Introduction to Geospatial

UNIT 5 DATA TYPES AND SOURCES Data

Structure
5.1 Introduction
Objectives
5.2 Types of Spatial Data
Raster Data
Vector Data
Comparison of Raster and Vector Data
5.3 Sources of Geospatial Data
Sources of Raster Data
Sources of Vector Data
Sources of Metadata
5.4 Summary
5.5 Unit End Questions
5.6 References
5.7 Further/Suggested Reading
5.8 Answers

5.1 INTRODUCTION
In the previous unit, you have been introduced to data, information and also to
geospatial data. As you know, geospatial data represents real world features
(such as roads, land use, land cover, elevation, trees, waterways, etc.). Real
world features can be divided into two abstractions, i.e. discrete features (e.g.,
a house) and continuous fields (such as rainfall amount, or elevations). The
two kinds of abstractions are represented as raster and vector data,
respectively. Though you have studied about the two types of spatial data in
the previous unit, we will discuss in a little more detail about the two data
types along with some examples in this unit. Geospatial data can now be
obtained from a variety of sources. In this unit, we will also discuss about the
sources from where you can obtain geospatial data.

Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to:
• describe the various types of spatial data;
• list out the sources of raster data;
• discuss about sources of vector data; and
• write about the sources of metadata.

5.2 TYPES OF SPATIAL DATA

As you have studied in the previous unit that spatial data records the
relationship among and about geographically distinguishable features. In other
terms, spatial data describes the spatial situation of objects concerning their
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Concepts of Geospatial form and their relative situation in space and time. Usually, the spatial relation
Data
of individual points, lines or areas is made through a coordinate system,
We will discuss about resulting in the relation to the real world coordinates. Here, we will discuss
coordinate system in Unit about the two data types i.e. raster and vector in some more detail with some
8 Basics of Mapping of
representative examples.
MGY-001 Overview of
Geoinformatics.
5.2.1 Raster Data
As you know that in raster data type, real world features are represented as
grids as shown in Fig. 5.1 a and b. In this data type, a fixed grid dimension is
used and information about each grid is recorded. Raster data represents
continuous numeric values, such as elevation, and continuous categories, such
as vegetation types, water, etc.

(a)

(b)
Fig. 5.1: a) Raster representation of real world features in the form of points, lines and
area; b) grid structure of the raster data type representation
One of the most common examples of raster data is remote sensing image. All
the digital remote sensing images is the example of primary raster data type
irrespective of the fact whether it has been acquired through satellite remote
sensing or aerial photography technique, as listed in Fig. 5.2. Scanned aerial
photographs and satellite data are also the examples of raster data type.
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As shown in Fig. 5.2, examples of raster data types are the following: Data Types and Sources

• digital satellite images, aerial photographs and space shuttle images Satellite images, aerial
photographs and space
• scanned films, hard copy maps and images shuttle images can be used
• digital elevation models (DEMs). in remote sensing, GIS and
mapping applications after
We will now discuss about the three examples of raster data: some initial processing.

Fig. 5.2: Types of spatial data and the examples of raster and vector data types

a) Satellite Images, Aerial Photographs and Space Shuttle Images

Digital data from Earth-orbiting satellites provide a vast array of raster
data which are used as input to GIS. Although there are several thousand
manmade satellites around Earth, only a few series currently provide data
suitable for GIS. These satellites are referred to as Earth-observation
satellites, as they collect images (from a variety of sensors) of the Earth’s
surface and send these to receiving stations on the Earth. These remote
sensing data are the most common example of raster data as shown in
Fig. 5.3a.

(a) (b)

Fig. 5.3: (a) A satellite remote sensing image of the Jolly Buoy island at the Mahatma
Gandhi Marine National Park at Wandoor located about 30 km from Port
Blair in Andaman; (b) an aerial photograph of the same island

19
Concepts of Geospatial Digital aerial photographs are another common example of raster data
Data
(Fig. 5.3b). However, before using the aerial photographs directly in GIS, the
distortion should be removed. The corrected, aerial photograph is called
orthophotograph. This means that distances and areas can be measured on the
Orthophotographs orthophoto, bearings can be taken, and the data can be combined with other
combine the detail of GIS data. Orthophotographs have been in existence since a long time,
photographs with the although earlier orthophotographs were primarily available only as analog
properties of a map.
products, such as a paper or film print. Data analysis tools/software have made
Orthorectification it much easier to produce digital orthophotographs that are stored as a raster
converts image into map- image file.
accurate form by removing
camera and terrain related
Photographs taken by astronauts during their space shuttle flights and also
distortions from the during their stay at the International Space Station (ISS) have also become a
imagery through the use of good source of raster data (Fig. 5.4). Characteristics of these space shuttle
sensor and terrain images are comparable to the satellite images in many aspects.
(elevation) information.

