ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.

1-1999
with 90.1-2001 Highlights

U.S. Department of Energy

Building Energy Codes Program

1
 Why is Standard 90.1 -1999 important?
90.1-1999

• It replaces ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-

1989 and the codified version of Standard 90.1-
1989 (the gray book).
• It is the reference standard for Chapter 7 of the
2001 IECC.
• It is also the commercial energy reference in
NFPA’s family of codes.

2
 How is it different?

• Written in mandatory, enforceable language

• Contains true prescriptive path for envelope
• Mechanical and envelope sections heavily
dependent on economic analysis
• Lighting section heavily dependent on lighting
quality considerations
• Does pay considerable more attention to existing
buildings

3
 How is it different?

• Does not include lighting tradeoff software (LTGSTD)

• Does include a simplified mechanical systems approach
for “simple” buildings
• Does include separate envelope requirements for non-
residential, residential, and semi-heated spaces
• Is accompanied by ASHRAE Guideline 18 (More stringent
than 90.1) – in process
• Extends scope and coverage (alterations and additions)
• Includes international units
• Expands climate locations
• Is reorganized for ease of use
4
 How is it the same?

• Still contains separate envelope, HVAC, SWH,

and lighting provisions
• Still includes envelope tradeoff software
(ENVSTD – new version)
• Still contains an energy cost budget tradeoff
method

5
 How have requirements changed?

• Mechanical requirements generally more stringent

(with exception of economizers)
• Envelope requirements a mixed bag – some more
stringent, some less, depending on economics
• Lighting requirements generally more stringent
with exception of some building types and space
types

6
 How can I find out more about the differences?

• Excruciatingly detailed comparisons of Standards

90.1-1989 and 90.1-1999 may be found at
http://www.energycodes.gov/implement/determinations_com.stm

• PNNL is also working on comparisons of the 90.1-

1999 Standard and Chapter 8 of the 2001 IECC

7
 How can I get a copy?

• Standard 90.1-1999
and the Standard 90.1-
1999 Users Manual are
available from ASHRAE

404-636-8400
www.ashrae.org
8
 Section Organization

90.1-1989 90.1-1999 90.1-2001

4 – Compliance 4 – Admin. and enforcement Same as 90.1-1999
5 – Building envelope with addition of
5 – Electric power Appendix E –
6 – HVAC Addenda.
6 – Lighting
7 – SWH
7 – Auxiliary systems
8 – Power
and equipment 9 – Lighting
8 – Building Envelope 10 – Other equipment
9 – HVAC Systems 11 – Energy Cost
10 – HVAC Equipment Budget Method
11 – SWH
12 – Energy management
13 – Energy Cost
Budget Method
9
 Standard 90.1 -1999
90.1-1999

•Section 1 – Purpose
•Section 2 - Scope
•Section 3 - Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms
•Section 4 - Administration and Enforcement
•Section 5 - Building Envelope
•Section 6 - Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning
•Section 7 - Service Water Heating
•Section 8 - Power

10
 Standard 90.1 -1999
90.1-1999

•Section 9 - Lighting
•Section 10 - Other Equipment
•Section 11 - Energy Cost Budget Method
•Section 12 - Normative References
•Appendices A-D - Mostly envelope related
•Appendix E - Informative References
•Appendix F – Addenda Description Information

11
 Section 1 - Purpose
The purpose of this standard
is to provide minimum
requirements for the energy-
efficient design of buildings
except low-rise residential
buildings

12
 Section 2 - Scope

• New buildings and their

systems
• New portions of
buildings and their
systems (additions)
• New systems and
equipment in existing
buildings (alterations)

13
 Section 2 – Scope (cont’d)
(cont’d)

• Envelope
• if heated by a heating system with an output capacity
$3.4 btu/h-ft2 or
• if cooled by a cooling system with a sensible output $5
btu/h-ft2
• Virtually all mechanical and lighting systems are
covered

14
 Scope Exceptions

• Too little heating or cooling

• Single-family, multifamily of three stories or less,
manufactured or modular homes
• Buildings that don’t use electricity or fossil fuel
• Equipment and portions of building systems that
use energy primarily for industrial, manufacturing,
or commercial purposes

15
 Section 3 - Definitions, Abbreviations, and
Acronyms
• 10.5 pages of definitions
• 1 page of abbreviations and acronyms
• Defined terms are italicized in text of standard

16
 Section 4 – Administration and Enforcement

• Specifies what applies to new buildings, existing

buildings, additions to existing buildings,
alterations to existing buildings
• Specifies exemptions for envelope, HVAC, SWH,
power, lighting, and other equipment alterations
• Discusses changes in space conditioning

17
 Section 4 – Administration and Enforcement

• Addresses compliance documentation

• Addresses labeling of materials and equipment
• Fenestration, doors, insulation, mechanical equipment,
and packaged terminal air conditioners
• Addresses alternative materials and methods of
construction
• Addresses inspections

18
Building System Compliance Options

Prescriptive
Option
Envelope
Mandatory
Provisions Trade Off
Energy Code
Lighting (required for all Option Compliance
compliance options)

Mechanical
Energy Cost
Budget
HVAC

SWH

19
 Envelope Compliance
Building System Compliance Options

Prescriptive
Option
Envelope
Mandatory
Provisions Trade Off
Energy Code
Lighting (required for all Option Compliance
compliance options)

Mechanical
Energy Cost
Budget
HVAC

SWH

20
 Section 5 – Building Envelope

• General (Section 5.1)

• Scope
• Compliance
• Climate
• Space-Conditioning Categories and Basis
• Mandatory Provisions (Section 5.2)
• Insulation
• Fenestration and Doors
• Air Leakage

21
 Section 5 – Building Envelope (cont’d)
(cont’d)

• Prescriptive Building Envelope Option (Section 5.3)

• Opaque Areas
• Fenestration
• Building Envelope Trade-Off Options (Section 5.4)

22
 Scope
• Envelope components that enclose
• Conditioned space
• Semi-heated space
• Has a heating system with a capacity > 3.4 Btu/h.ft2 (10 W/m2)
of floor area but is not conditioned space
• Requirements apply to three types of spaces
• Nonresidential
• Residential
• Semi-heated
• Exceptions
Section 5.1.1
23
 Semi-heated Space
Semi-heated
• Has a heating system with a capacity > 3.4
Btu/h.ft2 (10W/m2) of floor area but is not
conditioned space

Section 5.1.1
24
 Climate

• Bins based on CDD50 and

HDD65
• Locations listed in Appendix D
• If location not listed, select one
with “closest” climatic
conditions

Section 5.1.3
25
 Space -Conditioning Categories and Basis
Space-Conditioning
Envelope
Envelope Requirements
Requirements Are
Are Specified
Specified by
by Space-Conditioning
Space-Conditioning Categories
Categories

• Each space to be included in a category

• Nonresidential conditioned space
• Residential conditioned space
• Both nonresidential and residential semiheated space
• Spaces in climates > 1800 HDD65 assumed to be
conditioned space unless
• Space will only be semiheated or unconditioned and
• Approved as such by the building official

Section 5.1.4
26
 Mandatory Provisions
• Insulation (Section 5.2.1) (Section 5.5.1)
• Installation 5.2.1.1 and 5.2.1.2 (Section 5.5.1.1)
• Substantial Contact (Section 5.5.1.2)
• Recessed equipment 5.2.1.3 (Section 5.5.1.3)
• Location of roof insulation (Section 5.5.1.4) and
insulation protection (Section 5.5.1.5).

