Experiment No.

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Aim: Identifying the Computer hardware like input output devices, CPU,
motherboard, Buses etc.

Introduction

Computer Hardware is the physical part of a computer, as distinguished from

the computer software that executes or runs on the hardware. The hardware
of a computer is infrequently changed, while software and data are modified
frequently. The term soft refers to readily created, modified, or erased. These
are unlike the physical components within the computer which are hard.

When you think of the term computer hardware you probably think of the
guts inside your personal computer at home or the one in your classroom.
However, computer hardware does not specifically refer to personal
computers. Instead, it is all types of computer systems. Computer hardware is
in embedded systems in automobiles, microwave ovens, CD players, DVD
players, and many more devices. In 2003, only 0.2% of all microprocessors
sold were for personal computers. How many other things in your house or
your classroom use computer hardware?

Inside Computer

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Motherboard

The motherboard is the body or mainframe of the computer, through which

all other components interface. It is the central circuit board making up a
complex electronic system. A motherboard provides the electrical
connections by which the other components of the system communicate. The
mother board includes many components such as: central processing unit
(CPU), random access memory (RAM), firmware, and internal and external
buses.

Motherboard

Central Processing Unit

The Central Processing Unit (CPU; sometimes just called processor) is a

machine that can execute computer programs. It is sometimes referred to as
the brain of the computer.

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CPU Diagram

There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their
operation: fetch, decode, execute, and writeback. The first step, fetch,
involves retrieving an instruction from program memory. In the decode step,
the instruction is broken up into parts that have significance to other portions
of the CPU. During the execute step various portions of the CPU, such as
the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the floating point unit (FPU) are connected
so they can perform the desired operation. The final step, writeback, simply
writes back the results of the execute step to some form of memory.

Random Access Memory

Random access memory (RAM) is fast-access memory that is cleared when

the computer is power-down. RAM attaches directly to the motherboard, and
is used to store programs that are currently running. RAM is a set of
integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order (why
it is called random). There are many different types of RAMs. Distinctions
between these different types include: writable vs. read-only, static vs.
dynamic, volatile vs. non-volatile, etc.

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RAM

Firmware

Firmware is loaded from the Read only memory (ROM) run from the Basic
Input-Output System (BIOS). It is a computer program that is embedded in a
hardware device, for example a microcontroller. As it names suggests,
firmware is somewhere between hardware and software. Like software, it is a
computer program which is executed by a microprocessor or a
microcontroller. But it is also tightly linked to a piece of hardware, and has
little meaning outside of it. Most devices attached to modern systems are
special-purpose computers in their own right, running their own software.
Some of these devices store that software (“firmware”) in a ROM within the
device itself

Power Supply

The power supply as its name might suggest is the device that supplies power
to all the components in the computer. Its case holds a transformer, voltage
control, and (usually) a cooling fan. The power supply converts about 100-120
volts of AC power to low-voltage DC power for the internal components to
use. The most common computer power supplies are built to conform with
the ATX form factor. This enables different power supplies to be
interchangeable with different components inside the computer. ATX power
supplies also are designed to turn on and off using a signal from the
motherboard, and provide support for modern functions such as standby
mode.

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Removable Media Devices

If your putting something in your computer and taking it out is most likely a
form of removable media. There are many different removable media
devices. The most popular are probably CD and DVD drives which almost
every computer these days has at least one of. There are some new disc
drives such as Blu-ray which can hold a much larger amount of information
then normal CDs or DVDs. One type of removable media which is becoming
less popular is floppy disk.

CD

CDs are the most common type of removable media. They are inexpensive
but also have short life-span. There are a few different kinds of CDs. CD-ROM
which stands for Compact Disc read-only memory are popularly used to
distribute computer software although any type of data can be stored on
them. CD-R is another variation which can only be written to once but can be
read many times. CD-RW (rewritable) can be written to more than once as
well as read more than once. Some other types of CDs which are not as
popular include Super Audio CD (SACD), Video Compact Discs (VCD), Super
Video Compact Discs (SVCD), Photo CD, Picture CD, CD-i, and Enhanced CD.