Fig. 5.4: Astronaut photograph of Adams Bridge connecting India and Sri Lanka
through a chain of small islands. The bridge is popularly known as Ram Setu
as it is believed to have been built by Lord Rama (source: http://eol.jsc.
nasa.gov/ scripts/sseop/QuickView.pl?directory=ESC&ID=ISS006-E-43707)

b) Digital Elevation Models

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are one of the most versatile examples
of raster data. These simple grid files contain locations (x, y coordinates)
with the elevation (z value) at that location (Fig. 5.5). DEM can be used
to support numerous topographical applications. The primary utility of
these datasets comes from the fact that they represent topographical
surface (such as height variations on the Earth) and show the relationship
in 3D with physical landforms when all other features are placed upon
them. Other datasets (both raster and vector) can be overlain on the DEM
to provide a more realistic relationship between the data and the
underlying topography. 3D GIS based applications essentially require
DEM as one of the important layers. DEM can be generated from spot
height data collected from ground surveys and from information in
topographical maps. It can also be created from aerial photographs and
remote sensing data.
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c) Scanned Images and Paper Maps Data Types and Sources

In many instances, sources of raster data in geoinformatics data analysis

tools begin as scanned photographs or maps (Fig. 5.6a). This generally
refers to aerial photographs or any maps. Many scanned images, used in
data analysis tools are both for illustrative and interpretive applications.
For general imagery, where accuracy is not a major concern, a simple,
scanned photograph may be acceptable. It may serve as a basic
illustration or guide, but unless it is spatially accurate it has no real place
in a data analysis tool.

(a) (b)

(c)
Fig. 5.5: a) A digital elevation model of a part of Karnataka, colour range from blue to
red show increasing elevation; b) Three dimensional visualisation of the DEM;
c) A satellite image draped over the DEM showing three dimensional view of
the region (source: www.earth.google.com)
d) Derived Products
Digital data products generated from the primary raster data, such as satellite
images, aerial photographs, etc., are also the examples of raster data. Some of
the commonly generated products are land use/land cover maps, vegetation
related products (Fig. 5.6b), ground water potential zone maps, etc.
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Concepts of Geospatial 5.2.2 Vector Data
Data
Vector is the most popular form of representing features in GIS. The points,
lines and areas of vector data can describe almost all spatial features on the
Earth surface, we are interested in representing it in GIS and further analysing
You will learn more about (Fig. 5.7). Road networks, schools districts, accident locations, addresses,
the devices used and
rivers and streams-these features and many more are usually represented by
process of digitisation in
Unit 7 Data Input of vector data. Besides using existing vector data, most geoinformatics
MGY-003 Global Naviga- practitioners will end up making their own vector data. You can create vector
tion and Satellite System data by digitising off the computer screen (referred to as ‘heads-up’
and Geographical digitisation) or by digitising a printed map. This section provides a brief
Information System.
introduction to some of the more common vector datasets.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 5.6: (a) Shows a paper map of a district boundary, which has been scanned and
stored as a raster data; (b) Shows a derived product i.e. NDVI (Normalised
Differential Vegetation Index) map of the world (source: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.
gov/Sect3/Sect3_4.html)
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 Data Types and Sources

Fig. 5.7: Vector representation of real world features in the form of points, lines and area

a) GPS and Ground Survey Data

There is another important group of satellites that do not record imagery
and rather provide locational reference information concerning one’s
location on the Earth. These locations are frequently used in data analysis
tools to record locations of surface features and also to refer datasets as
per the Earth’s coordinates. The Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are
the most common tool receiving signals from GPS satellites to provide
locational information. Another source of vector data is the ground survey
data, which are collected on the ground. You have learnt in the last unit
that the vector data can be in form of point, line or area features (Fig.5.8).

b) Converted or Derived Products

Digital data products converted from the primary raster data or derived
from the primary raster or vector data are also the examples of vector
data. Some of the common products are land use/land cover maps, ground
water potential zone maps, etc.

5.2.3 Comparison of Raster and Vector Data

As you have studied that the real world features can be represented in either
raster or vector data types. However, there are some advantages and
disadvantages of representing the real world features as raster or vector data.
Fig. 5.8 depicts a comparison of how real world features are represented as
vector and raster data.