Section 5.2.1 now refers to Section 5.5 (90.1-2001).

Required in all compliance paths

Section 5.5
27
 Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Insulation Installation
• Per manufacturer’s instructions
• Achieve rated R-value
• No open-blown or poured loose-fill insulation when ceiling
slope is > 3/12
• If eave vents installed
• Provide baffling of air vents to deflect incoming air above the
surface of the insulation
• Exception
• Metal buildings – if roof and wall insulation is compressed between
roof or wall skin and the structure

Section 5.5.1.1
28
 Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Insulation - Substantial Contact
• Install insulation in a permanent manner in
substantial contact with inside surface
• Flexible batt insulation in floor cavities
• To be supported in a permanent manner by supports
no more than 24 in. o.c.

Section 5.5.1.2
29
 Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Recessed Equipment

• Do not recess equipment to affect insulation thickness

• Lighting fixtures
• HVAC equipment (includes wall heaters, ducts, and plenums)
• Other
• Except when
• Total combined area affected (include necessary clearances) is < 1% of
opaque area of the assembly, OR
• Entire roof, wall, or floor is covered with insulation to the full depth required,
OR
• Effects of reduced insulation are included in area-weighted calculations

Section 5.5.1.3
30
 Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Roof Insulation
• Roof Insulation
• Not installed on a suspended
ceiling with removable ceiling
panels

Section 5.5.1.4
31
 Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Insulation Protection
• Insulation Protection
• Cover exterior insulation with protective material
• Sunlight
• Moisture
• Landscaping operations
• Equipment maintenance
• Wind
• Access to attics and mechanical rooms without
damaging or compressing insulation
• Insulation materials in ground contact to have a water
absorption rate # 0.3% (ASTM C272)
Section 5.5.1.5
32
 Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Fenestration and Doors
• U-factors
• NFRC 100 or
• Assemblies listed in Appendix A
• SHGC
• NFRC 200 or
• Assemblies listed in Appendix A
• Visible Light Transmittance
• NFRC 200 when building
envelope trade-off option is
used

Section 5.5.2
33
 U-Factor
U-Factor

• Skylights – determine for a slope of 20° above

the horizontal
• Labeled and certified by manufacturer
• Exceptions
• Glazed wall systems in vertical fenestration and
skylights – may use U-factors in A.8.1
• A.8.2 acceptable for other vertical fenestration
• A.7 acceptable for opaque doors
• NAGDM 105 acceptable for garage doors

34
 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
(SHGC)

• Exceptions
• SC x 0.86 is acceptable for overall fenestration area
(NFRC 300)
• SHGC of center of glass is acceptable (NFRC 300) for
overall fenestration area
• SHGC from A.8.1 for glazed wall systems in vertical
fenestration and skylights
• SHGC from A.8.2 for other vertical fenestration
• The glazing’s effectiveness in rejecting solar heat
gain
35
 SHGC (cont’d)
(cont’d)

• The glazing’s effectiveness

in rejecting solar heat gain
• Part of a system for rating
window performance
• used by the National
Fenestration Rating Council
(NFRC)
• Gradually replacing shading
coefficient (SC) in product
literature and design standards
• convert SC to SHGC by
multiplying the SC value by 0.86

36
 Visible Light Transmittance
• A measure of the amount
of visible light that passes
through fenestration
• Affected by:
• composition of the glass
• coatings
• internal shading devices

37
 Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Air Leakage
• Seal, caulk, gasket, or
weather-strip
• Openings and joints in
building envelope
• Fenestration and doors
per NFRC 400
• Loading docks in
climates > 3600 HDD
• Vestibules and doors
separating conditioned
space from exterior

Section 5.5.3
38
 Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Building Envelope Sealing
• Joints around fenestration and door frames
• Junctions between walls
• and foundations
• at building corners
• and structural floors or roofs
• and roof or wall panels
• Openings for utility services through roofs, walls, and floors
• Site-built fenestration and doors
• Building assemblies used as ducts or plenums
• Joints, seams, and penetrations of vapor retarders
• All other openings in the building envelope

Section 5.5.3.1
39
 Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Fenestration and Doors
• NFRC 400
• Labeled and certified by manufacturer
• Glazed swinging entrance doors and revolving
doors – not to exceed 1.0 cfm/ft2
• All other products – not to exceed 0.4 cfm/ft2
• Exceptions
• Field-fabricated fenestration and doors
• Garage doors – NAGDM 105

Section 5.5.3.2
40
 Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Loading Dock Weatherseals
• > 3600 HDD65
• Cargo doors and loading dock
doors equipped with
weatherseals
• To restrict infiltration when
vehicles are parked in the
doorway

Section 5.5.3.3
41
 Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Vestibules
• All exterior doors in tall
buildings in cold climates
must have a vestibule with
• Self-closing doors
• Interior and exterior doors
must not be open at the
same time
• Distance between interior
and exterior doors not
< 7 ft when in closed position
(remember ADA!)

Section 5.5.3.4
42
 Vestibule Exceptions
• Non-entrance doors
(mechanical/electrical
rooms)
• Vehicle and material
handling doors and
adjacent personnel doors
OR revolving doors
• All doors in climates < 1800
HDD65 OR in buildings
< 4 stories
• All doors that open into
spaces < 3000 ft2 OR into
dwelling units

43
 Building Envelope Prescriptive Option

WWR # 50% of gross wall area

Skylight-roof ratio # 5% of roof area
Each envelope component must separately meet requirements

• 26 criteria sets for different climate types

• Set = single page that summarizes all prescriptive
requirements
• Insulation levels for roofs, walls floors
• Fenestration criteria

Section 5.3
44
 Designers
• Specify
• R-values for walls, floors, and
roofs
• U-factors for opaque doors
• U-factor and SHGC for
fenestration, OR
• Use
• Pre-calculated assemblies
from Appendix A

45
 Envelope
Envelope Prescriptive
Prescriptive Option
Option
Opaque Areas

• Compliance
• Meet or exceed minimum R-values in table
• Only R-value of insulation, not to include air films, etc
OR
• Meet maximum U-factor, C-factor, or F-factor for the entire
assembly
OR
• Perform area-weighted average U-factor, C-factor, or F-
factor
• Only if there are multiple assemblies within a single class of
construction for a single space-conditioning category

Section 5.3.1
46
 Envelope
Envelope Prescriptive
Prescriptive Option
Option
Roof Insulation
• Meet or exceed minimum R-value in table
• Skylight curbs insulated to level of roofs with
insulation entirely above deck or R-5, whichever is
less
• Roofs with insulation entirely above deck
• R-value is for continuous insulation
• Interruptions for mechanical equipment # 1% of surface
of the total roof area

Section 5.3.1.1
47
 Roof Insulation (cont’d)
(cont’d)

• Metal building roofs

• First value is for
• insulation draped over purlins and then compressed when metal
spanning members attached or
• insulation hung between purlins provided there’s a min. of 1”
thermal break between purlins and metal spanning members
• Second value is for double-layer installations with
insulation installed parallel to the purlins
• Attics and other roofs
• R-value is for insulation installed both inside and outside
the roof or entirely inside the roof cavity
48
 Envelope
Envelope Prescriptive
Prescriptive Option
Option
Above -Grade Wall Insulation
Above-Grade
• Meet or exceed R-value in appropriate table
• Mass walls
• heat capacity determined from Table A-6 or
A-7
• R-value is for continuous insulation or when
uninterrupted by framing other than metal clips no closer
than 24 in. o.c. horizontally and 16 in. o.c. vertically
• Exception – requirement of U-0.151