CD-ROM Drive

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There are two types of devices in a computer that use CDs: CD-ROM drive and
a CD writer. The CD-ROM drive used for reading a CD. The CD writer drive can
read and write a CD. CD writers are much more popular are new computers
than a CD-ROM drive. Both kinds of CD drives are called optical disc drives
because the use a laser light or electromagnetic waves to read or write data
to or from a CD.

DVD

DVDs (digital versatile discs) are another popular optical disc storage media
format. The main uses for DVDs are video and data storage. Most DVDs are of
the same dimensions as compact discs. Just like CDs there are many different
variations. DVD-ROM has data which can only be read and not written. DVD-R
and DVD+R can be written once and then function as a DVD-ROM. DVD-RAM,
DVD-RW, or DVD+RW hold data that can be erased and re-written multiple
times. DVD-Video and DVD-Audio discs respectively refer to properly
formatted and structured video and audio content. The devices that use DVDs
are very similar to the devices that use CDs. There is a DVD-ROM drive as well
as a DVD writer that work the same way as a CD-ROM drive and CD writer.
There is also a DVD-RAM drive that reads and writes to the DVD-RAM
variation of DVD.

DVD

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Blu-ray

Blu-ray is a newer optical disc storage media format. Its main uses are high-
definition video and data storage. The disc has the same dimensions as a CD
or DVD. The term “Blu-ray” comes from the blue laser used to read and write
to the disc. The Blu-ray discs can store much more data then CDs or DVDs. A
dual layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50GB, almost six times the capacity of a
dual layer DVD (WOW!). Blu-ray discs have similar devices used to read them
and write to them as CDs have. A BD-ROM drive can only read a Blu-ray disc
and a BD writer can read and write a Blu-ray disc.

Floppy Disk

A floppy disk is a type of data storage that is composed of a disk of thin,

flexible(“floppy”) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or
rectangular plastic shell. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk
drive. Floppy disks are a dying and being replaced by the optical and flash
drives. Many new computers do not come with floppy drives anymore but
there are a lot of older ones with floppy drives lying around. While floppy
disks are very cheap the amount of storage on them compared to the amount
of storage for the price of flash drives makes floppy disks unreasonable to
use.

Floppy Disk

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Internal Storage

Internal storage is hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use
and remains persistent even when the computer has no power. There are a
few different types of internal storage. Hard disks are the most popular type
of internal storage. Solid-state drives have grown in popularity slowly. A disk
array controller is popular when you need more storage then a single hard
disk can hold.

Hard Disk Drive

A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally
encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. Just about
every new computer comes with a hard disk these days unless it comes with a
new solid-state drive. Typical desktop hard disk drives store between 120 and
400GB, rotate at 7,200 rpm, and have a media transfer rate of 1 Gbit/s or
higher. Hard disk drives are accessed over one of a number of bus types,
including parallel ATA(also called IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), SCSI, Serial Attached
SCSI, and Fibre Channel.

Hard Drive

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Solid-State Drive

A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device that uses solid-state memory
to store persistent data. An SSD emulates a hard disk drive, thus easily
replacing it in any application. SSDs have begun to appear in laptops because
they can be smaller than HDDs. SSDs are currently more expensive per unit of
capacity than HDDs which is why they have not caught on so quickly.

Disk Array Controller

A disk array controller is a device which manage the physical disk drives and
presents them to the computer as logical units. It almost always implements
hardware RAID. RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Drives) is a
technology that employs the simultaneous use of two or more hard disk
drives to achieve greater levels of performance, reliability, and/or larger data
volume sizes. A disk array controller also provides additional disk cache.

Buses

A bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components

inside a computer or between computers. Unlike a point-to-point connection,
a bus can logically connect several peripherals over the same set of wires.
Each bus defines its set of connectors to physically plug devices, cards or
cables together. There are two types of buses: internal and external. Internal
buses are connections to various internal components. External buses are
connections to various external components. There are different kinds of
slots that internal and external devices can connect to.

Internal

Types of Slots

There are many different kinds of internal buses, but only a handful of
popular ones. Different computers come with different kinds and number of
slots. It is important to know what kind and number of slots you have on your
computer before you go out and by a card that matches up to a slot you don’t
have.