Fig. 5.8: Comparison of vector and raster representation of real world features in the
form of points, lines and area

23
Concepts of Geospatial Some of the advantages and disadvantages of representing the real world
Data
features as raster or vector data are given below:
• vector data can be displayed as vector graphics used on traditional maps,
whereas raster data appear as an image that may have a blocky
appearance for object boundaries as seen in Fig. 5.8
• raster data record a value for all points in the area covered which may
require more storage space than the data in a vector format. Hence, sizes
of vector files are usually smaller than raster data. Raster data can be tens,
hundreds or more times larger than vector data
• it is easy to update and maintain vector data as a new feature (e.g. a road)
can be added or removed from an existing vector data, whereas to update
a raster data it needs to be completely reproduced
• vector data allows much more analysis capability, finding and creating
networks, best route, airfields connected to two-lane highways, etc.
Raster data does not have all the characteristics of the features it displays.
Spend Check Your Progress I
5 mins
1) List the types of raster data.
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2) List the types of vector data.
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3) What does DEM stand for?
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 Data Types and Sources
5.3 SOURCES OF GEOSPATIAL DATA
In the previous section, we have discussed two data types namely; raster and
vector. In this section, we will discuss about different sources of geospatial
data which you can acquire either on cost or for free. We will also briefly
discuss about how to find data and the kind of data available at different
sources. First, we will discuss about different sources of raster data, followed
by the vector data.

5.3.1 Sources of Raster Data

Though, raster data can be obtained in a number of ways; the most common
ways are by means of aerial photography and satellite remote sensing.

In aerial photography, an aeroplane flies over an area, with a camera mounted

underneath it. The photographs in digital format are imported into a computer
and used. If the photographs are printed on hardcopy print then these are used
either as such or converted into digital form (raster form) with the use of a
high quality scanner. The digital data are then imported into a computer and
used.

Satellite images are recorded when satellites orbiting the Earth capture signals
from earth surface features of the area they are passing over. Once the image
has been recorded, it is transmitted back to Earth receiving stations,
electronically. You know that this process of capturing raster data from an
aeroplane or satellite is called remote sensing. Here, we shall discuss about the
sources of raster data which have already been acquired and archived by data
providers, and are made available for users. Satellite data providers provide
satellite images in several data formats with a variety of products created. We
will discuss here the commonly used raster datasets viz. remote sensing
satellite data, digital elevation model data and derived raster products.

a) Remote Sensing Satellite Data

In India, user can acquire remote sensing data from National Data Centre
(NDC) of National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), of ISRO, which is
located at Hyderabad. Remote sensing data from many satellites are
available at the GLCF (Global Land Cover Facility) website at http://
glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data, as shown in Fig. 5.9. The GLCF is a center for
land cover science with a focus on research using remotely sensed You will learn more about
satellite data and products to assess land cover change from local to different kinds of satellite
global scales. The archived Landsat orthorectified imagery for all the sensor data in Unit 6
Major Space
bands (ETM-PAN, TM and MSS data) is freely downloadable. These data Programmes of this
are associated with locational accuracy of better than 50 meters. The data Course.
are useful for many of the natural resources mapping, monitoring, change
detection studies, etc. Besides the Landsat data, some selected data from
ASTER, IKONOS, Quickbird, Orbview, MODIS, SRTM, etc. are also
available.

25
Concepts of Geospatial
Data

Fig. 5.9: Webpage of the GLCF showing the kinds of data available therein

ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection

Radiometer) data are available from the Terra satellite at http://
asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov. There is more than one website which is offering fully
or partially downloadable ASTER data for some parts of the Earth. Some of
them are mentioned below:
• www.orthocoverage.com/download.
• http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/datapool/datapool.asp.
• www.cr.usgs.gov.
• https://lpdaac.usgs.gov.
The data broadly serve three categories of users based on size of the data and
objective of the study namely, Local Observations, Regional Monitoring, and
Global Mapping.
The remote sensing data could also be obtained from the Google Earth and
ISRO Bhuvan about which we shall discuss in the following paragraphs.

i) Google Earth
You might be using Google Earth, which has a large number of images and
other geographic information (Fig. 5.10). The free Google Earth basic program
consists of thousands of satellite/aerial photographs that are updated
periodically. The increasing popular program allows users to view their homes
or any other area of interest around the world in a matter of seconds.
According to the type of information it provides, we can put the Google Earth
under category of hybrid database provider, because, in addition to image
canvas, vector database comprising administrative/political boundaries,
important place names, image scale, acquisition date, tourist places, and other
information are available. Google Earth has QuickBird images to its browser
covering important places, like cities, airports, industrial and others. Viewers
26
can browse their area of interest and fly through at variable angles, altitudes, Data Types and Sources
scales and information. Geographic coordinates could be derived for any
place. Navigation tools are provided for pan, zoom, visualise and fly through.
By paying nominal price, the user can download QuickBird images from the
server.

