Visual effects (commonly shortened to Visual F/X or VFX) are the various processes by which imagery is created and/or

manipulated outside the context of a live action shoot. Visual effects involve the integration of live-action footage and generated imagery to create environments which look realistic, but would be dangerous, costly, or simply impossible to capture on film. Visual effects using computer generated imagery (CGI) have become increasingly common in bigbudget films, and have also recently become accessible to the amateur filmmaker with the introduction of affordable animation and compositing software.

Overview of the Visual Effects Process A typical movie might have 1,000 to 1,500 shots. A shot might be one or two seconds long, or 30 to 60 seconds long. In "The Patriot," the longest shot that the team handled was about 1,000 frames. A given scene in a movie might be filmed with a number of different cameras so that there are wide vistas, close-ups, changes of perspective and so on. In the final movie, these different viewpoints are mixed together to create the scene. Therefore a single scene might contain dozens of individual shots. By splicing all of the shots together in the correct order you create the complete movie. Hollywood movies are typically shot on 35mm film at 24 frames per second. The first step of the visual effects process is deciding which of the shots need to have visual effects applied to them. For example, in "The Patriot," 150 of the shots in the film required visual effects. The rolls of film for these shots are sent to CFX to be scanned. CFX uses a Kodak Cineon scanner capable of up to 4,096 dots of resolution (4,096 X 3,112 dots per frame). "The Patriot" was scanned at 2K resolution (2,048 x 1,556 dots per frame), and the 150 shots and all of the intermediate files consumed about 1.6 terabytes of disk space. Once it is digitized, a shot may go through a number of 3-D artists. A big part of realistic computer generated effects is the creation of 3-D models and characters, a process that includes a number of steps. These include:

3-D Tracking - The tracking department uses markers added to the scene to create a 3-D model of the scene and then a 3-D camera. The goal is for the 3D camera to exactly mimic the motion of the real camera so that the 3-D

elements added to the scene look right and move correctly as the camera moves in the actual scene. 3-D modeling - A 3-D model is a collection of shapes that form the outside of the object being modeled. For example, the soldiers in "The Patriot" are formed from a combination of spheres, cylinders and other shapes that are molded on the computer screen into exactly the right configuration to look like a soldier. 3-D setup - Setup is the process of adding a "skeleton" of bones and joints to a 3-D model so that the different shapes in the model move correctly with respect to one another. In some cases the bones and joints are created by hand. In other cases they come from motion capture data (see below). 3-D animation - In the animation process, an artist choreographs the movement of a 3-D character. 2-D painting - Painting is used extensively by any visual effects team. With painting the team can: o o o o Create matte paintings for backdrops Paint out wires, harnesses, brackets and other safety equipment Paint over the "holes" sometimes created by rotoscoping Touch up things like grass that has lawn mower tracks in it (see Example 2 below)

2-D compositing - Compositing is the process of adding all of the different layers of a shot together to create the final shot. In the example shown in the previous section, the composited layers included the rotoscoped piece of the original shot, the water, the painting of the town, the boats on the water, the cannon fire from the boats, the people in the town, the smoke over the town and a new explosion. The compositing artist incorporates all of the elements in the right order so they overlay each other properly to create the final shot.

A visual effects team is responsible for all of the effects shots in a single film. At CFX, a team consists of a producer, several supervisors (for example a 3-D supervisor, a 2-D supervisor, etc.) and a number of artists. One of the first tasks for

the team is the research and development process. For example, in the production of "The Patriot," a fair amount of R&D time was spent on creating soldiers and then groups of soldiers that look realistic when added to a scene. The team then uses what it creates during the R&D process to manipulate the shots it is responsible for. This is not a quick process -- a film takes about a year to create. With the help of the supervisors and artists on the team as well as the film's director, the producer's job is to look at all of the shots, understand what the director wants to change in each one and then estimate the amount of time that all of the tasks will take. From these estimates a huge production schedule is built in a tool like Microsoft Project and the team executes against this schedule.

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