ADVANCED COMPUTER

NETWORKS

Dr. Irfana Memon

Department of CSE, QUEST

https://sites.google.com/a/quest.edu.pk/dr-irfana-memon/lecture-slides
Course Content
NO TOPIC
01 Introduction: Motivations of studying networking

02 Foundation (Problem: Building a network)

03 Models
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
Chapter 03
Models
 Chapter 2: Outline

• Network Architecture
• OSI Model
• TCP/IP Model
• Issues on each layer of OSI Model
 Network Architecture
• The challenge is to fill the gap between hardware
capabilities and application expectations, and to do so
while delivering “good” performance

• Designers cope with this complex task by developing a

network architecture as a guideline
– Protocol standards
– Layering (Internet Model)
 Communication Architecture
• Strategy for connecting host computers and other
communicating equipment.
• Defines necessary elements for data communication
between devices.
• A communication architecture, therefore, defines a
standard for the communicating hosts.
• A programmer formats data in a manner defined by the
communication architecture and passes it on to the
communication software.
• Separating communication functions adds flexibility,
for example, we do not need to modify the entire host
software to include more communication devices.
 Why do we need layered
architecture?
•Divide-and-conquer approach: Divide-and-conquer approach
makes a design process in such a way that the unmanageable
tasks are divided into small and manageable tasks. In short, we
can say that this approach reduces the complexity of the design.
•Modularity: Layered architecture is more modular. Modularity
provides the independence of layers, which is easier to
understand and implement.
•Easy to modify: It ensures the independence of layers so that
implementation in one layer can be changed without affecting
other layers.
•Easy to test: Each layer of the layered architecture can be
analyzed and tested individually.
Layered Architecture

• Layer architecture simplifies the network design.

• It is easy to debug network applications in a layered architecture
network.
• The network management is easier due to the layered architecture.
Network layers follow a set of rules, called protocol.
• The protocol defines the format of the data being exchanged, and the
control and timing for the handshake between layers.
 Basic Elements Of Layered
Architecture
• The basic elements of layered architecture are services,
protocols, and interfaces.
• Service: It is a set of actions that a layer provides to
the higher layer.
• Protocol: It defines a set of rules that a layer uses to
exchange the information with peer entity. These
rules mainly concern about both the contents and
order of the messages used.
• Interface: It is a way through which the message is
transferred from one layer to another layer.
Open System Interconnection (OSI)
Model
• International standard organization (ISO) established a
committee in 1977 to develop an architecture for
computer communication.
• Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is
the result of this effort.
• In 1984, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model was approved as an international
standard for communications architecture.
• Term “open” denotes the ability to connect any two
systems which conform to the reference model and
associated standards.
 OSI Reference Model
• The OSI model is now considered the primary Architectural
model for inter-computer communications.
• The OSI model describes how information or data makes its
way from application programmes (such as spreadsheets)
through a network medium (such as wire) to another
application programme located on another network.
• The OSI reference model divides the problem of moving
information between computers over a network medium
into SEVEN smaller and more manageable problems .
• This separation into smaller more manageable functions is
known as layering.
 Characteristics of OSI Model
• The OSI model is divided into two layers:
upper layers and lower layers.
• The upper layer of the OSI model mainly
deals with the application related issues,
and they are implemented only in the
software. The application layer is closest
to the end user. Both the end user and the
application layer interact with the
software applications. An upper layer
refers to the layer just above another layer.
• The lower layer of the OSI model deals with the data transport issues.
The data link layer and the physical layer are implemented in hardware
and software. The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model and
is closest to the physical medium. The physical layer is mainly
responsible for placing the information on the physical medium.
OSI Reference Model- 7 Layers
 OSI : A layered network model
• The process of breaking up the functions or tasks of
networking into layers reduces complexity.
• Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the
protocol specification.
• Each layer communicates with the same layer’s software or
hardware on other computers.
• The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link and physical
—Layers 4, 3, 2, and 1) are concerned with the flow of data
from end to end through the network.
• The upper four layers of the OSI model (application,
presentation and session—Layers 7, 6 and 5) are orientated
more toward services to the applications.
• Data is Encapsulated with the necessary protocol information
as it moves down the layers before network transit.
 OSI : Physical Layer
• Provides physical interface for transmission of information.
• Defines rules by which bits are passed from one system to another on a
physical communication medium.
• Covers all - mechanical, electrical, functional and procedural - aspects
for physical communication.
• Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical
data rates, maximum transmission distances, physical connectors, and
other similar attributes are defined by physical layer specifications.
 Functions Of Physical Layer
• Line Configuration: It defines the way how two or more
devices can be connected physically.
• Data Transmission: It defines the transmission mode
whether it is simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex mode
between the two devices on the network.
• Topology: It defines the way how network devices are
arranged.
• Signals: It determines the type of the signal used for
transmitting the information.
OSI : Data Link Layer
• Data link layer attemptsto provide reliable communication
over the physical layer interface.
• Breaks the outgoing data into frames and reassemble the
received frames.
• Create and detect frame boundaries.
• Handle errors by implementing an acknowledgementand
retransmission scheme.
• Implement flow control.
• Supports points-to-point as well as broadcast
communication.
• Supports simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex communication.
 OSI : Network Layer
• Implements routing of frames (packets) through the
network.
• Defines the most optimum path the packet should take
from the source to the destination
• Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be
identified.
• Handles congestion in the network.
• Facilitates interconnection between
heterogeneous networks (Internetworking).
• The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet into
smaller packets to accommodate different media.
 OSI : Transport Layer
• Purpose of this layer is to provide a reliable mechanism for
the exchange of data between two processes in different
computers.
• Ensures that the data units are delivered error free.
• Ensures that data units are delivered in sequence.
• Ensures that there is no loss or duplication of data units.
• Provides connectionless or connection oriented service.
• Provides for the connection management.
• Multiplex multiple connection over a single channel.
 OSI : Session Layer
• Session layer provides mechanism for controlling the dialogue
between the two end systems. It defines how to start, control
and end conversations (called sessions) between applications.
• This layer requests for a logical connection to be established on
an end-user’s request.
• Any necessary log-on or password validation is also handled
by this layer.
• Session layer is also responsible for terminating the connection.
• This layer provides services like dialogue discipline which can
be full duplex or half duplex.
• Session layer can also provide check-pointing mechanism such
that if a failure of some sort occurs between checkpoints, all
data can be retransmitted from the last checkpoint.
 OSI : Presentation Layer
• Presentation layer defines the format in which the data is
to be exchanged between the two communicating entities.
• Also handles data compression and data
encryption (cryptography).
 OSI : Application Layer