Fig. 5.10: A snapshot of the Google Earth

ii) Bhuvan
It is a geoportal of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) showcasing
Indian imaging capabilities in multi-sensor, multi-platform and multi-temporal
domain (Fig. 5.11). This Earth browser gives a gateway to explore and
discover virtual Earth in 3D space with specific emphasis on Indian regions.
Bhuvan on its portal provides a range of services enabling isualization of
various thematic data generated from different national missions and projects
carried out by NRSC (National Remote Sensing Centre), Hyderabad. You will
study the services provided by Bhuvan in the following paragraphs, which
include land, weather, ocean and disaster services.

(a)
27
Concepts of Geospatial
Data

(b)
Fig. 5.11: Two snapshots of ISRO’s Bhuvan

Land Services: Through this service, Bhuvan lets users visualise thematic
information which are critical for developmental activities. The ‘Land
services’ link provides information on a variety of themes such as:
• groundwater potential zones and groundwater recharge areas
• land use/ land cover
• crop assessment and crop production forecasts
• watershed development
• national, state and district level wastelands information.
Weather Services: One of the key elements for improved weather forecast
and services is observation. Augmentation of the current observation network
is essential for providing weather and related information at local level.
ISRO’s programs on Disaster Management Support and Village Resource
Centre (VRC) have weather information as a critical component. Several
major user agencies in the country such as Indian Meteorological Department
(IMD), Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE), Central Water
Commission (CWC), State Agricultural Departments / Universities require
automated systems for weather data collection from remote and inaccessible
areas. Automatic Weather Station (AWS) transmits meteorological data every
hour from remote stations installed in the foot print of INSAT / KALPANA
satellite. On Bhuvan, this service gives information on latitude, longitude,
temperature, pressure, wind, and humidity of the chosen location.
Ocean Services: The data showcased on Bhuvan about the Potential Fishing
Zones (PFZ) contain information about distance, direction, and depth of the
potential fishing zones.
Disaster Services: The Disaster Management Support (DMS) program of
ISRO, commits to providing timely support and services from aero-space
systems, both imaging and communications, for strengthening the resolves of
disaster management in the country. These include creation of digital data base
for facilitating hazard zonation, damage assessment, etc., monitoring of major
28
natural disasters using satellite and aerial data, development of appropriate Data Types and Sources
techniques and tools for decision support, establishing satellite based reliable
communication network, deployment of emergency communication
equipments and research and development work towards early warning of
disasters.

b) Space Shuttle Images

A good collection of digital astronaut photographs are available at the website
of the Johnson Space Centre, USA (Fig. 5.12). The site hosts digital data of
the entire world taken during different space missions, and hence provides
data of different time scales. However, the digital astronaut images require
some processing before these can actually be used by the users. The website
provides links to different webpages wherein users can search data their
interest.

Fig. 5.12: A good collection of space shuttle images is available at the website of Johnson
Space Centre (source: http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/image_sites.jsp)

c) Digital Elevation Model Data

Following Digital Elevation Model data can be obtained by users for their
work:
• Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) DEM Data
• ASTER DEM
• GTOPO30
• ETOPO5 5-minute gridded elevation data
• HYDRO1k 29
Concepts of Geospatial • ETOPO2 2-Minute Gridded Global Relief Data
Data
• Land topography
• Gridded Global Topography
• Terraserver, etc.
i) Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) DEM Data: The SRTM
is a joint project between the National Imagery and Mapping Agency
(NIMA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA). The objective of this project is to produce digital topographic
data for the Earth’s surface (between 60ºN & 56°S latitudes), with data
points located every 1-arc-second (approximately 30 m) on a latitude/
longitude grid. The absolute vertical accuracy of the elevation data is
16m. The data can be tailored to meet the needs of the military, civil, and
scientific user communities. Other uses of the data include drainage
modeling, realistic flight simulators, and site suitability for cell phone
tower locations, navigation safety, improved mapping tasks, flood
control, soil conservation, reforestation, volcano monitoring, earthquake
research, and glacier movement monitoring. The data could be
downloaded freely from http://srtm.usgs.gov.

ii) ASTER DEM: Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Centre

(LPDAAC) offers ASTER image data DEM products (Fig. 5.13). The
30m DEM product is available in GeoTiff format via the FTP (File
Transfer Protocal) mode from https://wist.echo.nasa.gov/wist-bin/api/
ims.cgi?mode= MAINSRCH&JS=1 or www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp/
index.jsp.

