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UCP Assignment Submission Format

The document is an assignment for an Introduction to Database course. It contains questions and answers about key database concepts. It defines a database, DBMS, RDBMS, advantages of DBMS, data redundancy, relationship types in databases, normalization and denormalization, normalization forms, BCNF, SQL, DDL, DML, DCL commands, and the roles of the query compiler and evaluation engine.

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Shk Hannan
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204 views

UCP Assignment Submission Format

The document is an assignment for an Introduction to Database course. It contains questions and answers about key database concepts. It defines a database, DBMS, RDBMS, advantages of DBMS, data redundancy, relationship types in databases, normalization and denormalization, normalization forms, BCNF, SQL, DDL, DML, DCL commands, and the roles of the query compiler and evaluation engine.

Uploaded by

Shk Hannan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB

Semester: 4th Section: BSCS (D2) Session: Fall 2022


Department: Computer Science
Subject: Introduction to Database
dd
Assignment 1
Student name: hannan
Roll no: l1f20bscs0439
Total Marks: ____Obtain Marks: ____Remarks: _______

Solution
Q1 what is database
A database is information that is set up for easy access, management and
updating. Computer databases typically store aggregations of data
records or files that contain information, such as sales transactions,
customer data, financials and product information.
Q2 what is DBMS
database management system (or DBMS) is essentially nothing more
than a computerized data-keeping system. Users of the system are given
facilities to perform several kinds of operations on such a system for
either manipulation of the data in the database or the management of the
database structure itself.
Q3 what is RDBMS
A Relation Database Management system (RDBMS) is a database
management system that is based on the relational model. It has the
following major components: Table, Record/Tuple/Row, Field, and
Column/Attribute. Examples of the most popular RDBMS are MYSQL,
Oracle, IBM DB2, and Microsoft SQL Server database.
Q4 advantages of dbms
Improved data sharing and data security.
Effective data integration.
Consistent, reliable data.
Data that complies with privacy regulations.
Increased productivity.
Better decision-making.
Q5 what is data redundancy

Data redundancy occurs when the same piece of data exists in multiple
places, whereas data inconsistency is when the same data exists in
different formats in multiple tables. Unfortunately, data redundancy can
cause data inconsistency, which can provide a company with unreliable
and/or meaningless information.
Q6 types of relations
There are three types of relationships between the data you are likely to
encounter at this stage in the design: one-to-one, one-to-many, and
many-to-many. To be able to identify these relationships, you need to
examine the data and have an understanding of what business rules
apply to the data and tables.
One to one: A one-to-one (1:1) relationship means that each record in
Table A relates to one, and only one, record in Table B, and each record
in Table B relates to one, and only one
One to many: A one-to-many (1:N) relationship means a record in Table
A can relate to zero, one, or many records in Table B. Many records in
Table B can relate to one record in Table A. The potential relationship is
what's important; for a single record in Table A, there might be no
related records in Table B, or there might be only one related record, but
there could be many.
Many to many: Each project can involve more than one employee and
each employee can be working on more than one project (the "do more
with less" thing). This constitutes a many-to-many (N:N) relationship.
Q7 what is normalization and de normalization
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database. This
includes creating tables and establishing relationships between those
tables according to rules designed both to protect the data and to make
the database more flexible by eliminating redundancy and inconsistent
dependency.
The goal of denormalization is to move data from normalized tables
back into a single table to have the data where it is needed.
Q8 normalization and its types
1NF
2NF
3NF
4NF
5NF
BCNF.
Q9 what is BCNF
BCNF (Boyce Codd Normal Form) is the advanced version of 3NF. A
table is in BCNF if every functional dependency X->Y, X is the super
key of the table. For BCNF, the table should be in 3NF, and for every
FD. LHS is super key.
Q10 what is sql
SQL is used to communicate with a database. According to ANSI
(American National Standards Institute), it is the standard language for
relational database management systems
DDL: DDL statements are similar to a computer programming language
for defining data structures, especially database schemas. Common
examples of DDL statements include CREATE, ALTER, and DROP.

A DML (data manipulation language) refers to a computer programming language that allows

you to add (insert), delete (delete), and alter (update) data in a database.
Data Control Language (or DCL) consists of statements that control security and concurrent

access to table data.

COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT are the TCL commands used in SQL. SQL COMMIT:

COMMIT command is used to permanently save any transaction into the database. The COMMIT

command saves all the transactions to the database since the last COMMIT or ROLLBACK

command.

Q11 commands

Ddl create drop alter

Dml insert delete update

Dcl save comit rollback

Q13 dml compiler

It translates DML statements in a query


language into low-level instruction that the
query evaluation engine can understand. What
is Query evaluation engine? It executes low-
level instruction generated by compiler.

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