Purposive Communication Reviewer

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

What is Language?
• Language is a system of rules (also known as grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary
(lexicon).
Terminologies
• Speech Community- people share the same set rules of language system.

• Language Acquisition- the process of acquiring languages used by the community.

• Mother Tongue- the first language we learned.

• Language Learning- these languages by studying formally in school or informally on their own.

What is Communication?
• Communication is the transmission of an idea or feeling so that the sender and receiver share the
same understanding.
• CONTEXT is the circumstance or environment in which communication takes place.

Importance of Communication

• We can't have culture, society, or civilization without the ability to communicate with one another.

• Good communication prevents wars and misunderstandings, helps us meet our needs, establishes rules
and laws that aid in the structuring of society, helps people find and keep employment, provides
information and guidance to people, and passes down cultural traditions, norms, and values.
Two adages to keep in mind about communication:
• You can't NOT communicate (i.e. we're always communicating, even subconsciously)

• You can't take back what you communicate once it's been put out into the universe (i.e. be careful how
and what you communicate)
The common ways we used to communicate:
- Spoken Word
- Written Word
- Visual Images
- Body Language
The communication process:
Source – Message – Encoding – Channel – Decoding – Receiver – Feedback
SOURCE

• Is an individual, group or organization who initiates the communication.

MESSAGE
• is the information being transmitted from the sender to the receiver through symbols which can take on
numerous forms such as languages, words, or gestures.
 • The C’s in communication may be followed:

Courtesy
Clarity
Conciseness
Concreteness
Completeness
ENCODING
- Encoding is putting thought or information into words, signs or symbols.
CHANNEL
- It is the medium used to transmit the message.
DECODING
- It is when the receiver interprets the message and gives it meaning from his/her perspective.
RECEIVER

• it is the individual/s to whom the message is directed.

FEEDBACK
- It is the response given to the sender from the receiver.
NOISE
- It is anything that disrupts the communication process.
Kinds of Noise
1. Physiological Noise
2. Physical Noise
3. Psychological Noise
4. Semantic Noise
CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION
• Communication according to mode.

• Communication according to context.

• Communication according to purpose and style.

COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE

 Verbal Communication
 Nonverbal Communication
 Visual Communication

COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT

 Intrapersonal
 Interpersonal

Two objectives of INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

 Transactional
 Maintaining social relationship
Communication According to Purpose and Style

 Formal Communication
 Informal Communication

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Informative Function
2. Instructive Function
3. Persuasive Function
4. Motivation Function
5. Aesthetic Function
6. Therapeutic Function (emotional expression)
7. Regulation/Control Function
8. Social Interaction
THE DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY

Stage 1: DENIAL
Stage 2: DEFENSE
Stage 3: MINIMIZATION
Stage 4: ACCEPTANCE
Stage 5: ADAPTATION
Stage 6: INTEGRATION

COMMUNICATION MODELS AND PRINCIPLES

 Aristotle’s Model
 Laswell’s Model
 Shannon-Weaver’s Model
 David Berlo’s Model
Aristotle’s Communication Model
Speaker – Message – Audience
The most important variable is the SPEAKER.
Laswell’s Communication Model
  Developed in 1948 by Harold Dwight Laswell.
Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model
Source – Encoder – Message – Receiver – Destination

• Developed by Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1949.

David Berlo’s Communication Model

 Source- being the originator of the message acts as the encoder.

 Message- includes content; elements such as the language used and gestures employed.
 Channel- refers to the different senses: seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching.
 Receiver- the one who decodes the message.

General Principles of Effective Communication

 Know your purpose in communicating.

 Know your audience.
 Know your topic.
 Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation.

Principles of Effective Oral Communication

• Be clear with your purpose.

• Be complete with the message you deliver.

• Be Concise

• Be natural with your delivery.

• Be specific and timely with your feedback.

Principles of Effective Written Communication

 Completeness
 Conciseness
 Consideration
 Clarity
 Concreteness
 Courtesy
 Correctness

Barriers to Effective Communication

1. Noise
2. Inappropriate Medium
3. Assumptions/Misconceptions
4. Emotions
5. Language Differences
6. Cultural Differences
7. Poor Listening Skills
8. Use of Jargons
9. Distractions
Ethics in Communication
• Ethical communication enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness,
responsibility, personal integrity and respect for self and others.
 • Adhering to the golden rule or the platinum rule.

The golden rule asserts to always treat others in the same way you want to be treated while the platinum
rule according to Bennett (1980) stresses on treating others the way they wish to be treated.

• Considering the feelings of the receiver.

• Acknowledging the source of idea and information.

What is Globalization?
 In simple terms, globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders.
 Principally, it’s an economic concept – the integration of markets, trade and investments with few
barriers to slow the flow of products and services between nations.
 There is also a cultural element, as ideas and traditions are traded and assimilated.
What are some Drivers of Globalization?

 Colonization
 Diaspora
 Technologies

What is Culture?
• “The ongoing negotiation of learned and patterned beliefs, attitudes, values and behaviors.” (University
of Minnesota, 2018)
• Nationality/ ethnicity

• Region

• Race

• Religion

• Gender

• Sexual orientation

• Ability/disability

• Class

Intercultural Communication

 “Communication between people with differing cultural identities.”

Why we need to study Intercultural Communication?
 Better understanding your own identity.
 Enhancing your personal and social interactions.
 Helping solve cultural misunderstandings, miscommunication, and mistrust.
 Valuing the ways it enriches our civilization
 Becoming effective citizens of our national communities
Challenges of Intercultural Communication

• Misunderstanding in intercultural communication may not always be caused by verbal utterances.

• More understanding is caused by the wrong interpretation or violation of nonverbal code.

Sources of Misunderstanding

 Ambiguity
 Performance-related misunderstanding
 Language-related misunderstanding
 Gaps in word knowledge
 Local context
Four Barriers of Intercultural Communication

 Ethnocentrism
 Stereotyping
 Prejudice
 Discrimination
High-context vs Low-context
 High-context – leave much of the message unspecified, to be understood through context, nonverbal
cues, and between-the-lines interpretation of what is actually said.
 Low-context – messages are explicit, direct, and specific.
Sequential vs Synchronic (Time Orientation)
 Sequential – time is a linear commodity to “spend,” “save,” or “waste”
 Synchronic – time is a constant flow to be experienced in the moment, a force that cannot be contained
or controlled
Affective vs Neutral

• Affective – readily showing emotions in public.

❖ People show their feelings plainly through laughter, smiles, grimaces, scowls, tears, shouts, walk-
outs, other gestures and body language

• Neutral – emotionally neutral in their approach

❖ Feelings are not telegraphed or relayed through gestures, words, or body language

Gender Differences in Communication

• Gender is a social variable that could account for language and communication differences

• We unconsciously assign certain traits to genders, and use the gender binaries

• Feminine speech: indirect, apologetic sensitive, relationship-oriented, usually rapport-talk and advice
seeking.
• Masculine speech: assertive, dominant, power and status oriented, inclined towards report talking

Reactions to Cultural Communication Encounters

• Assimilation
• Accommodation
• Separation
5 Ways to Improve Intercultural Communication
 Pay attention to your own words and actions

❖ Control your assumptions – Don’t Assume!

❖ Empathize across cultures!

❖ Gain knowledge

❖ Gain experience