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Lecture 5 CT

This document discusses frequency bands used for communication. It defines key terms like frequency, bandwidth, and the electromagnetic spectrum. It provides a table listing various frequency bands from Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) to Terahertz High Frequency (THF) along with their frequency ranges and wavelengths. It also describes some common applications of each frequency band, such as AM/FM radio, wireless networks, satellite communication, and medical imaging.

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Syed Junaid Iqbal
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19 views

Lecture 5 CT

This document discusses frequency bands used for communication. It defines key terms like frequency, bandwidth, and the electromagnetic spectrum. It provides a table listing various frequency bands from Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) to Terahertz High Frequency (THF) along with their frequency ranges and wavelengths. It also describes some common applications of each frequency band, such as AM/FM radio, wireless networks, satellite communication, and medical imaging.

Uploaded by

Syed Junaid Iqbal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(ET-334)

Instructor: Engr. Syed Junaid Iqbal

Lecture- 5
Frequency Bands
➢ Frequency is the rate of change of cycle (Positive and Negative) with
respect to time. A standard measure of frequency is hertz (Hz) number of
cycles per second
➢ A frequency band can be described as a collection of frequencies ranging

from a lower frequency to a higher frequency


Frequency Spectrum
➢ Available range of frequencies for communication

➢ Starts from low frequency communication such as voice and progresses

to high frequency communication such as satellite communication


Frequency Bands
Bandwidth
➢ Bandwidth in general represents a range of frequencies

➢ Communication speed is proportional to bandwidth Units used to

represent bandwidth are Hz, bps etc.


➢ Bandwidth is used to transfer data fast so you can easily access your
page to view it. The more bandwidth you have, the more faster you can
download more things
Bandwidth is 400 MHz

300 MHz 700 MHz


The Electromagnetic Spectrum
➢ Electromagnetic radiation is one of the forms in which energy travels
through space. The electromagnetic energy spreads out in the form of
visible light, radio waves, infrared rays, gamma rays, etc.
➢ The electromagnetic spectrum covers all the electromagnetic
radiations arranged according to their frequency and wavelength.
➢ The frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each
other. In the electromagnetic spectrum, the higher the frequency, the
lower the wavelength.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency Bands for Communication
Frequency Range Wavelength (Meters)
Extremely Low Frequency ELF 3 to 30 Hz 10,000 to 100,000 km
Super Low Frequency SLF 30 to 300 Hz 1000 to 10,000 km
Ultra Low Frequency ULF 300 to 3000 Hz 100 to 1000 km
Very Low Frequency VLF 3K to 30 KHz 10 to 1oo km
Low Frequency LF 30 to 300 KHz 1 to 10 km
Medium Frequency MF 300 to 3000 KHz 100 to 1000 m
High Frequency HF 3 to 30 MHz 10 to 100 m
Very High Frequency VHF 30 to 300 MHz 1 to 10 m
Ultra High Frequency UHF 300 to 3000 MHz 10 to 100 cm
Super High Frequency SHF 3 to 30 GHz 1 to 10 cm
Extremely High Frequency EHF 30 to 300 GHz 1 to 10 mm
Terahertz High Frequency THF 300 to 3000 GHz 10 to 100 mm
Frequency Bands and Applications
Here is an overview of the applications of frequency bands
➢ ELF - This frequency band is used for underwater communication, especially for
pipeline transportation.
➢ SLF - Used for submarine communications and in the electric grid

➢ ULF - Used for mining communications and military applications.

➢ VLF - As this band of frequency exhibits penetration properties through dirt and
rock, it is used for geophysics applications, navigation, wireless heart monitoring, etc.
➢ LF - In Europe and some parts of Asia, the LF band is used in AM broadcasting.
Other LF band applications include RFID and navigation
➢ MF - This frequency band covers AM broadcasting, coast-to-sea communication,
emergency distress signals etc.
➢ HF - This band is also called the short wave band. It is most useful in aviation
communication, radio communication and weather broadcasting applications
Frequency Bands and Applications

➢ VHF - This band is used for analog television broadcasting, FM radio broadcasting,
medical equipment utilizing magnetic resonance imaging, mobile-land and marine
communication systems
➢ UHF - This frequency band is significant in modern wireless communication
systems with applications in satellite television, Wi-Fi, GPS, Bluetooth, television
broadcasting, mobile communications such as GSM, CDMA and LTE services
➢ SHF - Modern communications technologies, modern radars, 5GHz Wi-Fi channel,
mobile networks, TV broadcasting satellites, microwave devices, broadcasting
satellites, and radio wave are some of the applications of SHF
➢ EHF - EHF is used in radio astronomy, remote sensing at microwave frequency, and
high-frequency microwave relays
➢ THF - THF is utilized as an alternative to X-ray and is used in Terahertz frequency
imaging. Other applications include terahertz space-time spectroscopy and solid-state
physics

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