farmers,
the water scarcity problem, and shortage of labor. Out of this shortage of farm land,
water scarcity, and free grazing are ranked as the first factors in this study area. The tree
planting practice in this study area is affected by a number of problems as they are listed
above and then becomes decrease even if some farmers who have a large farmland size
practice it. Finally, we are recommended that different technologies should be introduce
like agroforestry practice to overcome the land shortage problem, water harvesting
technologies to overcome water scarcity, and implementation of zero grazing to solve
grazing effect.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background and Justification

Natural forest has been cleared for a long period of time for agricultural expansion, for
exploitation of timber, charcoal, firewood, urban and industrial expansion (FAO,1985)
Clearance of natural vegetation to meet the demand of an increasing human population
has been ongoing the process as the result of increasing demand for agricultural land that
result in expensive forest clearing for agricultural use the increasing livestock population
result in over grazing and an increase demand for fire wood and charcoal result that in
exploitation of existing forest for fuel wood and construction materials (FeyeraSebeta and
DemelTeketay, 2003; Soromessa, et al., 2004).

This leads to several shrinking of a natural forest. The existing remnant forest can longer
stratify the increasing demand for various forest products. This is why plantation program aim is
an important issue currently. A forestation an intention to provide rural community. It has been
featured permanently in the activity of forest service in the last couple decades .But it tend to be
over shadowed by the priory attachment to industrial plantation what is new in recent program is
the recognition that the scope and the wide spread dispersions of rural needs for local tree cover
is new so it can only be tackled in essentially self-help fashion by the people themselves and to
secure such participation tree growing attractive to them (FAO, 1985)

Since the 1990s the increase in the global forest plantation area has been significant,
especially in Asia where the plantation area has increased by approximately 24% between
1990 and 2005, and is expected to continue to grow (FAO, 2009). Asia is currently the
leading region in the world in forest plantation development, with representing 49% of
the global plantation area, including productive and protection functions. The natural
forest that has beentraditionally the main and cheapest source ofwood (Guizol and Aruan,
2004; Barr et al., 2006).

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The growing of trees by rural people in Ethiopia is not new. Boundary planting, scattered
trees retained on farm land; trees around homesteads are common feature in Ethiopia
(Sioholm, 1989). However, the extent varies according to agro –ecological zone and
patterns of agriculture.

1.2. Statement of the problem

Trees are the most important part of the farming system and source of economy for our country.
They play a great role in terms of ecological, social and economic well-being of the society. Tree
planting practice is done in different part of the country including Tembra keble and has a
contribution to increase forest coverage in Ethiopian. Farmers plant trees in their farmland for
different purpose such as fuel wood, house hold utensils, construction of their houses, and as a
nature including soil conservation measures. In our study area, some of the farmer’s plant trees
in their farm land even if it is not as such satisfactory. In another condition, some of the farmers
are going to harvest the trees that they were planted earlier. This may happen due to different
factors regarding to tree planting practice in their farm land. These initiates to research out on the
trend and the factor that influence tree planting practice in the study area.

1.3. Significance of the study

After the research will be conducted, the study will generate some basic information
regarding to farmer’stree planting practice in their farm land, and the major factors that
affect the tree planting practice in the study area. In turn, this information is used as a
source for agricultural development agencies and forestry sectors and maximizes the
farmer’s levelof tree planting practice, and to identify the major factors in scaling up the
practice well.This study will be expected to give direction for the society towards factors
affecting tree planting. It will also have used as reference materials for other researches
as well as agricultural offices.

1.4. Objective

1.4.2. General Objective

 The general objective of this study is to assess the factors affecting farmer’s tree planting
practice in their own farm land in case of tembra kebele

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1.4.3 Specific objective
 To assess the trends of tree planting practice in their farm land

 To determine the factors affecting tree planting practice in the study area.

 To rank out those factors that affect tree planting practice in their farm land.

Research question

 What is the status of tree planting practice in the study area?

 What are the factors affecting tree planting practice in the study area?

 What are the major factors affecting tree planting practice?

