Cont.

Operating
Systems -
Components
and Services
B Y: E L I J A H J AY P. D I M A A N O
Components of The Operating System
There are 8 Components in our Operating Systems:

1. Process Management

2. Memory Management

3. File Management

4. Secondary Management

5. I/O(Input/Output) Device Management

6. Protection/Security

7. Network

8. Command Interpreter Systems

Process Management
The Operating System is responsible for the following activities in Connection with process management:
• Create, load, execute, suspend, resume, and terminate processes.
• Switch system among multiple processes in main memory.
• Provides communication mechanisms so that processes can communicate with each other.
• Provides synchronization mechanisms to control concurrent access to shared data to keep shared data
consistent.
• Allocate/de-allocate resources properly to prevent or avoid process conflicts.
Process Chart
Memory Management
Main memory is a volatile storage device which means it loses its contents in the case of system
failure or as soon as system power goes down.

“The RAM (Random Access Memory) is the Main Memory/Primary storage of a Computer.”

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with memory
management:

• Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom.

• Decide which processes to load when memory space becomes available.

• Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.

Cont. Memory Management
File Management
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection
with file management:
• File creation and deletion
• Directory creation and deletion
• The support of primitives for manipulating files and directories
• Mapping files onto secondary storage
• File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media
Cont. File management
Secondary Storage Management
Since the main memory is too small to permanently accommodate all data and program, the
computer system must provide secondary storage to backup main memory.

Most modern computer systems use hard drives and flash drives as the principle on-line
storage medium, for both programs and data.

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with disk
management:

• Free space management

• Storage allocation

• Disk scheduling
 I/O(Input/Output) Device
Management
I/O Device Management provides an abstract level of Hardware devices and
keep the details from applications to ensure proper use of devices, to prevent
errors, and to provide users with convenient and efficient programming
environment.
Following are the tasks of I/O Device Management component:
• Hide the details of H/W devices
• Manage main memory for the devices using cache, buffer, and spooling
• Maintain and provide custom drivers for each device
I/O device directory
I/O Device Error Detection
Security Management
” Security Management refers to a mechanism for controlling the access of programs, processes,
or users to the resources defined by a computer control to be imposed, together with some
means of enforcement.”
 Network Management
Network management comprises fault analysis, maintaining the quality of service, provisioning of networks,
and performance management.

“Network management is the process of keeping your network healthy for an efficient communication
between different computers.”

Following are the features of network management:

•Network administration •Network maintenance

•Network operation •Network provisioning

•Network security
 Command Interpreter Systems
Command Interpreter System executes a user command by calling one or more
number of underlying system programs or system calls.
“Command Interpreter System allows human users to interact with the
Operating System and provides convenient programming environment to the
users.”
Many commands are given to the operating system by control statements. A
program which reads and interprets control statements is automatically
executed. This program is called the shell and few examples are Windows
command prompt (CMD) window, Bash of Unix/Linux or C-Shell of Unix/Linux.
Command Interpreter System
OS Services
PROGRAM EXECUTION, I/O OPERATIONS, FILE SYSTEM MANIPULATION,
COMMUNICATION, ERROR HANDLING, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
 Program Execution
A process includes the complete execution context (code to execute, data to manipulate,
registers, OS resources in use). Following are the major activities of an operating system with
respect to program management −
1. Loads a program into memory.
2. Executes the program.
3. Handles program's execution.
4. Provides a mechanism for process synchronization.
5. Provides a mechanism for process communication.
 Cont. Program Execution

CPU
RAM Storage I/O DEVICE
PC(++)
P.I Copy P.I (keyboard, Mouse,
Hard drive)
IR

LEGEND:
PC – PROGRAM COUNTER
IR – INTRUCTION READING
P.I – PROGRAM INSTRUCTION
(++) - Increment
 I/O Operations
An I/O subsystem comprises of I/O devices and their corresponding driver software.
Drivers hide the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the users.
An Operating System manages the communication between user and device drivers.
• I/O operation means read or write operation with any file or any specific I/O
device.
• Operating system provides the access to the required I/O device when
required.
 I/O Operation
BUS
8BIT 8BIT
CPU/PROCESSOR
DATA IN DATA OUT

S IN S OUT
O O

KEYBOARD DISPLAY
 File System Manipulation
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage. These directories may contain
files and other directions. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to file
management −
• Program needs to read a file or write a file.
• The operating system gives the permission to the program for operation on file.
• Permission varies from read-only, read-write, denied and so on.
• Operating System provides an interface to the user to create/delete files.
• Operating System provides an interface to the user to create/delete directories.
• Operating System provides an interface to create the backup of file system.
Error Handling
Errors can occur anytime and anywhere. An error may occur in
CPU, in I/O devices or in the memory hardware. Following are the
major activities of an operating system with respect to error
handling −
The OS constantly checks for possible errors.
The OS takes an appropriate action to ensure correct and
consistent computing.
Example of error
Resource Management
In case of multi-user or multi-tasking environment, resources such
as main memory, CPU cycles and files storage are to be allocated
to each user or job. Following are the major activities of an
operating system with respect to resource management −
• The OS manages all kinds of resources using schedulers.
• CPU scheduling algorithms are used for better utilization of
CPU.
Protection
Protection refers to a mechanism or a way to control the access of programs,
processes, or users to the resources defined by a computer system. Following
are the major activities of an operating system with respect to protection −
• The OS ensures that all access to system resources is controlled.
• The OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected from invalid
access attempts.
• The OS provides authentication features for each user by means of
passwords.
Thank You for
Listening