Fig. 5.13: A snapshot of LPDAAC website showing ASTER data products

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iii) GTOPO30: It is a global DEM with horizontal grid spacing of 30-arc Data Types and Sources
seconds (approx 1 km). GTOPO30 was derived from several raster and
vector sources of topographic information. GTOPO30 project was
completed in 1996 and developed over a 3-year period through a
collaborative efforts led by staff at the USGS’s Earth Resources
Observation and Science (EROS) Centre. The DEM data is available for
download from the website http://eros.usgs.gov/#/ Find_Data/
Products_and_Data_Available/gtopo30_info.

iv) ETOPO5 5-minute Gridded Elevation Data: It was generated from a

digital database of land and sea floor elevations on a 5' latitude/ longitude
grid. Data sources consist of ocean areas: US Naval Oceanographic
Office, USA; West Europe, Japan/Korea: US Defense Mapping Agency;
Australia: Bureau of Mineral Resources, Australia; New Zealand:
Department of Industrial and Scientific Research, New Zealand; balance
of world landmasses: US Navy Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center.
These various databases were originally assembled in 1988 into the
worldwide 5-minute grid. The data can be downloaded from
www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo5.HTML.

v) HYDRO1k: It is a geographic database developed to provide

comprehensive and consistent global coverage of topographically derived
data sets, including streams, drainage basins and ancillary layers derived
from the USGS’ 30 arc-second DEM of the world GTOPO30. HYDRO1k
provides a suite of georeferenced data sets, both raster and vector, which
will be of value for all users who need to organise, evaluate, or process
hydrologic information on a continental scale. Its main goal is to provide
to users, on a continent by continent basis, hydrologically corrected
DEMs with ancillary data sets for use in continental and regional scale
modeling and analyses. The data can be downloaded from http://
eros.usgs.gov/#/Find_Data/Products_and_Data_ Available/HYDRO1K.
The major applications of GTOPO30 and HYDRO1K are:
• Terrain Visualisation
• Hydrologic Modeling
• Geological Applications
• Viewsheds Signal Propagation
• Remote Sensing Data Processing, etc.
vi) ETOPO2 2-Minute Gridded Global Relief Data: Newly created global
elevation database gridded at 2-minute (lat-long) resolution is available at
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo2.html. The GEODAS data
access system allows searching, extraction, display, and reformatting of
the data. Color shaded relief images derived from the data displayed as
64, 512, and 1350-pixel squares representing 45° square areas.

vii) Land Topography: It is from the GLOBE project, an internationally

designed, developed, and independently peer reviewed global digital
DEM, at a latitude-longitude grid spacing of 30 arc-seconds. It is part of
focus on the International Geosphere- Biosphere Programme and its data
and information system.
31
Concepts of Geospatial viii) Gridded Global Topography: The Global Land One-kilometer Base
Data
Elevation (GLOBE) project is a 30-arc-second (1-km) gridded, quality-
controlled global DEM. Global Relief: ETOPO2 supersedes TerrainBase
and ETOPO5 were produced at an 8 km nominal grid (5' resolution).
ETOPO2 contains more detailed 2' gridded data, which can be
downloaded from www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/topo.html.

ix) Terra Server: TerraServer.com was founded with the purpose of finding
a commercial market for satellite imagery and aerial images. The
company procured a series of high-resolution satellite images for some
specific areas. It became the first to release these images to the general
public on April 17, 2000 and major internet provider
(www.terraserver.com). User may view and buy images and many
different stock image products available. Through partnerships with many
leading imagery providers, it has assembled the largest variety of aerial
and satellite imagery on the internet.

d) Derived Raster Products

Some of the commonly used derived raster products include the followings:
• land use/landcover maps
• normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) maps
• SPOT vegetation data
• biodiversity hotspot maps
• coral Reef hotspot maps.
The GLCF and NOAA websites also host several raster products, as shown in
Figs. 5.14 and 5.15.

Fig. 5.14: A snapshot of the GLCF webpage hosting different raster data products

32
The following are some brief vector data sources from internet: Data Types and Sources

5.3.2 Sources of Vector Data

There are many sources of vector data from where we can obtain vector data
either at some cost or freely. However, you need to be sure and careful while
using these maps with regard to their appropriateness and accuracy.
The Digital Chart of the World (DCW) is an Environmental Systems Research
Institute Inc. (ESRI) product, originally developed for the US Defense
Mapping Agency (DMA). It is a vector cartographic dataset based at
1:1,000,000-scale Operational Navigation Chart (ONC) series, which is the
largest scale basemap source with global coverage.