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Concept of Tree Planting Practices
Land tenure processes have long been closely associated with tree cultivation and
practice. Tree planting requires land, but the poorest farmers in the tropics generally have
very little ownership or access to private land, or only very small areas of land, such that
they have little choice but to plant staple food crops that provide annual returns, instead

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of the relatively slow growing trees (Salam et al., 2000). Hence, it is often found that
farmers with larger areas of land tend to plant and manage trees. More than the farmers
with limited land (Amacher et al., 1993). Sometimes, however, poor farmers with small
land areas have high densities of trees on Part of their farms, because they are dependent
on essential forests products (such as fuel wood). That may be otherwise scarce.
Furthermore, as farmers are often highly dependent on the limited resources produced on
their land for their livelihoods, they have an incentive for managing their crops, including
trees, in the most sustainable and efficient way (Sen. and Das, 1988). Small land areas
can also be more easily protected from damage (such as forest fires or diseases) and there
is an incentive to focus on quality production. On the other hand, small sized land
provides small volumes of wood, which can make harvesting and transportation to
market uneconomical. In some closed tree production was primary objective, in other
instance; cultivation was more concerned with traditional land tenure practice, such as
boundary demarcation. Forest cover was also used to protect and fortify villages. at the
household level trees biomass of woody served similar purpose of protection and
boundary demarcation and also used to livestock management. Tree also play role in
religious practice and as a source of medicines and food (FAO, 1988).

2.2. History of Tree Planting Practices in Ethiopia

Rural men and women in many areas have long been involved in the conservation and
cultivations of tree on agricultural land and forest areas. Until recently, there has been a
tendency to discount these indigenous practices of the main focus of the trees for
environmental projection or industrial timber production, the shift emphasis towards
forestry in partnership with rural people is therefore, a significant departure from earlier
perception, policies and practices (FAO, 1985).

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Traditional strategies from managing tree resource are dynamic by nature. They have
developed as a response to particular situation, reflecting a variety of cultural, social,
political, ecological and demographic factors (FAO, 1985). Ethiopia provides historical
examples of a public initiated fuel wood tree growing programs to promote the
production of foul wood for urban area.

In the late 1819’s, the Ethiopian emperor Menellik II introduced legislation to example
land planted with tree from taxation and arranged for the distribution of eucalyptus
seedling at normal price. This was response to an extreme scarcity wood around the new
capital of Addis Ababa which had been established in 1890. Although, the tree growing
program was slow to start by 1920 it was reported that “The streets and paths of Addis
Ababa began to look a vast continuous forest” (FAO, 1985).
2.3. Factors Affecting Tree Planting Practice
Rural tree planting programs should be used on understanding any traditional existing
tree cultivation or management system. This program may supplement as well as
understanding what has made the introduction of new methods of rural tree management
necessary in the first place (FAO,1985).
Due to lack of participation, unclear objectives, in security and negative consequence to
the rural life plantation intervention have-not been preserved well by the local people
(Bekele, Tesfaye 1997). Lack of technical knowledge is not usually the case of plantation
failure. In appropriate application of existing knowledge and excluding people from
broad management system (Jack son, 1989) and lack of considering local people attitude
and aspiration have been observed frequently starting with people could prevails the real
location of problem and constraints (FAO, 1985, GelenderBoketee, 1993).

2.3.1. Labor
If labor is a limiting factor, then tree planting can be favored as a relatively low labor-
demandingLand use option, whilst the limited labor can be allocated to other on-farm
(e.g. Agriculture) orOff-farm practices to provide regular income (Arnold and Dewees,
1997; Dewees and Saxena, 1997; Ravindran and Thomas, 2000). It has been found that
households whose main income is from off-farm sources are more likely to use their land
for tree planting than those households reliant on on-farm income (Salam et al. 2000).

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Sometimes, however, households with a large number of working age members are
positively correlated with tree planting activity which could be because in some remote
rural areas in the tropics, few off-farm income options are available for the unskilled
poor. Yet farmers do not always have enough capital to use the land for the most
profitable crop, due to high establishment or management costs (Dewees and Saxena
1997). If land is a limiting factor, and households have enough capital and labor,
livelihood practices with lower land requirements and high labor demand (and returns)
are more likely to be selected over tree planting (Dewees and Saxena 1997, Byron 2001).
If tree planting is selected as a livelihood option, adequate labor is required for the proper
establishment and management of the plantations (Evans 1992).