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PCI

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is common in modern PCs. This kind

of bus is being succeeded by PCI Express. Typical PCI cards used in PCs
include: network cards, sound cards, modems, extra ports such as USB or
serial, TV tuner cards and disk controllers. Video cards have outgrown the
capabilities of PCI because of their higher bandwidth requirements.

PCI Slots

PCI Express

PCI Express was introduced by Intel in 2004. It was designed to replace the
general-purpose PCI expansion bus and the AGP graphics card interface. PCI
express is not a bus but instead a point-to-point connection of serial links
called lanes. PCI Express cards have faster bandwidth then PCI cards which
make them more ideal for high-end video cards.

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PCMCIA

PCMCIA (also referred to as PC Card) is the type of bus used for laptop
computers. The name PCMCIA comes from the group who developed the
standard: Personal Computer Memory Card International Association.
PCMCIA was originally designed for computer memory expansion, but the
existence of a usable general standard for notebook peripherals led to many
kinds of devices being made available in this form. Typical devices include
network cards, modems, and hard disks.

AGP

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for

attaching a graphics card to a computer’s motherboard, primarily to assist in
the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. AGP has been replaced over the
past couple years by PCI Express. AGP cards and motherboards are still
available to buy, but they are becoming less common.

AGP Slot

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Types Of Cards

Video Card

A video card (also known as graphics card) is an expansion card whose

function is to generate and output images to a display. Some video cards
offer added functions, such as video capture, TV tuner adapter, ability to
connect multiple monitors, and others. Most video cards all share similar
components. They include a graphics processing unit (GPU) which is a
dedicated microprocessor optimized for 3D graphics rendering. It also
includes a video BIOS that contains the basic program that governs the video
card’s operations and provides the instructions that allow the computer and
software to interface with the card. If the video card is integrated in the
motherboard, it may use the computer RAM memory. If it is not it will have
its own video memory called Video RAM. This kind of memory can range from
128MB to 2GB. A video card also has a RAMDAC (Random Access Memory
Digital-to-Analog Converter) which takes responsibility for turning the digital
signals produced by the computer processor into an analog signal which can
be understood by the computer display. Lastly, they all have outputs such as
an HD-15 connector (standard monitor cable), DVI connector, S-Video,
composite video or component video.

Graphics Card

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Sound Card

A sound card is an expansion card that facilitates the input and output of
audio signals to/from a computer under control of computer programs.
Typical uses for sound cards include providing the audio component for
multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio,
presentation/education, and entertainment. Many computers have sound
capabilities built in, while others require additional expansion cards to
provide for audio capability.

Network Card

A network card is an expansion card that allows computers to communicate

over a computer network. It allows users to connect to each other either by
using cables or wirelessly. Although other network technologies exist,
Ethernet has achieved near-ubiquity for a while now. Every Ethernet network
card has a unique 48-bit serial number called a MAC address, which is stored
in ROM carried on the card. You can learn more about networking in the
introduction to networking lesson.

Network Card

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External

Types of Connections

USB

USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a serial bus standard to interface devices. USB
was designed to allow many peripherals to be connected using a single
standardized interface socket and to improve the plug-and-play capabilities
by allowing devices to be connected and disconnected without rebooting the
computer. Other convenient features include providing power to low-
consumption devices without the need for an external power supply and
allowing many devices to be used without requiring manufacturer specific,
individual device drivers to be installed. USB is by far the dominating bus for
connecting external devices to your computer.

USB Connectors

Firewire

Firewire (technically known as IEEE 1394 and also known as I. LINK for Sony) is
a serial bus interface standard for high-speed communications and
isochronous real-time data transfer, frequently used in a personal computer.
Firewire has replaced Parallel ports in many applications. It has been adopted
as the High-Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance (HANA) standard
connection interface for A/V (audio/visual) component communication and
control. Almost all modern digital camcorders have included this connection.

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Fire wire Cable

PS/2

The PS/2 connector is used for connecting some keyboards and mice to a PC
compatible computer system. The keyboard and mouse interfaces are
electrically similar with the main difference being that open collector outputs
are required on both ends of the keyboard interface to allow bidirectional
communication. If a PS/2 mouse is connected to a PS/2 keyboard port, the
mouse may not be recognized by the computer depending on configuration.