Section 5.3.1.2
49
 Above -Grade Wall Insulation (cont’d)
Above-Grade (cont’d)

• Metal building wall R-value is for insulation

compressed between metal wall panels and the
steel structure
• Steel-framed wall R-value is for uncompressed
insulation installed in the cavity between steel
studs
• Wood-framed and other R-value is for
uncompressed insulation installed in the cavity
between wood studs; also acceptable to be
continuous insulation uninterrupted by studs
50
 Envelope
Envelope Prescriptive
Prescriptive Option
Option
Below-Grade Wall Insulation
Below-Grade
• Meet or exceed values in appropriate table in
Appendix B
• R-value is for continuous insulation
• If framing is used, compliance is based on
maximum assembly C-factor

Section 5.3.1.3
51
 Envelope
Envelope Prescriptive
Prescriptive Option
Option
Floor Insulation
• Meet or exceed values in appropriate table in Appendix B
• Mass floors
• R-value is for continuous insulation
• If framing is used, compliance is based on maximum assembly
U-factor
• Steel joist floors
• R-value is for uncompressed insulation or spray-on insulation,
but is also acceptable for continuous insulation
• Wood-framed and others
• R-value is for uncompressed insulation, but is also acceptable for
continuous insulation
Section 5.3.1.4
52
 Envelope
Envelope Prescriptive
Prescriptive Option
Option
Slab-on-Grade Floor Insulation
Slab-on-Grade
• Meet or exceed values in appropriate table in Appendix B
(includes R-value and depth or width of insulation)
• Be installed around the perimeter to the distance specified
• Inside foundation wall – extend downward from top of slab a minimum
distance specified or to the top of the footing, whichever is less
• Outside foundation wall – extend from top of the slab or downward to at
least the bottom of the slab and then horizontally to a minimum distance
specified

Section 5.3.1.5
53
 Envelope
Envelope Prescriptive
Prescriptive Option
Option
Opaque Doors
• Meet or exceed maximum U-factors in appropriate table
in Appendix B

Section 5.3.1.6
54
 Envelope
Envelope Prescriptive
Prescriptive Option
Option
Fenestration

• Criteria apply to fenestration, including

windows, glass doors, glass block, plastic
panels, and skylights
• Compliance
• Meet or exceed maximum U-factors in table
• Meet or exceed minimum SHGC in table
• Use NFRC ratings or default values in Appendix A

Section 5.3.2
55
 Envelope
Envelope Prescriptive
Prescriptive Option
Option
Fenestration Area
• Total vertical fenestration
area to be < 50% of gross
wall area
• Including both fixed and
operable vertical fenestration
• Total skylight area to be <
5% of gross roof area
• Including glass skylights,
plastic skylights with a curb,
and all skylights without a
curb

Section 5.3.2.1
56
 Envelope
Envelope Prescriptive
Prescriptive Option
Option
Fenestration U -Factor
U-Factor

• NFRC or meet or exceed maximum

U-factors in A-17
• Exception
• Vertical fenestration complying with Exception (c) to
5.3.2.3 to have a U-factor # U-factor specified for
40% of the gross wall area

Section 5.3.2.2
57
 Envelope
Envelope Prescriptive
Prescriptive Option
Option
Fenestration SHGC
• Vertical fenestration
• SHGC values < Table 5.3 (Appendix A-18) for
appropriate total vertical fenestration area
• Skylights
• SHGC values < Table 5.3 (Appendix A-18) for
appropriate total skylight area
• No SHGC requirements for semiheated spaces or for
buildings in climates > 10800 HDD65
• No criteria in the for Visible Light Transmittance in
Prescriptive Building Envelope Option, but there are
minimum criteria in the Trade-Off Option (5.3.2.4)
Section 5.3.2.3
58
 Overhangs
• Standard credits permanent
overhangs by adjustment to
SHGC
• Size of overhang is
determined by projection
factor

59
 Building Envelope Trade -Off Option
Trade-Off

• Building complies if
• It satisfies the provisions of 5.1 and 5.2
• Envelope performance factor (EPF) of proposed building is #
EPF of budget building
• EPF considers only the building envelope components and is
calculated using procedures in Normative Appendix C
• Schedules of operation, lighting power, equipment power,
occupant density, and mechanical systems to be the same for
both the proposed building and the budget building

Section 5.4
60
 Mechanical Compliance
Building System Compliance Options

Prescriptive
Envelope Option

Mandatory
Lighting Provisions Trade Off
Energy Code
(required for all Option Compliance
compliance options)
Mechanical
Energy Cost
HVAC Budget

SWH

Simplified
Section 6.1 Approach
61
 Simplified Approach Option

• Limited to…
• Buildings with 1 or 2 stories
• Buildings < 25,000ft2
• Single-zone systems
• Air-cooled or evaporatively cooled only

Section 6.1
62
 Simplified Approach (cont’d)
(cont’d)

• Economizer Trade-off
Option
• Limited to:
• System size
• Climate (Cooling Degree-
Days)
• Minimum Cooling Efficiency
(EER)

Section 6.1.3
63
 Simplified (cont’d)
(cont’d)

• Manual changeover or dual set-point thermostat

• Heat pump supplementary control
• No reheat or simultaneous heating and cooling for humidity control
• Time clocks (except hotel/motel…)
• Pipe and ductwork insulated
• Ducted system to be air balanced to within 10% of design air flow
rates
• Interlocked thermostats to prevent simultaneous heating and
cooling
• Exhausts (design capacity > 300 cfm unless continuous operation)
• Optimum start controls (design supply air capacity > 10,000 cfm)

64
 HVAC Mandatory Provisions

• Mechanical Equipment Efficiency (Section 6.2.1)

• Load Calculations (Section 6.2.2)
• Controls (Section 6.2.3)
• HVAC System Construction and Insulation
(Section 6.2.4)
• Completion Requirements (Section 6.2.5)
Required in both Prescriptive and ECB
compliance paths

Section 6.2
65
 Equipment Covered

• Package air conditioners

• Heat pumps
• Chillers
• Furnaces
• Boilers
• Heat rejection equipment
• Packaged terminal room air conditioners

66
 Equipment Covered for the First Time in 90.1

• Ground-source heat pumps

• Single- and double-effect absorption chillers
• Heat rejection equipment
• New categories for
• Hot water and steam boilers
• Replacement PTACs and PTHPs

67
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Mechanical Equipment Efficiency

• Tables 6.2.1A – 6.2.1G

• Combination systems to meet all requirements for
appropriate space heating or cooling category
• Gas-fired and oil-fired forced air furnaces with input
ratings $ 225,000 Btu/h to have intermittent ignition or
interrupted device and have either power venting or a
flue damper
• All furnaces with input ratings $ 225,000 Btu/h,
including electric furnaces, not located in conditioned
space, to have jacket losses # 0.75% of the input
rating
Section 6.2.1
68
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Load Calculations
• Determined in accordance
with generally accepted
engineering standards and
handbooks acceptable to
the adopting authority