2.3.2. captial
Whether the farmers are willing to plant and manage trees with an objective to sell wood is
Influenced by the availability of functional markets (Arnold 2001).There are two main factors
that often complicate the markets s for small-scale wood production, namely low quantity and
quality. These complicating factors especially apply to farmers with small land areas and poor
silvicultural management skills (Arnold, 2001).

The small harvest volumes of small tree plantations may increase harvest and logistic Costs,
especially if located far away from the production plants and markets, making them less
attractive for the industries. Often, farmers that are located near the production plants and local
Markets, and with relatively good infrastructure, have good market conditions for planting and
managing trees (Scherr 2004). Furthermore, the lack of continuous supply from small-scale
plantations is a hindrance to industrial operations. The price of wood in the tropics can be held
low by the availability of cheaper non-wood substitutes or the availability of relatively cheaper
wood from natural forests, or by subsidies. Those are designed to promote agricultural crops or
other cash crops (Scherr 2004). Low and unstable market prices for wood are major
disadvantage for tree planters (Scherr, 2004).

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2.3.3. Incentives
Incentives can be defined as policy instruments increasing the comparative advantage of
forest Plantations and thus stimulating investments in plantation establishment and
management (Enters and Durst 2004). In order to encourage farmers’ tree planting
activity and management, and to maximize their profitability, farmers are provided with
different incentives such as land, seeds, seedlings, fertilizers or other planting material,
extension services, cash handouts, assistance in harvesting, and guaranteed markets. The
use of economic incentives can be essential in order to stimulate small-scale tree planting
(Carnea 1992).

2.3.4. Governance, policies and institutions

Government has a significant role to play in making smallholder tree planting more
profitable, and in creating for the right conditions to encourage adequate investment and
market development. This may be done by clear, consistent and stable policies and
regulations, as well as providing a conductive investment climate, incentives, secure land
rights, and adequate infrastructure and technology. In addition, governments can play a
significant role in supporting the action of farmers’ organizations, forest management
associations or other institutions that support small scale wood production and marketing
(Current et al. 1995, Enters and Durst 2004).

2.3.5. Land availability and use pattern

Plantation development require large area of the land so that it competes with other land
area specially with agriculture s which and any case conflict interest between the two
land use forms as well as state and community. Thus the success of plantation forestry the
great extent is affected by land availability brought under plantation development and
how tree planting is courage. (Elias,1992)

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2.3.6. Population growth and energy source
Deforestation is primarily believed table the consequence of the human population
growth which leads to expanded news for cropland grazing lands difficult to break the
vicious circle of poverty.
2.3.7. Biophysical Factors
All external conditions and influences are affecting the life and development of trees. The
following are regarded as the most important environmental factors like temperature.  Moisture
supply RadiantEnergy Composition of the atmospheres.  Soil aeration, soil structure, Soil
reaction, and bio tic factors. supply of mineral nutrient.bio tic factor disease - heavier
fertilization may increase vegetative growth and susceptibility to disease; insects weeds -
compete for moisture nutrients light allelopathy - harmful substances released by roots.,
Temperature is a measure of the intensity of heat. Plant growth occurs in a fairly narrow range -
60 - 100 degrees F. Temperature directly affect photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, loss of
water, absorption of water and nutrients.

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 MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.4. Description of the Study area

2.4.1. Location and Geography

The study area found in chilga wereda , central Gonder zone , Amhara regional state of
Ethiopia.). This kebele located at the distance of 7 k.m from Chilga town ,265 k.m from
bahirdar capital city of Amhara region and 307 k.m from Addis Ababa capital city of Ethiopia. .
The geographical location of the area is found at 10° 20' 58"N -37° 41' 36"E with the elevation
between1500-3200 meter above sea level(Tembra kebele office of agricultural,2010).