PS/2 Ports

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Devices

Removable Storage

The same kinds of CD and DVD drives that could come built-in on your
computer can also be attached externally. You might only have a CD-ROM
drive built-in to your computer but you need a CD writer to burn CDs. You can
buy an external CD writer that connects to your USB port and acts the same
way as if it was built-in to your computer. The same is true for DVD writers,
Blu-ray drives, and floppy drives. Flash drives have become very popular
forms of removable storage especially as the price of flash drives decreases
and the possible size for them increases. Flash drives are usually USB ones
either in the form USB sticks or very small, portable devices. USB flash drives
are small, fast, removable, rewritable, and long-lasting. Storage capacities
range from 64MB to 32GB or more. A flash drive does not have any
mechanically driven parts so as opposed to a hard drive which makes it more
durable and smaller usually.

USB Flash Drive

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Non-removable Storage

Non-removable storage can be a hard drive that is connected externally.

External hard drives have become very popular for backups, shared drives
among many computers, and simply expanding the amount of hard drive
space you have from your internal hard drive. External hard drives come in
many shapes and sizes like flash drives do. An external hard drive is usually
connected by USB but you can also have a networked hard drive which will
connect to your network which allows all computers on that network to
access that hard drive.

Input

Input devices are absolutely crucial to computers. The most common input
devices are mice and keyboards which barely every computer has. A new
popular pointing device that may eventually replace the mouse is touch
screen which you can get on some tablet notebooks. Other popular input
devices include microphones, webcams, and fingerprint readers which can
also be built in to modern laptops and desktops. A scanner is another popular
input device that might be built-in to your printer.

Webcam

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Output

There are lots of different kinds of output devices that you can get for your
computer. The absolute most common external output device is a monitor.
Other very popular output devices are printers and speakers. There are lots of
different kinds of printers and different sizes of speakers for your computer.
Monitors are connected usually through the HD-15 connector on your video
card. Printers are usually connected through a USB port. Speakers have their
own audio out port built-in to the sound card.

Monitor

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 Experiment No. 2

Aim: Basic operations of Operating System:

Creating file

Directory

Removing file

Directory

Date time setting

Renaming etc. internal and external commands.

The file system consists of 2 distinct parts:

a collection of files, that store related data, and a directory structure, which
organizes and provides information about all the files in the system.

File attributes

A file is named, for the ease of its users and is referred by its name. A name
is usually a string of characters like filename.cpp, along with an extension
which designates the file format. Some systems (like Linux) distinguish
between uppercase and lowercase characters in names, whereas other
systems don't. When a file is given a name, it becomes independent of the
process, the user and also the system which created it. Let's suppose, one
user might make the file filename.cpp, and another user might be editing
that file by deducing its name. The file's owner may write the file to a
compact disk (CD) or send it via an e-mail or copy it across a network, and it
could still be called filename.cpp on the destination system.

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Fundamental components of a file

A file's attributes vary from one operating system to another but typically
consist of these:

Name: Name is the symbolic file name and is the only information kept in
human readable form.

Identifier: This unique tag is a number that identifies the file within the file
system; it is in non-human-readable form of the file.

Type: This information is needed for systems which support different types
of files or its format.

Location: This information is a pointer to a device which points to the

location of the file on the device where it is stored.

Size: The current size of the file (which is in bytes, words, etc.) which
possibly the maximum allowed size gets included in this attribute.

Protection: Access-control information establishes who can do the reading,

writing, executing, etc.

Date, Time & user identification: This information might be kept for the
creation of the file, its last modification and last used. These data might be
useful for in the field of protection, security, and monitoring its usage.

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Operations on the File

A file is a collection of logically related data that is recorded on the

secondary storage in the form of sequence of operations. The content of the
files are defined by its creator who is creating the file. The various
operations which can be implemented on a file such as read, write, open
and close etc. are called file operations. These operations are performed by
the user by using the commands provided by the operating system. Some
common operations are as follows:

1.Create operation:

This operation is used to create a file in the file system. It is the most widely
used operation performed on the file system. To create a new file of a
particular type the associated application program calls the file system. This
file system allocates space to the file. As the file system knows the format of
directory structure, so entry of this new file is made into the appropriate
directory.