Section 6.2.2
69
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Controls
• Zone Thermostatic controls (Section 6.2.3.1)
• Required for each zone
• Dead Band controls
• Set Point Overlap Restrictions
• Off-Hour controls (Section 6.2.3.2)
• Automatic Shutdown
• Setback Controls
• Optimum Start Controls
• Shutoff Damper Controls
• Zone Isolation

Section 6.2.3
70
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Controls (cont’d)
(cont’d)

• Gravity Vent Controls Ventilation System Controls

(Section 6.2.3.3)
• Stair and Shaft Vent dampers
• Gravity Hoods, Vents, and Ventilator Dampers
• Heat Pump Auxiliary Heat Control
(Section 6.2.3.4)
• Enclosed Parking Garage Ventilation controls
(Section 6.2.3.5) - deleted

Section 6.2.3
71
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Controls (cont’d)
(cont’d)

• Humidifier Preheat Controls (Section 6.2.3.6)

(Section 6.2.3.5)
• Humidification and Dehumidification Controls
(Section 6.2.3.7) (Section 6.2.3.6)
• Freeze Protection and Ice Melting Systems
Controls (Section 6.2.3.8) (Section 6.2.3.7)
• Ventilation Controls for High-Occupancy Areas
(Section 6.2.3.9) (Section 6.2.3.8)
• Exceptions
Section 6.2.3
72
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Dead Band

• Thermostats must have a 5°F dead band

• Exceptions
• Thermostats that require manual changeover between
heating and cooling modes
• Special occupancy or applications where wide
temperature ranges aren’t acceptable (e.g., retirement
homes) and approved by adopting authority

Section 6.2.3.1.2
73
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Set Point Overlap Restriction

• If limit switches, mechanical stops, or software

programming for DDC systems are used, means
will be provided to prevent the heating set point
from exceeding the cooling set point minus any
applicable proportional band

Section 6.2.3.1.3
74
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Off -Hour Controls
Off-Hour
• Systems with heating/cooling capacity > 65,000 Btu/h
and fan > ¾ hp
• Shall have the following off-hour controls
• automatic shutdown
• setback controls
• optimum start controls
• shutoff damper controls
• zone isolation
• Exceptions, HVAC systems
• serving hotel/motel guestrooms
• intended to operate continuously

Section 6.2.3.2
75
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Automatic Shutdown

• Controls to operate on different time schedules for

seven different day-types per week and retain
programming and time setting during loss of power
for at least 10 hrs
• Each control to have
• Occupant sensor, OR
• Manually-operated timer with maximum two hour
duration, OR
• Interlock to security system

Section 6.2.3.2.1
76
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Setback Controls

• Applies when heating systems are located where

heating design temperature is # 40°F and cooling
systems located where cooling design temperature
< 100°F
• Heating set point adjustable down to # 55°F
• Cooling set point adjustable up to $ 90°F or to
prevent high space humidity levels
• Exception
• Radiant floor and ceiling heating systems

Section 6.2.3.2.2
77
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Optimum Start Controls

• Individual heating and cooling air distribution

systems with
• Total design supply air capacity > 10,000 cfm
• Served by one or more supply fans
• Control algorithm to at least be a function of
• Difference between space temperature and occupied
setpoint and amount of time prior to scheduled
occupancy

Section 6.2.3.2.3
78
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Shutoff Damper Controls
• Motorized dampers for outdoor air supply and exhaust
systems
• Ventilation outside air dampers to be capable of
automatically shutting off during
• Preoccupancy building warm up, cool down, and setback
(Except when ventilation reduces energy costs or when ventilation must be
supplied to meet code requirements)
• Supply and exhaust dampers to have maximum leakage
rate of 3 cfm/ft2 at 1.0 in. w.g. when tested in accordance
with AMCA Standard 500

Section 6.2.3.2.4
79
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Shutoff Damper Controls - Exceptions

• Gravity dampers okay in buildings

• < 3 stories in height
• Of any height in climates < 2700 HDD65
• Systems with design outside air intake or exhaust
capacity # 300 cfm
• if equipped with motor-operated dampers that open and
close when unit is energized and de-energized,
respectively

Section 6.2.3.3.3
80
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Zone Isolation

• Each isolation area

• Maximum 25,000 ft2 zone on one floor
• Ability to shut off airflow to isolation area
• Automatic shutdown device
• Central systems capable of stable operation for smallest
isolation area

Section 6.2.3.2.4
81
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Stair and Shaft Vents

• Motorized dampers
• Can be automatically closed during normal building
operation
• Interlocked to open as required by fire and smoke
detection systems

Section 6.2.3.3.1
82
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Gravity Hoods, Vents, and Ventilators

• Motorized dampers to automatically shut when

spaces served are not in use
• Exceptions
• Gravity dampers okay in buildings
• < 3 stories in height
• Of any height in climates < 2700 HDD65

Section 6.2.3.3.2
83
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Heat Pump Auxiliary Heat Control

• Controls to prevent supplementary heat when heat

pump can handle the load
• Exception
• Heat pumps
• With minimum efficiency regulated by NAECA
• With HSPF rating meeting Table 6.2.1B
(Includes all usage of internal electric resistance heating)

Section 6.2.3.4
84
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Enclosed Parking Garage Ventilation
Deleted - 2001
• Garage ventilation fan systems with total design
capacity > 30,000 cfm to have at least one
• Automatic control capable of staging fans or modulating
fan volume as required to maintain CO levels below
ASHRAE Standard 62 (only applies to garages used
predominantly by gasoline-powered vehicles)
• Automatic control complying with 6.2.3.2.1 that’s
capable of shutting off fans or reducing fan volume
during periods when garage is not in use

Section 6.2.3.5 –
Deleted (2001) 85
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Humidifier Preheat

• Automatic valve to shut off preheat when

humidification isn’t required

Section 6.2.3.5
86
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Humidification and Dehumidification

• Provide means to prevent simultaneous operation

of humidification and dehumidification equipment
• Limit switches, mechanical stops, or software
programming (DDC systems)
• Exceptions
• Zones served by desiccant systems, used with direct
evaporative cooling in series
• Systems serving zones where specific humidity levels
are required and approved by jurisdiction
• Computer rooms, museums, and hospitals
Section 6.2.3.6
87
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Controls
Provisions/Controls
Freeze Protection and Snow/Ice

• Automatic controls for

• freeze protection systems
• outside air temperatures > 40°F or when conditions of
protected fluid will prevent freezing
• Snow- and ice-melting systems
• pavement temperature > 50°F and no precipitation is falling
and outdoor temperature > 40°F

Section 6.2.3.7
88
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
HVAC System Construction and Insulation

• Insulation installed in accordance with industry

accepted standards
• Insulation protection
• Duct and plenum insulation
• Duct Sealing
• Duct Leakage Testing
• Piping Insulation