2.4.2. Population
Based on 2007national census conducted by central statistical agency of Ethiopia (CSA),Tembra
kebele hasan estimated total population of 6166; from these 3032 are males and 3134 are
females. Besides, the kebele have a total numbers of 668 households(Tembra kebele office of
agriculture, 2010).

2.4.3. Climate
The climate condition of Tembra kebelehas 5% of degas and 95% of woinadega, the annual rain
fall is 1500-2000mm and the average annual temperature is 18-25 0c ( Tembra kebele agriculture
office 2010).

2.4.4. Topography
The topography of Tembra kebele 25% of corrugate,35% of mountain and 40% of plane
(Tembra kebele agriculture office 2010).

2.4.5. Soil
The soil type of Tembra kebele is 74%of red ,10% of black and16% of brown( Tembra kebele
agriculture office 2007).

3.1.6. Vegetation
The total area of the vegetation is 255 hectares and the major type of vegetation’s which are
found in Tembra kebele are acacia, Graviellia, eucalyptus and juniper ( Tembra kebele
agriculture office 2007).

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3.2 Sampling Method
From 25 kebeles of chilga wereda, tembra kebele was selected purposively based on potentiality
of the area for tree planting practice and accessibility for our study. After this, a simple random
sampling technique will be used to collect data in order to achieve the target objective andget
factual data. The total numbers of households in the study area are 668. Due to the homogeneity
of households the simple random sampling methods will be used. Finally we select 86
households in order to collect data through using questioner.

We use the yemane formula

N
n=
1+ N ¿ ¿

Where

n=sample size

N=total house hold

E = simple standard error

668
e = 10% =0.1 then n ¿
1+ 668¿ ¿

=86 households.

3.3 Data collection method

The data will be collected from primary source and secondary source. The primary source
includes; household interview, questioner and personal observation of the study area. The
secondary data will be obtained from written documents of woreda agricultural office,
government reports, and internets.

3.4 Data Analysis

Those data’s will be collected from primary and secondary data sources will be analyzed using
descriptive staticsand MS-excel version 2010.And the results will be presented by
descriptivestatistical tools such as average, ratio, percentage, figure, graph, frequency table, pie
and bar charts.

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 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Description of back ground of the respondent

Explanatory terms used to describe the demographic characteristics of respondents are: sex, age,
family size, farmland size and education level.

Back-ground information of repondents

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2-Jan

7-Jun
5-Mar
Male

Read and write

Above 7
Female

Illiterate
15-30
31-45
46-60

Secondary school
Up to 0.5 ha
0.6 ha up to 1.5 ha

Greater than 2.5 ha

Total

Total

Primary school

Total
Above 60yrs

1.6 ha up to 2.5 ha
Total

Total
Sex Age Family size Farm land size Educational sta-
tus
1 2 3 4 5

Respondent Number Respondent Percent

Source: (Own Survey, 2018)

The above table show that sex distribution of the farmers, Age structures, Family size,
Educational status and Economical status from these (56%) of the respondents were male
household and (44%) were female household.
The second (15%) of the respondents were in the age group between15-30, (41%) between
the age group 31-45, （23%) between the age group 46-60, above 60 year(21%) . Therefore,
we can understand that the age classes between 31-45 farmers were more participate in
tree planting practice than the others age classes’ of farmers. Because of older farmers
have lack of energy and the youngest have lack land availability.
The third one Family size of the farming community determines the burden of duties
particularly during the planting, weeding, harvesting, and other farming activities,27%of
the respondent have1-2, 36%of the respondent have family size 3-5, 26% of the
respondent have 6-7 family size and 11% were age family size>7.

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The fourth farm land size of the farming community is very important to understand the
farmer’s tree planting practice, we can understand that (30%) of respondent have up to
0.5 hectare, 29%of the respondent have 0.6 Up to 1.5 hectare, 24% of the respondent
have 1.6 up to 2.5 hectare and17% of the respondent have greater than 2.5 hectare.
Therefore we can understand from the farmer, land size has factors that determine their
tree planting activity. Because of the most farmers or (30%) of farmer have less land size.
The fifth Educational level of the farming community is very important to understand
some new ideas, we can understand that 24(28%) of the respondents were illiterate,
25(29%) read and write, 20(23%) elementary and 17(20%) were secondary level. Those
of illiterate and read and write farmers were more likely to participate tree planting
practice.