(a)

(b)
Fig. 5.15: (a) Snapshot of the NOAA webpage hosting various raster data products
related to coral reefs; (b) shows a product indicating coral reef bleaching
alert areas (source: http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite) 33
Concepts of Geospatial The stock of Omni resources comprising international topographic maps at all
Data
scales is one of the largest of any map dealer worldwide. All worldwide
topographic maps at 1:250,000 are available. It also stocks most of the
topographic maps available worldwide at 1:50,000 scale, especially Europe,
Central America & South America. Topographic maps at 1:25,000 scale for
selected countries, like U.K, France, Switzerland, Belgium, U.S and other
parts of the world are also available. Besides, topographic maps at 1:25,000
scale for many major cities worldwide are available.
In India, there are several data centres from where one can procure data. List
of the geospatial data centers across India is given in Table 5.1 along with their
addresses.
Table 5.1: Geospatial data centers across India
Sl Name of the Geospatial Mailing Address
No Data Centre

1 Andhra Pradesh Director, Andhra Pradesh Geospatial Data Centre, Survey of India,
Geospatial Data Centre, Uppal, Hyderabad-500039
Hyderabad Ph.: 040-27200359; Fax: 040-27202059
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

2 Assam and Nagaland Director, Assam & Nagaland Geospatial Data centre, Survey of
Geospatial Data Centre, India, Ganeshguri Chariali Dispur, Guwahati - 781006
Guwahati Ph.: 0361/ 2234370, Fax No. 0361/ 2261725
E-mail: [email protected]
3 Bihar Geospatial Data Director, Bihar Geospatial Data Centre, 164 A/B, Sheikhpura
Centre, Patna House (Near JD Women’s College),
PO- B.V. College, Patna-800014 (Bihar).
Ph.:0612-2280756 (EPABX), 2280261, 2280265
Fax: 0612-2280265
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
4 Chhattisgarh Geospatial Director, Chhattisgarh Geospatial Data Centre, Survey of India,
Data Centre, Raipur Reena Apartment, 3rd Floor, Pachpedi Naka, Dhamtari Road,
Raipur-492001, Fax: 0771-2411135 E-mail: [email protected]
5 Gujarat, Daman & Diu Director, Gujarat, Daman & Diu Geospatial Data Centre, Survey
Geospatial Data Centre, of India, Sir Creek Bhavan, Sector 10-A, Gandhinagar-382010,
Gandhinagar P.O. Box No. 1, Ph.: 079-23238469
Fax: 079-23237518,079-23240451,079-2324052
E-mail: [email protected] & [email protected]
6 Punjab, Haryana & Director, Punjab, Haryana & Chandigarh Geospatial Data Centre,
Chandigarh Geospatial Survey of India, Survey Complex, Dakshin Marg, Sector 32 A,
Data Centre, Chandigarh Chandigarh - 160030,
Ph.: 0172-2600031, 2602607 Fax: 0172-2604671,
E-mail: [email protected]
7 Himachal Pradesh Director, Himachal Pradesh Geospatial Data Centre, Survey of
Geospatial Data Centre, India, SOI Complex, Dakshin Marg, Sector 32 A,
Chandigarh Chandigarh - 160030
Fax: 0172-2613398, E-mail: [email protected]
8 Jammu & Kashmir Director, Jammu & Kashmir Geospatial Data Centre,
Geospatial Data Centre, H No.65, Zorwar Stadium,Channi Himmat, Jammu-180015 (J&K)
Jammu Ph.: 0191-2466556, Fax: 0191-2450185
E-mail:[email protected]
9 Jharkhand Geospatial Director, Jharkhand Geospatial Data Centre, Survey of India, Near
Data Centre, Ranchi Magistrate Colony, Doranda, Ranchi-834002, Jharkhand
Ph.: 0651-2482789, 2481386, Fax: 0651-2482789
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
34
 Data Types and Sources
10 Karnataka Geospatial Director, Karnataka Geospatial Data Centre, Survey of India,
Data Centre, Bangalore Sarjapur Road, Koramangala, 2nd Block, Bangalore – 560034
Fax: 080-25533595, E-mail: [email protected]

11 Kerala and Lakshadweep Director, Kerala and Lakshadweep Geospatial Data Centre,
Geospatial Data Centre, Survey of India, CGO Complex, Poonkulam, Vellayani PO,
Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram - 695522, Fax: 0471-2481852,
E-mail:[email protected]

12 Madhya Pradesh Additional Surveyor General, Madhya Pradesh Geospatial Data

Geospatial Data Centre, Centre, Survey of India, Survey Colony, Vijay Nagar, Jabalpur-
Jabalpur 482002, Fax: 0761-2643182, E-mail: [email protected]

13 Maharashtra and Goa Additional Surveyor General, Maharashtra and Goa Geospatial
Geospatial Data Centre, Data Centre, Survey of India, Phulenagar,
Pune Alandi Road, Pune – 411006
Fax: 020-26614665, E-mail: [email protected]