Section 6.2.4
89
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
General

• Insulation installed in accordance with industry

accepted standards
• Insulation
• Protected from damage due to sunlight, moisture,
equipment maintenance, and wind
• Exposed to weather to be suitable for outdoor service
• Covering chilled water piping, refrigerant suction piping,
or cooling ducts located outside the conditioned space to
include a vapor retardant located outside the insulation,
all penetrations and joints of which to be sealed
Section 6.2.4.1.1
90
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/HVAC
Provisions/HVAC Insulation
Insulation
Duct and Plenum Insulation
• All supply and return ducts and plenums to be insulated per
Tables 6.2.4.2A and 6.2.4.2B
• Exceptions
• Factory-installed plenums, casings, or ductwork furnished as part of
HVAC equipment
• Ducts located in heated, semi-heated, or cooled spaces
• For runouts < 10 ft in length to air terminals or air outlets, the R-
value need not exceed R-3.5
• Backs of air outlets and outlet plenums exposed to unconditioned or
indirectly conditioned spaces with face areas > 5 ft2 need not
exceed R-2; those # 5 ft2 need not be insulated

Section 6.2.4.1.2
91
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/HVAC
Provisions/HVAC Insulation
Insulation
Duct Sealing
• Table 6.2.4.3A
• Requirements of
6.2.4.4
• Standard industry
practice

Section 6.2.4.2.1
92
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/HVAC
Provisions/HVAC Insulation
Insulation
Duct Leakage Tests
• Designed > 3 in. w.c.
• Leak tested
• Representative sections $
25% of the total installed duct
area shall be tested
• Ratings > 3 in. w.c. to be
identified on drawings
• Maximum permitted duct
leakage
• Lmax = CLP0.65
Where Lmax = maximum permitted
leakage in cfm/100 ft2 duct
surface area

Section 6.2.4.2.2
93
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/HVAC
Provisions/HVAC Insulation
Insulation
Piping Insulation
• Table 6.2.4.1.3
• Exceptions
• Factory-installed
• Piping conveying fluids
• design operating temperature range between 60°F-105°F, inclusive
• that haven’t been heated or cooled through the use of nonrenewable
energy or where heat gain or heat loss will not increase energy usage
• Hot water piping between shut off valve and coil, not > 4 ft in
length, when located in conditioned spaces
• Pipe unions in heating systems (steam, steam condensate, and hot
water)

Section 6.2.4.1.3
94
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Completion Requirements
• Record drawings
• Operating and maintenance
manuals
• System balancing
• System commissioning

Section 6.2.5
95
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Completion
Provisions/Completion Req
Req
Drawings
• Record drawings of actual installation to building owner
within 90 days of system acceptance and include, as a
minimum
• Location and performance data on each piece of equipment
• General configuration of duct and pipe distribution system
including sizes
• Terminal air or water design flow rates

Section 6.2.5.1
96
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Completion
Provisions/Completion Req
Req
Manuals

• Operating and maintenance manuals to building

owner within 90 days of system acceptance and
include, as a minimum

Section 6.2.5.2
97
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Completion
Provisions/Completion Req
Req
System Balancing

• Measured and adjusted within 10% of design rates

• Exception
• Variable speed, variable volume flow distribution
systems need not be balanced upstream of a pressure
independent device
• Written report for conditioned spaces
> 5000 ft2

Section 6.2.5.3.1
98
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Completion
Provisions/Completion Req
Req
Air System Balancing

• Minimize throttling losses

• For fans with system power > 1 hp
• Adjust fan speed to meet design flow conditions
(except variable flow distribution systems need not be
balanced upstream of the controlling device)

Section 6.2.5.3.2
99
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Completion
Provisions/Completion Req
Req
Hydronic System Balancing
• Proportionately balanced to minimize throttling losses
• Pump impeller trimmed or pump speed adjusted to meet
design flow conditions
• Each system to have either the ability to measure
differential pressure increase across the pump or have
test ports at each side of the pump
• Exceptions
• Pumps with pump motors # 10 hp
• When throttling results in < 5% of the nameplate hp draw, or 3 hp,
whichever is greater, above that required if the impeller was
trimmed

Section 6.2.5.3.3
100
 HVAC
HVAC Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions/Completion
Provisions/Completion Req
Req
System Commissioning

• Control elements are calibrated, adjusted, and in

proper working condition
• > 50,000 ft2 conditioned area
• Except warehouses and semiheated spaces
• Requires commissioning plan

Section 6.2.5.4
101
 HVAC Prescriptive Path

• Economizers (Section 6.3.1)

• Simultaneous Heating and Cooling Limitation (Section 6.3.2)
• Air System Design and Control (Section 6.3.3)
• Hydronic System Design and Control (Section 6.3.4)
• Heat Rejection Equipment (Section 6.3.5)
• Energy Recovery (Section 6.3.6)
• Exhaust Hoods (Section 6.3.7)
• Radiant Heating Systems (Section 6.3.8)
• Hot Gas Bypass Limitation (Section 6.3.9)

Section 6.3
102
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Economizers
• Climate and size dependent (Table 6.3.1)
• There are LOTS of exceptions
• Can use air economizers
• 100% of design supply air
• Sequenced with mechanical cooling equipment
• High limit shutoff
• Dampers
• Can use water economizers
• 100% of expected system cooling load
• Maximum pressure drop

Section 6.3.1
103
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path/Air
Path/Air Economizers
Economizers
Design Capacity

• System capable of modulating outside air and

return air dampers to provide up to 100% of
the design supply air quantity as outside air for
cooling

Section 6.3.1.1.1
104
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path/Air
Path/Air Economizers
Economizers
Control Signal

• Dampers capable of being sequenced with the

mechanical cooling equipment and shall not be
controlled by only mixed air temperature
• Exception
• Systems controlled from space temperature (such as
single-zone systems)

Section 6.3.1.1.2
105
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path/Air
Path/Air Economizers
Economizers
High Limit Shutoff

• Automatically reduce outside air intake to 6.1.2 of

ASHRAE Standard 62 when outside air intake will
no longer reduce cooling energy usage
• Control types for specific climates from Table
6.3.1.1.3A
• Settings from Table 6.3.1.1.3B

Section 6.3.1.1.3
106
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path/Air
Path/Air Economizers
Economizers
Dampers

• Return air and outside air dampers to have

maximum leakage rate of 20 cfm
• Return air and outside air dampers to meet the
damper leakage specified in 6.2.3.3.4 (Table 6-B)

Section 6.3.1.1.4
107
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path/Air
Path/Air Economizers
Economizers
Relief of Excess Outside Air

• Means to relieve excess outdoor air during

economizer operation to prevent
overpressurizing the building
• Outlet located to avoid recirculation into the
building

Section 6.3.1.1.5
108
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path/Water
Path/Water Economizers
Economizers
Design Capacity

• System capable of cooling supply air by indirect

evaporation and providing up to 100% of
expected system cooling load at outside air
temperatures of 50°F dry bulb/45°F wet bulb and
below
• Exception
• If the building dehumidification requirements cannot be
met at the above condition, you can also meet this
requirement if your design can meet 100% of expected
cooling load at 45°F dry bulb/40°F wet bulb

Section 6.3.1.2.1
109
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path/Water
Path/Water Economizers
Economizers
Maximum Pressure Drop

• Precooling coils and water-to-water heat

exchangers to have either
• Water-side pressure drop of < 15 ft of water OR
• Create a secondary loop so the coil or heat
exchanger pressure drop isn’t seen by the
circulating pumps when the system is in normal
cooling mode

Section 6.3.1.2.2
110
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path/Water
Path/Water Economizers
Economizers
Integrated Economizer Control

• Economizers must be integrated with mechanical

cooling systems and be capable of providing
partial cooling even when additional mechanical
cooling is required
• Some exceptions to this