2. Open operation:

This operation is the common operation performed on the file. Once the file
is created, it must be opened before performing the file processing
operations. When the user wants to open a file, it provides a file name to
open the particular file in the file system. It tells the operating system to
invoke the open system call and passes the file name to the file system.

3. Write operation:

This operation is used to write the information into a file. A system call write
is issued that specifies the name of the file and the length of the data has to
be written to the file. Whenever the file length is increased by specified
value and the file pointer is repositioned after the last byte written.

4. Read operation:

This operation reads the contents from a file. A Read pointer is maintained
by the OS, pointing to the position up to which the data has been read.

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5. Re-position or Seek operation:

The seek system call re-positions the file pointers from the current position
to a specific place in the file i.e., forward or backward depending upon the
user's requirement. This operation is generally performed with those file
management systems that support direct access files.

6. Delete operation:

Deleting the file will not only delete all the data stored inside the file it is
also used so that disk space occupied by it is freed. In order to delete the
specified file, the directory is searched. When the directory entry is located,
all the associated file space and the directory entry is released.

7. Truncate operation:

Truncating is simply deleting the file except deleting attributes. The file is
not completely deleted although the information stored inside the file gets
replaced.

8. Close operation:

When the processing of the file is complete, it should be closed so that all
the changes made permanent and all the resources occupied should be
released. On closing it deallocates all the internal descriptors that were
created when the file was opened.

9. Append operation:

This operation adds data to the end of the file.

10. Rename operation:

This operation is used to rename the existing file.

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 Experiment No. 3

Aim: Use the basic features of MS Office.

Each of the applications in Microsoft Office serves as specific knowledge or

office domain such as:

1. Microsoft Word: Helps users in creating text documents.

2. Microsoft Excel: Creates simple to complex data/numerical spreadsheets.

3. Microsoft PowerPoint: Stand-alone application for creating professional

multimedia presentations.

4. Microsoft Access: Database management application.

5. Microsoft Publisher: Introductory application for creating and publishing

marketing materials.

6. Microsoft OneNote: Alternate to a paper notebook, it enables a user to

neatly organize their notes.

features in Microsoft Word.

Convert a List to a Table

Convert a Bulleted List to SmartArt

Create a Custom Tab

Quick Selection Methods

Add Placeholder Text

Changing Case
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Quick Parts

Touch/ Mouse Mode in Word 2013

Remove Background on an Image

Edit Wrap Points when Wrapping Text

Features of Microsoft Excel

1. Add Header and Footer

MS Excel allows us to keep the header and footer in our spreadsheet

document.

2. Find and Replace Command

MS Excel allows us to find the needed data (text and numbers) in the
workbook and also replace the existing data with a new one.

3. Password Protection

It allows the user to protect their workbooks by using a password from

unauthorized access to their information.

4. Data Filtering

Filtering is a quick and easy way to find and work with a subset of data in a
range. A filtered range displays only the rows that meet the criteria you
specify for a column. MS Excel provides two commands for filtering ranges:

• AutoFilter; which includes filter by selection, for simple criteria

• Advanced Filter; for more complex criteria

5. Data Sorting

Data sorting is the process of arranging data in some logical order. MS Excel
allows us to sort data either in ascending or descending order.

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6. Built-in formulae

MS Excel has got many built-in formulae for sum, average, minimum, etc.
We can use those formulae as per our needs.

7. Create different charts (Pivot Table Report)

MS Excel allows us to create different charts such as bar graph, pie- charts,
line graphs, etc. This helps us to analyse and compare data very easily.

8. Automatically edits the result

MS Excel automatically edits the result if any changes are made in any of the
cells.

9. Formula Auditing

Using formula auditing we can graphically display or trace the relationships

between cells and formulas with blue arrows. We can trace the precedents
(the cells that provide data to a specific cell) or the dependents (the cells
that depend on the value in a specific cell).

Features of MS PowerPoint

There are multiple features that are available in MS PowerPoint which can
customize and optimize a presentation. The same have been discussed
below.