4.2. Trends of tree planting practice in their farm land

Table 4.2 trends of tree planting practice in their farm land (1990-2009)

Trends of tree planting practice

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1990-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2009

Number of respondents Percentage (%)

The above table shows that the trends of tree planting practice in the farmer farm land
from 1990-2009, from 1990-1995 the trend of tree planting practice were (41%), from
1996-2000 the trend of tree planting practice were (31%), from2001-2005 the trend of
tree planting practice were (17%) and from 2006-2009 the trend of tree planting practice
were (11%). Therefore, us we have seen from above table the trends of tree planting
practice became decline.

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4.3 Current Situation of Tree Planting Practices in the Study Area

In Tembra kebele There are many characteristics of tree farming practice in the community
such as were plantation homestead and scatter tree of farmland. Different plantation and
naturally grown species of trees and shrubs scattered in the field found. The majority of
these trees were Eucalyptus, Cordia Africana, Acacia, juniper, chat, buckthorn, Peach and
Avocado were the most one.
More than 75% of the respondent have deliberately maintained trees on the farms while the rest
assets that they have been handed dawn a land with some trees on it or they have cut dawn the
few ruminant ones to meet their most urgent problems. We observed that some of the species
deliberately maintained on farms were generally indigenous species Acacia species (Acacia
abyssinica) because farmers well awareness of beneficial effect (soil fertility, maintenance and
other use of these species on their farming system. The farmers of 95% of the respondent
explained that they have been planting in most case Eucalyptus species this species were fast
growing and easily adapted the environment. Farmers easily adopted, the main reason of this
growing was for domestic uses like fuel wood, construction, income generate.

The most common trees planted by farmers

Most common trees planted by farmers

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Eucalyptus Peach Juniper Cordia Acacia Mango Avocado
Africana
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of respondents Percentage (%)

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The above chart shows that the most common tree planted by farmer from those, (21%) were
Eucalyptus, (16%) were peach, (14%) were juniper, (9%) were cordial africana, (15%) were
acacia, (13%) were mango and (12%) were buckthorn. The dominant plants in the study area
were Eucalyptus, because of the most farmers planting it.

4.4 Factors Affecting Trees Planting Practices

According to the perception of the major problems hindering them for trees planting the
study areas includes shortage of capital, shortages of land, water scarcity, policy issue,
labor and free grazing. In the table below shows percentage distribution of factors
affecting the tree planting practice.
Factors affecting tree planting practice in their farm land

Factors affecting tree planting practice

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
d ity g us ue r rs
an rc in at ss bo he
of
l a az st yi la t
s c gr l ic of O
g e er ee lth ge
rta at Fr ea Po ta
S ho W W
hor
S

Number of respondents Percentage (%)

The above chart shows that the factors affecting tree planting practice in their farm land. From
those, (25%) were shortage of land, (15%) were water scarcity, (19%) were free grazing, (10%)
were policy issue, (12%) were capital problem, (14%) were shortage of labor, (5%)were others.

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 The major factors affecting farmers tree planting practice

Major factors affecting tree planting

practice
40
35
30
25 Number of respondent
20
15
10
5
0
Shortage of land Water scarcity Free grazing
1 2 3

The above pie chart shows that the major factors affecting farmer’s tree planting practice from
those (40%) were shortage of land, (33%) were water scarcity and (27%) free grazing. Therefore,
us we have seen the dominant one from these was shortage of land.

The relationship between farm land size and farmRESULT ANers tree planting practice

Relationship between farm land size and tree

plantin practice
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
- 0.5 ha 0.6 ha up to 1.5 1.6 ha up to 2.5 > 2.5 ha
ha ha

Number of respondent who are practicing tree planting practice in their farm land
Percentage (%)
RESULT AN

The above chart shows that the relationship between farm land size and farmer’s tree planting
practice. From these farm land size up to 0.5ha number of respondent were (17%), farm land size
0.6ha-1.5ha number of respondent were (24%), farm land size 1.6 ha-2.5 ha number of respondent
were (29%) and farm land size greater than 2.5 ha the number of respondent were (30%).