Section 6.3.1.3
111
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path/Water
Path/Water Economizers
Economizers
Economizer Heating System Impact

• Designed so economizer operation doesn’t

increase the building heating energy use during
normal operation
• Exception
• Where heating is allowed by 6.3.2

Section 6.3.1.4
112
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Simultaneous Heating and Cooling Limitation

• Zone controls capable of operating in

sequence the supply of heating and cooling
energy to the zone to prevent reheating,
recooling, mixing or simultaneously supplying
air previously heated or cooled
• Hydronic system controls to prevent reheating
or recooling of fluids

Section 6.3.2
113
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Simultaneous Heating and Cooling Limitation (cont’d)
(cont’d)

• Dehumidification controls for humidistats to

prevent reheating, mixing, etc
• Humidification controls

114
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Zone Controls

• Capable of operating in sequence the supply

of heating and cooling energy to the zone
• Controls prevent
• Reheating
• Recooling
• Mixing or simultaneously supplying air previously
heated or cooled
• Other simultaneous operation of heating and
cooling systems to the same zone

Section 6.3.2.1
115
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Zone Controls - Exceptions
• Zones for which volume of air that is reheated, recooled,
or mixed is no greater than the larger of the following
• Volume of outside air to meet 6.1.3 of ASHRAE 62 for the zone
• 0.4 cfm/ft2 of zone conditioned floor area with several conditions
• 30% of zone design peak supply
• 300 cfm for zones whose peak flow rate totals no more than 10%
of the total fan system flow rate
• Any higher rate that can be demonstrated to jurisdiction to reduce
overall system annual energy usage…
• Zones where special pressurization relationships, cross-
contamination requirements, or code-required minimum
circulation rates are such that the variable air volume
systems are impractical
116
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Hydronic System Controls

• Limit heating and cooling of fluids previously

heated or cooled mechanically per 6.3.2.2.1 and
6.3.2.2.3

Section 6.3.2.2
117
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Three-Pipe System
Three-Pipe

• No common return system for both hot and

chilled water

Section 6.3.2.2.1
118
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Two-Pipe Changeover System
Two-Pipe

• Common distribution system acceptable if

• Deadband from one mode to another is $ 15°F outside
air temperature
• Controls to allow operation of $ 4 hours before
changing over
• Reset controls so heating and cooling supply
temperatures at changeover point no more than 30°F
apart

Section 6.3.2.2.2
119
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Hydronic (Water Loop) Heat Pump Systems

• Controls to provide heat pump water supply temperature

deadband of at least 20°F between initiation of heat
rejection and heat addition by central devices
• Cooling tower bypass or cooling tower isolation dampers
• A two-position valve at each hydronic heat pump for
hydronic systems having a total pump system power > 10
hp
• Exception
• If system loop temperature optimization controller is used,
deadband < 20°F is allowed

Section 6.3.2.2.3
120
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Dehumidification

• Humidistatic controls to prevent

• Reheating
• Mixing of hot and cold air streams
• Heating and cooling of same air stream

Section 6.3.2.3
121
 Dehumidification Exceptions

• Systems capable of reducing supply air flow to

50%, or to minimum ventilation
• Systems under 6.67 tons that can unload at least
50%
• Systems smaller than 3.3 tons
• Process applications
• 75% of reheat or recool energy is recovered or
solar

122
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Humidification

• Systems with hydronic cooling and humidification

systems designed to maintain inside humidity at
> 35°F dewpoint temperature shall use a water
economizer if required by 6.3.1

Section 6.3.2.4
123
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Air System Design and Control

• HVAC systems with total fan system power

> 5 hp to meet 6.3.3.1 through 6.3.3.3
• Fan Power Limitation
• VAV Fan Control
• Part Load Fan Power Limitation
• Static Pressure Sensor location
• Set Point Reset

Section 6.3.3
124
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Fan Power Limitation

• Table 6.3.3.1
• Allowable fan system power may be adjusted if
• Air systems require air treatment or filtering systems with pressure
drops > 1 in. w.c. when filters are clean, or heat recovery coils or
devices, or direct evaporative humidifiers/coolers, or other devices
to serve process loads in the airstream
• If
• design room temperature – supply air temp at cooling design
condition = > 20°F, allowable fan system power may be adjusted

Section 6.3.3.1
125
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Part-Load Fan Power Limitation
Part-Load

• Individual VAV fans with motors $30 hp

• Have other controls and devices to result in fan motor
demand # 30% of design wattage at 50% of design air
volume when static pressure set point = 1/3 of total
design static pressure, based on manufacturer’s
certified fan data

Section 6.3.3.2.1
126
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Static Pressure Sensor Location

• Placed so controller set point is # 1/3 the total

design fan static pressure
• Except for digital control systems with zone reset
capabilities where it may be at the fan discharge
• If this results in the sensor being located
downstream of major duct splits, install multiple
sensors in each major branch

Section 6.3.3.2.2
127
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Set Point Reset

• For systems with direct digital control of

individual zone boxes reporting to the central
control panel
• Static pressure set point reset based on zone
requiring the most pressure

Section 6.3.3.2.3
128
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Hydronic System Design and Control

• HVAC hydronic systems with total pump system

power > 10 hp shall meet 6.3.4.1 – 6.3.4.4
• Hydronic Variable Flow Systems
• Pump Isolation
• Chilled and Hot Water Temperature Reset
• Hydronic (water-loop) Heat Pump Systems (6.3.4.4)

Section 6.3.4
129
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Hydronic Variable Flow

• HVAC pumping systems to include control valves

• Designed to modulate or step open and close as a function of load
• Designed for variable fluid flow
• Capable of reducing flow rates to # 50% of design flow rate
• Individual pumps serving variable flow systems
with a pump head > 100 ft and motor > 50 hp
• Have controls and/or devices resulting in pump motor demand #
30% of design wattage at 50% of design water flow

Section 6.3.4.1
130
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Hydronic Variable Flow - Exceptions

• Systems where
• Minimum flow is < minimum flow required by
equipment manufacturer for proper operation of
equipment served by the system
• Total pump system power # 75 hp
• Systems that include # 3 control valves

131
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Pump Isolation

• If chilled water plant has more than one chiller or

boiler plant has more than one boiler
• Provide for flow reduction when chiller or boiler is shut
down

Section 6.3.4.2
132
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Chilled and Hot Water Temperature Reset Controls

• Affects systems with design capacity > 300,000

Btu/h
• To include controls to automatically reset supply water
temperatures by representative building loads
(including return water temperature) or by outside air
temperature
• Exceptions
• Would result in improper operation
• Hydronic systems with variable flow

Section 6.3.4.3
133
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Hydronic Heat Pump

• For heat pump loops with total pump system

power > 10 hp
• Two-position valves at each hydronic heat pump must
be provided and interlocked to shut off water flow to the
heat pump when the compressor is off
• This basically converts the system into a variable flow system.
As such, these systems must also comply with 6.3.4.1

Section 6.3.4.4
134
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Heat Rejection Equipment