Slide Layout

Multiple options and layouts are available based on which a presentation

can be created. This option is available under the “Home” section and one
can select from the multiple layout options provided.

Insert – Clipart, Video, Audio, etc.

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Under the “Insert” category, multiple options are available where one can
choose what feature they want to insert in their presentation. This may
include images, audio, video, header, footer, symbols, shapes, etc.

Slide Design

MS PowerPoint has various themes using which background colour and

designs or textures can be added to a slide. This makes the presentation
more colourful and attracts the attention of the people looking at it.

This feature can be added using the “Design” category mentioned on the
homepage of MS PowerPoint. Although there are existing design templates
available, in case someone wants to add some new texture or colour, the
option to customise the design is also available. Apart from this, slide
designs can also be downloaded online.

Animations

During the slide show, the slides appear on the screen one after the other.
In case, one wants to add some animations to the way in which a slide
presents itself, they can refer to the “Animations” category.

Uses of PowerPoint Presentation

PowerPoint presentations are useful for both personal and professional

usage. Given below are a few of the major fields where PPT is extremely
useful:

Education – With e-learning and smart classes being chosen as a common

mode of education today, PowerPoint presentations can help in making
education more interactive and attract students towards the modified
version of studying

Marketing – In the field of marketing, PowerPoint presentations can be

extremely important. Using graphs and charts, numbers can be shown more
evidently and clearly which may be ignored by the viewer if being read

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Business – To invite investors or to show the increase or decrease in profits,
MS PowerPoint can be used

Creating Resumes – Digital resumes can be formed using MS PowerPoint.

Different patterns, photograph, etc. can be added to the resume

Depicting Growth – Since both graphics and text can be added in a

presentation, depicting the growth of a company, business, student’s marks,
etc. is easier using PPT

27
 Experiment No. 4

AIM: To prepare students mark list is Ms-excel by using Formulas.

PROCEDURE:

STEP: 1. First go to file menu and choose new sub menu and select work
sheet option and click ok.

STEP: 2. Enter the fields Reg No, students name, subject-Tamil, English,
Math’s, Science, Social, Total, Average, Result and grade.

STEP: 3. Enter the Register number, names, and marks and grade.

STEP: 4. To find the total, Enter the Formula = sum (ex: C3:H3) this will give
the total at the marks.

STEP: 5. Enter the formula in the formula bar finding average. =average
(total/no of subjects)

STEP: 6. In the result column type the formula in the formula menu as =
IF(AND
(Tamil>=40,English>=40,Maths>=40,Science>=40,Science>=40),”pass”,”fail”)
the result of the student will be displayed.

STEP: 7. In the grade column the formula in the formula bar =

IF (cell No>=100,” Distinction”, IF(cell No>=60,”First”,IF(cell

No>=50,”SE(NO)”,IF(cell No>=40,”NIL”). This will give the grade of the
student.

STEP: 8. save the file. RESULT: Thus, student mark sheet is prepared, in Ms-
excel using formulas.

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29
 Experiment No. 5

EXCEL CHART:

AIM: To prepare a chart using Ms-excel. PROCEDURE:

STEP: 1. Go to file menu and select new sub menu and click work sheet
option.

STEP: 2. Enter the data in the work sheet and select the data table.

STEP: 3. choose the chart wizard from insert menu be the chart type.

STEP: 4. Give the chart like and define X-axis and Y-axis.

STEP: 5. Finally click the finish button new we get the chart for the data
table selected.

STEP: 6. save the file. RESULT: Thus, a chart is prepare using MS-excel.

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 Experiment No. 6

Aim: To study about MS- word

MS-WORD is the part of the bigger package called MS-OFFICE.

We can do much more than word processing.

Word processing

Word processing is a software package that enables you to create, print and
save document for future retrial and reference creating a document involves
typing by using a keyboard and saving it editing a document a document
involves correcting the spelling mistakes if any deleting or moving words
sentence or paragraph.

Advantages of word processing:

Word processor over a conventional type writer is that a word processor

enables you to may change to a document without retyping the entire
document.