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Therefore, us we understand from the above table when the farm land size increase the number of
respondent who participate in tree planting practice were also increase.

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
Natural forest has been cleared for a long period of time for agricultural expansion,
timber production, charcoal &fire, wood production, urban and industrial expansion.
Clearance of natural vegetation to meet the demand of an increasing human population
has been ongoing the process as the result of increasing demand for agricultural land that
result in expensive forest clearing for agricultural use the increasing livestock population
result in over grazing and an increase demand for fire wood and charcoal result that in
exploitation of existing forest for fuel wood and construction materials. It leads to
shrinking of a natural forest that can no longer stratify the increasing demand for various
forest products. This is why most farmers begun to planting trees in their farm land to
satisfy their increasing interest. But, there are a number of factors that hinder the practice
of farmer’s tree planting practice in their farm land like shortage of farm land, free
grazing habit, wealth status of farmers, the water scarcity problem, and shortage of labor.
Generally, the farmers tree planting practice in this study area is affected by a number of
problems as they are listed above and then becomes decrease even if some farmers who
have a large farmland size practice it.

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5.2 Recommendation
In order to strengthen the farmers tree planting practice in their farm land, the following
recommendations are suggested.

• There has to be introducing technologies like agroforestry practice to utilize their farm
land effectively and to solve the problem of farm land shortage

• There should be water harvesting technologies to harvest surplus amount of water to do

their work regarding to seedling production in the nursery and to solve problem of water
scarcity.

• Free grazing should be substituted by zero grazing to solve the problems of animal
encroachment and grazing.

• The extension services should have to train and orientate the farmers on how we can
implement technologies that are important for them regarding to effective utilization of
their farm land including tree planting activities.

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6.REFERENCES
Amacher, G.S., Hyde, W.F. and Rafiq, M. (1993). Local adoption of new forestry technologies:
An example from Pakistan’s northwest frontier province.World Development 21(3):
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Research implications.CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 40. CIFOR, Bogor.
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Appendex

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Survey questionnaires

Fully information about respondent

Name of respondent------------------District--------kebele--------------village-------

number Category
1 2 3 4 5
1 Sex male female
2 Age 18-35 36-55 56-75 >75
3 Married single double
4 education illiteracy Read and 1-4 grade 5-8 grade Secondary
write school
skill and above
capability
5 Family 1-2 3-5 6-7 >7
size
6 Land Ha 0.5ha 0.6ha-1.5Ha 1.6-2.5 ha >2.5ha
areas size

appendex

1. Do you have land? Yes/no

2 . If your answer is yes, what do you produce from the land?

3 Do you planting trees? Yes/no

4. If your answer yes what are these species you planting?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

5 . If your answer is no what is the reason? -------------------------------

6 . If your answer is yes for number 5 question why do you prefer the species?
-----------------

7. For what purpose? ----------------

A. fodder B. food C. fuel wood D. sale

E. medicine F. shade G. fence H. others

8. If your answer is for fodder what type of species you planting?

9. Where do you plant trees? ------------------------

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A in the garden C on the grazing land

B around home D in their farm land

E others

10 . IF your answer is in their farm land for what uses? .................................

A. for fence B .for food

C. for soil conservation D. fodder

13. What are the indigenous tree species on and around your farm land? -----------

14. Source of seed lings? ---------------------------------------

15. Sources of motivation? ----------------------------------------

16. Is tree production have good income for sustaining life? Yes/no

If yes what manner? ----------------------------------------------

17. Do you get attention service in relation to tree planting practice? ----------------

If yes what are these contribution-------------------------

18. Do you get any incentives for planting tree? Yes/no

If yes what did you get? ---------------------------

19. What are the challenges that you get in planting trees?

20. What types of site do you select for planting trees? ---------

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