• Applies to heat rejection equipment used in

comfort cooling systems such as
• Air-cooled condensers
• Open cooling towers
• Closed-circuit cooling towers
• Evaporative condensers
• Exceptions
• Heat rejection devices included as an integral part of
equipment listed devices whose energy usage is
included in Tables 6.2.1A-6.2.1D
Section 6.3.5
135
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Fan Speed Control
• Each fan powered by a motor $ 7.5 hp
• Have capability to operate fan at # 2/3 full speed
• Have controls to automatically change the fan speed to control the
leaving fluid temperature or condensing temperature/pressure of
the heat rejection device
• Exceptions
• Condenser fans serving multiple refrigerant circuits or flooded
condensers
• Installations located in climates > 7500 CDD50
• 1/3 of the fans on a multiple fan application speed controlled

Section 6.3.5.2
136
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Exhaust Air Energy Recovery

• Incorporate exhaust air energy recovery in

systems with
• $ 70% outside air and $ 5000 cfm total
• 50% energy recovery effectiveness

Section 6.3.6.1
137
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Exhaust Air Energy Recovery Exceptions

• Lab systems meeting 6.3.7.2

• Systems serving uncooled spaces that are heated to < 60°F
• Systems exhausting toxic, flammable, paint or corrosive fumes or dust
• Commercial kitchen hoods classified as Type 1 by NFPA 96
• Where > 60% of outdoor heating energy is provided from site-
recovered or site solar energy
• Heating systems in climates < 3600 HDD65
• Cooling systems in climates with a 2.5% cooling design wet-bulb
temperature < 65°F
• Where largest exhaust source is < 75% of the design outdoor airflow
• Systems requiring dehumidification that employ series-style energy
recovery coils wrapped around the cooling coil
138
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Heat Recovery for Service Water Heating

• Condenser recovery required if

• 24 hrs per day and
• Heat rejection > 6,000,000 Btu/h and
• SWH load > 1,000,000 Btu/h

Section 6.3.6.2
139
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Kitchen Hoods (Exhaust)
• Hoods > 5000 cfm to be provided with makeup air
sized for at least 50% of exhaust air volume that is
a) unheated or heated to more than 60°F and b)
uncooled or cooled without the use of mechanical
cooling
• Exceptions
• Where hoods are used to exhaust ventilation air that
would otherwise exfiltrate or be exhausted by other fan
systems
• Certified grease extractor hoods that require a face
velocity no greater than 60 fpm
Section 6.3.7.1
140
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Fume Hoods (Exhaust)

• Hood systems with a total exhaust rate > 15,000

cfm to have ONE of the following features
• Operation to < 50% design flow OR
• Direct make up at least 75% of exhaust rate at
specified conditions OR
• Heat recovery for make-up air

Section 6.3.7.2
141
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Radiant Heating Systems

• Required for unenclosed spaces except

loading docks with air curtains
• “Radiant heating systems that are used as
primary or supplemental enclosed space
heating must be in conformance with the
governing provisions of the standard”

Section 6.3.8
142
 HVAC
HVAC Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Hot Gas Bypass Limitation

• Not used (including other evaporator pressure

control systems) unless system is designed with
multiple steps of unloading or continuous capacity
modulation
• Exception
• Unitary packaged systems with cooling capacities #
90,000 Btu/h

Section 6.3.9
143
 Section 7 - Service Water Heating
• General (Section 7.1)
• Mandatory Provisions (Section 7.2)
• Sizing of systems Load Calculations
• Equipment efficiency
• Service hot water piping insulation
• System controls
• Pools
• Heat traps
• Space heating and water heating
• Service water heating equipment
• Prescriptive Path (Section 7.3)

144
 SWH
SWH Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Sizing of Systems Load Calculations

• In accordance with manufacturer’s published

sizing guidelines or generally accepted
engineering standards and handbooks.

Section 7.2.1
145
 SWH
SWH Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Equipment Efficiency

• Table 7.2.2
• Equipment not listed in Table 7.2.2 has no minimum
performance requirements
• Exception
• Water heaters and hot water supply boilers > 140 gal storage
capacity don’t have to meet standby loss requirements when
• Tank surface is thermally insulated to R-12.5, and
• A standing pilot light isn’t installed, and
• Gas- or oil-fired water heaters have a flue damper or fan-assisted combustion

Section 7.2.2
146
 SWH
SWH Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Service Hot Water Piping Insulation
• Table 6.2.4.5, Section 6
• Circulating water heater
• Recirculating system piping, including supply and return
piping
• Nonrecirculating storage system
• First 8 ft of outlet piping
• Inlet pipe between storage tank and heat trap
• Externally-heated pipes (heat trace or impedance
heating)
Section 7.2.3
147
 SWH
SWH Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
System Controls

• Temperature Controls
• Temperature Maintenance Controls
• Outlet Temperature Controls
• Circulating Pump Controls

Section 7.2.4
148
 SWH
SWH Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Temperature Controls

• To allow for storage temperature adjustment

from 120°F or lower to a maximum
temperature compatible with the intended use
• Exception
• If manufacturer’s installation instructions specify a
higher minimum thermostat setting to minimize
condensation and resulting corrosion

Section 7.2.4.1
149
 SWH
SWH Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Temperature Maintenance Controls

• Automatic time switches or other controls

• Set to switch off usage temperature maintenance
system during extended periods when hot water is
not required

Section 7.2.4.2
150
 SWH
SWH Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Outlet Temperature Controls

• Automatic time switches or other controls

• To limit maximum temperature of water delivered from
lavatory faucets in public facility restrooms to 110°F

Section 7.2.4.3
151
 SWH
SWH Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Circulating Pump Controls

• To limit operation to a period from the start of the

heating cycle to a maximum of five minutes after
the end of the heating cycle

Section 7.2.4.4
152
 SWH
SWH Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Pools
• Pool heaters to have readily
accessible on-off switch
• Pool heaters fired by
natural gas to NOT have
continuously burning pilot
lights
• Vapor retardant pool covers
required (unless recovered
or solar heat)
• Time switches required

Section 7.2.5
153
 SWH
SWH Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Heat Traps

• Noncirculating systems to have heat traps on

both the inlet and outlet piping as close as
practical to storage tank (if no integral heat traps)
• Either a device specifically designed for this purpose or
• Arrangement of tubing that forms a loop of 360° or
piping that form the point of connection to the water
heater includes a length of piping directed downward
before connection to the vertical piping of the supply
water or hot water distribution system, as applicable

Section 7.2.6
154
 SWH
SWH Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Space Heating and Water Heating
• Gas- or oil-fired space heating boiler system (complying with Section
6) is allowed to provide total space heating and water heating when
ONE of the following conditions is met
• Single boiler or component that is heating the service water has a standby
loss in Btu/h not exceeding
• (13.3 x pmd + 400) / n; where pmd is probable maximum demand in gal/h and
n is the fraction of the year when outdoor daily mean temperature is > 64.9°F
• Jurisdiction agrees use of a single heat source will consume less energy
than separate units
• Energy input of the combined boiler and water heater system is
< 150,000 Btu/h
• Instructions for determining standby loss are included in this Section

Section 7.3.1
155
 SWH/Prescriptive
SWH/Prescriptive Path
Path
Service Water Heating Equipment

• Equipment used to provide the additional function

of space heating as part of a combination
(integrated) system shall satisfy all requirements
for service water heating equipment

Section 7.3.2
156
 Section 8 - Power

• Voltage drop
• Completion requirements

157
 Voltage Drop

• Two types of conductors

• Feeder conductors
• Run between the service entrance equipment and the
branch circuit distribution equipment
• 2% maximum voltage drop allowed
• Branch circuit conductors
• Run from the final circuit breaker to the outlet or load
• 3% maximum voltage drop allowed