14 Meghalaya and Director, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh Geospatial Data

Arunanchal Pradesh centre, Survey of India, Post Box No.89, MALKI, Shillong -
Geospatial Data Centre, 793001 (Meghalaya)
Shillong Fax: 0364-2224937, E-mail: [email protected]

15 Orissa Geospatial Data Director, Orissa Geospatial Data Centre, Survey of India, Survey
Centre, Bhubaneshwar Bhawan, PO - RR Laboratory, Bhubaneshwar - 751013
Ph.: 0674-2300355,
Fax: 0674-2301418, E-mail: [email protected]

16 Rajasthan Geospatial Director, Rajasthan Geospatial Data Centre, Survey of India,

Data Centre, Jaipur Great Arc Bhawan, Sector-10, Vidyadhar Nagar, Jaipur- 302023
Ph.: 0141-2236840, Fax: 0141-2236891
E-mail:[email protected]

17 Survey (Air) and Delhi Director, Delhi Geospatial Data Centre, Survey of India, West
Geospatial Data Centre, Block No.4, R.K. Puram, New Delhi - 110066
New Delhi Fax: 011-26196301, 26107035
E-mail:[email protected]

18 Tamilnadu, Pondicherry Director, Tamilnadu, Pondicherry and Andaman & Nicobar Island
and Andaman & Nicobar Geospatial Data Centre Survey of India Block-III, Electronics
Island Geospatial Data Complex, Thiru-Vi-Ka Industrial Estate, Guindy, Chennai-600032
Centre, Chennai Fax: 044-22328145, E-mail: [email protected]

19 Tripura, Manipur and Director, Tripura, Manipur and Mizoram Geospatial Data Centre,
Mizoram Geospatial Survey of India, P.O. Rangir Khari, N.S. Avenue, Haila Kandi
Data Centre, Silchar Road, Silchar - 788005, Fax: 03842-240555

20 East Uttar Pradesh The Director, East Uttar Pradesh Geospatial Data Centre (N.Z.),
Geospatial Data Centre, Survey of India, B-2, 2nd Floor, Pickup Bhavan, Vibhuti Khand,
Lucknow Gomati Nagar, Lucknow (U.P.) - 226 010,
Ph.: (0522) 2720740, 4102260, 2306185, 4102259(Official),
2733671(Resi), 2720634(Fax), 9415330053(Mob.); EPBAX No.:
0522-2720638; E-mail: [email protected]

21 Uttarakhand & West Director, Uttarakhand & West Uttar Pradesh Geospatial Data
Uttar Pradesh Geospatial Centre, Survey of India, 17 E.C. Road, Dehradun-248001
Data Centre, Dehradun Fax: 0135-2656402, E-mail: [email protected]

22 West Bengal & Sikkim Additional Surveyor General, West Bengal & Sikkim Geospatial
Geospatial Data Centre, Data Centre, Survey of India, No.13, Wood Street, Kolkata –
Kolkata 700016, Ph.: 033-2287-2155/5732/5733/5734,
Fax: 033-22879038, E-mail: [email protected]
35
Concepts of Geospatial The Survey of India (SOI), Dehradun supplies topographic products (on both
Data
hardcopy and digital form) to its users at 1:25,000; 1:50,000 and 1:250,000
scales. The various types of maps published and distributed by SOI are given
on http://www.surveyofindia.gov.in/maps.html.

National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO) is a premier

national thematic maps and atlas-making organisation, under the Union
Ministry of Science & Technology, which publishes several maps and atlases
at small scales (http://natmo.gov.in/).

Geological Survey of India (GSI) is one of the oldest survey organisations in

the world and a premier organisation of Earth science studies. It is custodian
of geoscientific database developed over 150 years. The main products of GSI
constitute different memoirs, records, journals, bulletins, different thematic
maps and atlases, and geological mapping on 1:50,000 scale for entire India.
Reconnaitary survey covers 97% of Exclusive Economic Zone (2.02 million
sq.km) (www.gsi.gov.in/page2.htm). Airborne geophysical survey covers 2.07
million sq.km in geologically critical areas at 1: 25,000 scale mapping
(www.gsi.gov.in/page2.htm).

National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP), a

national soil survey organisation with its headquarters at the Indian
Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and four Regional Centres at Bangalore,
Delhi, Kolkata and Nagpur has published maps on salt-affected soils of India;
soil and land use maps for districts/village level and research bulletins on
geomorphology, soils and land use (http://nbsslup.nic.in/home1.htm).

5.3.3 Sources of Metadata

Metadata sources include dataset from Landscan and Census India.