Features of word processing:

1. Text is typing into the computer which allows alteration to be made easily

2. Word and sentence can be inserted or deleted.

3. Paragraph or text can be copy/move throughout the documents.

4. Margins and page length can be adjusted as desired.

5. Spelling can be checked and modify through the spell check facility.

6. Multiple documents/files can be merged.

7. Multiple copies of letters can be generated with different address through

the male merger facility.

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Some commands of a word processing package:

1. Soft Word.

2. WordStar.

3. WordPerfect.

4. Microsoft word.

5. Footer.

6. Header.

Important components of the screen:

1. Title bar: - The title bar displayed the name of the currently active word
document like other windows applications.

2. Toolbar: - Word has a number of tool bar that help you perform task
faster and with great easy two of the most commonly toolbar are the
formatting toolbar and the standard toolbar.

3. Ruler bar: - the ruler bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of
text in a document.

4. Status bar: - The status bar displays information about the currently
activate document. This includes the page no. that you are working.

5. Scroll bar: - This bar helps scroll the content or body of document.

6. Work space: - The work space is the document windows where you
enter/type the text of your document.

7. Main menu: - The word main menu is displayed at the top if the screen.
Saving New Document Once you are done with typing in your new Word
document, it is time to save your document to avoid losing work you have
done on a Word document.

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Following are the steps to save an edited Word document –

Step 1 − Click the File tab and select the Save As option.

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Step 2 − Select a folder where you will like to save the document, Enter the
file name which you want to give to your document and Select the Save As
option, by default it is the .docx format.

Step 3 − Finally, click on the Save button and your document will be saved
with the entered name in the selected folder.

Saving New Changes There may be an instance when you open an existing
document and edit it partially or completely, or an instance where you may
like to save the changes in between editing of the document.

If you want to save this document with the same name, then you can use
either of the following simple options –

• Just press the Ctrl + S keys to save the changes.

• Optionally you can click on the floppy icon available at the top left corner
and just above the File tab. This option will also help you save the changes.

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• You can also use the third method to save the changes, which is the Save
option available just above the Save As option as shown in the above
screenshot.

If your document is new and it was never saved so far, then with either of
the three options, Word will display a dialogue box to let you select a folder,
and enter the document name as explained in case of saving new document.

View Buttons The group of five buttons located to the left of the Zoom
control, near the bottom of the screen, lets you switch through the Word's
various document views.

• Print Layout view: This displays pages exactly as they will appear when
printed.

• Full Screen Reading view: This gives a full screen view of the document.

• Web Layout view: This shows how a document appears when viewed by a
Web browser, such as Internet Explorer.

• Outline view: This lets you work with outlines established using Word ‘s
standard heading styles.

• Draft view: This formats text as it appears on the printed page with a few
exceptions. For example, headers and footers aren't shown. Most people
prefer this mode.

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 Experiment No. 7
Aim:

Creating a PowerPoint Slide

Step 1: Open Microsoft PowerPoint.

Step 2: Go to File at the top of the screen and click New. A box that says
“New Presentation” should appear on the right side of your screen.

Step 3: In the “New Presentation” dialog box, click on “From Design

Template.” You may then scan through design templates and choose one
that you like.

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Step 4: Slide Design Select a design template by clicking on the template you
like. You may choose a different color for your template by clicking on
“Color Schemes” in the “New Presentation” dialog box. 1

Step 5: Slide Layout Change the Slide Layout. You may change the slide
layout (how information is presented in the slide) by going to the top of the
screen and clicking on “Format” – “Slide Layout.” A box will appear on the
right side of your screen (where “New Presentation” appeared) labeled
“Slide Layout.” You may select a design by clicking on it.

Step 6: Adding Text Enter your text by clicking and then typing in the box
titled “Click to Add Text” or “Click to Add Title.”

Step 7: Adding Pictures You may add pictures by clicking on the box that
says “Click to add content.” Inside that box, there will be a smaller box with
six icons. Click on the icon that looks like a photograph of a mountain. A new
window will open, allowing you to browse for a picture on your computer or
a CD. Once you find your picture, click on it and then click “Insert.”

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Step 8: Resizing Pictures You may change the size of your picture by clicking
on the picture. The picture will then have black lines around it with small
bubbles or boxes in the corners. Place your mouse over the bubbles or
boxes and click. Holding the mouse pointer down, drag the picture to the
size you want.