• Application layer interacts with application programs and

is the highest level of OSI model.
• Application layer contains management functions to
support distributed applications.
• Examples of application layer are applicationssuch as file
transfer, electronic mail, remote login etc.
OSI : Summary
 OSI in Action
• A message begins at the
top application layer
and moves down the
OSI layers to the bottom
physical layer.
• As the message
descends, each
successive OSI model
layer adds a header to it.
• A header is layer-
specific information that
basically explains what
functions the layer
carried out.
• Conversely, at the
receiving end, headers
are striped from the
message as it travels up
the corresponding
layers.
Direct Link Issues in the OSI and
Hardware/Software Contexts
application

presentation user-level software

session

transport reliability kernel software

network (device drivers)

data link framing, error detection, MAC

physical hardware
encoding
(network adapter)
 TCP/IP Protocol SUITE
• The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior to the OSI
model.
• Therefore, the layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not
match exactly with those in the OSI model.
• The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as four
software layers built upon the hardware.
• Today, however, TCP/IP is thought of as a five-layer model
with the layers named similarly to the ones in the OSI model.
TCP/IP Protocol SUITE
TCP/IP and OSI model
Addresses in the TCP/IP protocol suite
Direct Link Issues in the OSI and
Hardware/Software Contexts
application

presentation user-level software

session

transport reliability kernel software

network (device drivers)

data link framing, error detection, MAC

physical hardware
encoding
(network adapter)
 Data Link Layer Design Issues
• Services Provided to the Network Layer
• Framing
• Error Detection and Correction
• Flow Control
 Physical Layer Issues

• Range
Application
• Data rate
• Bit (symbol) error rate
Transport
• Bit (symbol) coding
Network • Power management
• Link monitoring
Data Link • Etc., etc.

Physical
 Data Link Layer Issues
• Frame size & overhead
• Frame error rate, error
recovery (ARQ)
Application
• Forward error correction
Transport • Multiple access
• Handoff
Network • Power management
• Link monitoring
Data Link

Physical
 Network Layer Issues
• Packet size & overhead
• Routing overhead
Application • Mobile host routing
• Mobile ad hoc routing
Transport • Quality of service
• Congestion control
Network
• Layer-3 gateway services
Data Link • Power management

Physical
 Transport Layer Issues
• Connection overhead
• End-to-end error
Application recovery and flow
control efficiency
Transport • Connection-level quality
of service
Network • Transport-level gateway
services
Data Link • Connectivity across
handoffs
Physical
 Application Layer Issues
• Encryption and
decryption
• Data-specific source
Application
encoding
• Application-level
Transport quality of service
• Power management
Network
• User interface
• New classes of mobile
Data Link
applications
Physical
Wish You Good Luck