The LandScan dataset comprises of a worldwide population database

compiled on a 30" × 30" lat/long grid. Census counts (sub-national level) were
apportioned to each grid cell based on likelihood coefficients, which are based
on proximity to roads, slope, land cover, nighttime lights and other
information. LandScan has been developed as part of the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL) Global Population Project for estimating ambient
population at risk. The LandScan dataset files are available via the internet in
ESRI grid/raster binary formats by continents and world (www.ornl.gov/sci/
landscan/index.html).

The Indian census is the largest single source of statistics on the people of
India. With a history of more than 125 years, this reliable, time tested exercise
has been bringing out a veritable wealth of statistics every 10 years beginning
from 1872 when the first census was conducted in India, non- synchronously
in different parts. For scholars/researchers in demography, economics,
anthropology, sociology, statistics and many other disciplines, the Indian
census is a fascinating data source. The rich diversity of the people of India is
truly reflected through the decennial census, which is one of the basic tools to
understand and study India. It provides information on demography, socio-
economics, population, sex, literacy, fertility/death rates, workers, non-
workers, etc., at state and district levels. Some of the information is available
at www.censusindia.net.
36
Check Your Progress II Spend Data Types and Sources
5 mins
1) Name some internet sources from where you can obtain raster and vector data.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
2) List the sources of metadata.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
3) What are the services provided by Indian Portal Bhuvan?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................

5.4 SUMMARY
You have learnt the following in this unit:
• There are basically two types of geospatial data, i.e. raster and vector.
• Examples of raster data type include satellite imagery, scanned
photographs/maps, orthophoto and Digital Elevation Model (DEM),
whereas example of vector data type include digital line graphs.
• Sources of raster, vector and metadata include various mapping agencies,
internet resources and other sources from where you can either just
visualise or download data and derived products with or without any cost.
Spend
5.5 UNIT END QUESTIONS 30 mins

1) What are the advantages and disadvantages of vector and raster data?
2) Discuss in brief about raster data sources.
3) Mention a few advantages of the Google Earth.
4) Give some names of Indian agencies providing vector data?

5.6 REFERENCES
• Liu, J.G. and Mason, P. (2009), Essential Image Processing and GIS for
Remote Sensing. 1st Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 460p.
• http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite.
• http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/
QuickView.pl?directory=ESC&ID=ISS006-E-43707.
• http://rst.gsfc.nasa. gov/Sect3/Sect3_4.html.
• http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/image_sites.jsp.
• www.earth.google.com.
Data from above mentioned websites were retrieved between 25th June to 20th July 2011. 37
Concepts of Geospatial
Data 5.7 FURTHER/SUGGESTED READING
• Lo, C.P. and Yeung, A.K.W. (2007), Concepts and Techniques of Geographic
Information System, 2nd Ed. Phi Learning Private Ltd. New Delhi.

5.8 ANSWER
Check Your Progress I
1) Raster data - Satellite imagery, Orthophotos, DEM (Digital Elevation
Model), Scanned photo.
2) Vector Data - Digital Line Graph (DLG).
3) DEM (Digital Elevation Model).
Check Your Progress II
1) http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data,ftp://ftp.glcf.umiacs.umd.edu, http://
srtm.usgs.gov, and [email protected].
2) Landscan, census data.
3) Bhuvan provides land, weather, ocean and disaster services
Unit End Questions
1) Refer to section 5.2.3
2) Refer to section 5.3.1
3) Refer to section 5.3.1
4) Refer to Table 5.1 and summarise it.

Box 1
USGS Web site at http://www.usgs.gov is the starting point for online information about
the USGS, its programs, data products, and educational resources. It also contains an
extensive list of pointers to Internet geographic information resources not managed
specifically by the USGS. Many other U.S. federal agencies have set up publicly
accessible information resources on the Internet. Some of these are:
• NASA Earth Observation System (EOS)
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov
• National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
www.nima.mail
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Environmental
Satellite, Data and Information Service (ESDIS) www.nesdis.noaa.gov
• U.S. Bureau of Land Management
www.blm.gov/nsdi.html
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National GIS Program www.epa.gov
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
www.fws.gov
Information pertaining to geographic information activities in other countries may be
found at the Websites of the following organizations:
• Australia Surveying and Land Information Group
www.auslig.gov.au
• European Umbrella Organization for Geographic Information (EUROGI)
www.eurogi.org
• Geomatic Canada
http://ess.nrcan.gc.ca/geocon/product_e.php
• Ordnance Survey, U.K.
www.ordsvy.gov.uk
• United Nations Environment Program
www.grida.no
(Source: Liu and Mason, 2009)
38