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 Experiment No. 8
Aim:

How to Create a New Gmail email Account

Step 1: Open up your internet browser and go to the Google home page:
http://www.google.com

Step 2: Click on Gmail at the top right corner of the page.

Step 3: You’ll now be in the ‘Sign in’ section. As you don’t have a Google
account yet, you need to create one. Click Create an account.

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Step 4: To set up your new account, Google needs some information about
you – first, your first and last names. The ‘choose your username’ is the
unique email address that you wish to use, which will be placed before
‘@gmail.com’. Because it needs to be unique, Google may have to check the
availability of any name that you decide on to make sure that no one already
has it. Type an email name into the ‘choose your username’ box and then fill
out the rest of your information. You will need to ensure that the ‘I agree to
the Google terms of service and Privacy Policy’ is ticked. Then click next
step. Step 5: If the email name that you requested in is not available, you’ll
get a message saying that somebody already has that username and offering
you some alternatives. You can decide to accept one of the alternatives or
type in another name and check its availability once more. You will have to
complete some of the other boxes again. You may have to do this a few
times. Once you finalize your email address, it’s a good idea to make a note
of it so that you can refer to it until you remember it.

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Step 6: You’ll need to come up with a password so that you can log in
securely to your account. Google may explain that you should try one with
at least 8 characters long to be secure. Use letters and numbers to make the
password more secure and difficult to guess. You’ll need to re-enter your
password to ensure that it’s you choosing it and not a hacker’s (ro)bot. This
is why it also asks you to insert two random words at the bottom of the
page – this is a CAPTCHA code. You can skip this step if you don’t want to
type in the CAPTCHA code but you will need to verify via a mobile phone if
you don’t.

Step 7: Once you have completed this page fully, clicking Next Step will take
you to the Create Profile Page. If you don’t wish to have a picture on the
web, click Next Step to complete setting up your email. If you do, Click on
Add Profile Photo and find a photo to add. Then click Next Step.

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Step 8: You will now have set up your account. You can go straight to your
inbox and get started, or you can set up a photo to show as your profile
picture. Click on Add a photo to upload a photo and select a photo.

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 Experiment No. 9
Aim:

How to send an email via computer

Step 1: Open your computer, select a browser.

Step 2: Login your Gmail account, using Id and password.

Step 3: On the new page, click Compose (In the top left).

Step 4: A box appears on the screen, here in the To field, add recipients
email id. (If you want, you can also add recipients in the Cc and Bcc fields)

Step 5: After that add a subject.

Step 6: In the body, write your message.

Step 7: At the bottom of the page, there is a send option-click Send to send
mail.

How to send an email via Android

Step 1: On your Android phone or tablet, open the Gmail app.

Step 2: Login your Gmail account, using Id and password.

Step 3: In the bottom right, tap Compose. (A plus sign)

Step 4: A new page appears, here in the To field, add recipients email id. (If
you want, you can also add recipients in the Cc and Bcc fields).

Step 5: Below that add a subject.

Step 6: And write your message in the body.

Step 7: At the top of the page, tap Send (Arrow mark in the top-right
corner).
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Note: To add formatting, like bolding or changing the text color, select the
text you want to format, then tap on A.

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 Experiment No. 10
Aim: Apply for Aadhar card online

Find an Aadhaar Enrolment Centre near you. If you reside in Tier I cities, you
can find it at
https://uidai.gov.in/images/Tier1_Cities_PECs.pdf.

You can also find Aadhaar Enrolment Centers in other cities by visiting
https://appointments.uidai.gov.in/easearch.aspx.

Fill the enrolment form (the form is also available online at

https://uidai.gov.in/images/aadhaar_enrolment_correction_form_version_
2.1.pdf)

Submit the form along with supporting documents such as the proof of
identity and the proof of address.

After all the documents are accepted, submit your biometric data which
includes your fingerprints and the iris scan.

Your photograph is also taken for Aadhaar.

Collect the acknowledgement slip that contains the 14-digit enrolment

number. It is used to check Aadhar card status.

The Acknowledgement slip should be kept safely till you get your Aadhaar
card.

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