Section 8.2.1
158
 Completion Requirements
• Owner gets information about the building’s electrical
system
• Record drawings of actual installation within 30 days
• Single-line diagram of electrical distribution system
• Floor plans showing location of distribution equipment and areas
served by equipment
• Manuals
• Submittal data stating equipment nameplate rating
• O&M manuals for equipment
• Qualified service agency
• Complete narrative and schematic of system as it’s normally
intended to operate

Section 8.2.2
159
 Lighting Compliance
Building System Compliance Options

Prescriptive
Envelope Option

Mandatory
Lighting Provisions Trade Off
Energy Code
(required for all Option Compliance
compliance options)
Mechanical
Energy Cost
HVAC Budget

SWH

Section 9 160
 Section 9 - Lighting
• General Application (Section 9.1)
• Mandatory Provisions (Section 9.2)
• Lighting controls
• Tandem wiring
• Exit signs
• Installed interior lighting power
• Luminaire wattage
• Exterior building grounds lighting
• Prescriptive Path (Section 9.3)
• Interior Lighting Power Allowance
• Building Area Method
• Space-by-Space Method
• Exterior Lighting Power Allowance

161
 Lighting General Application
• Interior spaces of buildings
• Exterior building features
• Exterior grounds lighting powered through building
• Exceptions
• Emergency lighting
• Lighting required by life safety statute
• Lighting within living units of buildings
• Decorative gas lighting

162
 Lighting Changes Between
90.1 -1989 and 90.1
90.1-1989 -2001
90.1-2001
• More efficient lighting
• Less power allowed
• No lighting control credits
• Lighting power allowance now based only on connected
lighting power
• No control points for spaces
• No separate lighting controls for daylighted
spaces

163
 Lighting Changes Between
90.1 -1989 and 90.1
90.1-1989 -2001 (cont’d)
90.1-2001 (cont’d)

• Automatic shutoff controls required

• Most exterior power requirements replaced with
minimum efficacy requirements
• Parking garages included in interior lighting
• Interior power requirements updated
• More stringent requirements
• Area factors no longer need to be calculated
• Building area allowances no longer depend on size
• Additional power allowances for certain specialty
lighting
164
 Lighting Scope

• New construction
• Existing nonresidential and high-rise residential
• If $ 50% of existing luminaires are replaced
• If renovation increases lighting power
• Control devices can’t control
• > 2500 ft2 in spaces < 10,000 ft2
• > 10,000 ft2 in spaces > 10,000 ft2
• Control must be readily accessible and located so
occupants can see the controlled lighting
165
 Lighting
Lighting Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Lighting Control

• Automatic lighting shutoff

• Applies to buildings > 5000 ft2
• Time-scheduling devices
• Accommodate separate schedules for each floor or each space >
25,000 ft2
• Occupant-sensing devices
• All general lighting controlled by one or more occupant sensors
• Must turn off lights in each controlled space within 30 minutes of
last occupant detection

Section 9.2.1
166
 Lighting
Lighting Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Space Control

• At least one for each room or space enclosed by

ceiling-height partitions
• Readily accessible to occupants
• Except for safety or security
• In spaces # 10,000 ft2, each control can serve a
maximum of 2500 ft2
• In spaces > 10,000 ft2, each control can serve a
maximum of 10,000 ft2

Section 9.2.1.2
167
 Lighting
Lighting Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Exterior Lighting Control
• Photocells or astronomical time switch required
• Seven-day electrically-driven, mechanical clocks with trippers,
astronomical dial, and four-hour spring-wound storage
• Seven-day or calendar year, electronic programmable time switches
with astronomic correction and battery backup
• Any of the timers above with a photocell (in place of astronomical
correction)
• Exceptions – lighting for
• Covered vehicle entrances
• Exits from buildings or parking structures
(where required for safety, security, or eye adaptation)

Section 9.2.1.3
168
 Lighting
Lighting Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Additional Control
• Many special lighting applications must be
controlled separately
• Display/accent lighting
• Case lighting
• Hotel/motel guest room lighting
• Task lighting
• Nonvisual lighting
• Demonstration lighting

Section 9.2.1.4
169
 Lighting
Lighting Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Tandem Wiring

Section 9.2.2
170
 Lighting
Lighting Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Tandem Wiring Exceptions

• Separated surface or pendant luminaires

• Recessed luminaires more than 10 ft apart
• Other luminaires
• With three-lamp ballasts
• On emergency lighting circuits
• With no available pair
• With one lamp, high frequency, electronic ballast

Section 9.2.2
171
 Lighting
Lighting Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Exit Signs
• Exit signs operating at > 20 W must have a source
efficacy $ 35 lumens/W
• LED lamps okay
• CF lamps with electronic ballasts usually okay
• Majority of incandescent lamps not okay

Section 9.2.3
172
 Efficacy

• The ratio of light output to watts input

• lumens per watt
• The higher the efficacy, the more efficient the light
source
• 40 watt incandescent = 480 lumens
• 40 watt fluorescent = 2640 lumens

173
 Lighting
Lighting Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Installed Interior Lighting Power
• Includes all permanent and portable interior lighting
intended for general, ambient, or task illumination
• Includes lamp, power used by ballast, the control (when
applicable), current regulators, and any other power draws
associated with the lighting system
• Exception
• If 2 or more independently operating lighting systems in a space can be
controlled to prevent simultaneous operation, can base IILP on lighting
system with highest wattage

Section 9.2.4
174
 Lighting
Lighting Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Luminaire Wattage

• Standard incandescent = max. labeled wattage of

the luminaire
• Luminaires with ballasts = wattage of the
lamp/ballast combination
• Line voltage track = min. 30 W per foot
• Low voltage track = transformer wattage
• All others as specified

Section 9.2.5
175
 Lighting Power Development Concept

• Create building space models to calculate power

densities with:
• Current product performance data
• Updated efficacy and loss factors
• New building construction data
• IES-recommended light levels
• Professional lighting design consensus

176
 Lighting
Lighting Mandatory
Mandatory Provisions
Provisions
Exterior Building Grounds Lighting

• Luminaires that operate at > 100 W = efficacy

> 60 lumens/W
• Exceptions
• Traffic signals
• Lighting within outdoor signs
• Lighting used to illuminate public monuments or
registered historic landmarks
• If an occupancy sensor or motion sensor
controls the lighting application
Section 9.2.6
177
 Lighting
Lighting Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Interior Lighting Power
• Lots of exemptions
• Calculation methods
• Building area
• Space-by-space
• Trade-offs of interior lighting power allowance among
portions of the building for which a different calculation
method has been used is not permitted

178
 Lighting Power Allowance Exemptions

• Theatrical, stage, film, and video production

• Medical and dental procedures
• Exhibit displays for museums monuments, and galleries
• Plant growth or maintenance
• Integral to equipment or instrumentation installed by manufacturer
• Integral to both open and glass-enclosed refrigerator and freezer cases
• Retail display windows, provided the display is enclosed by ceiling-height partitions
• Interior spaces specifically designated as registered interior historic landmarks
• Integral part of advertising or directional signage
• Exit signs
• Sale or lighting educational demonstration systems
• Athletic playing areas with permanent facilities for TV broadcasting
• Casino gaming areas
• For use in areas specifically designed for the visually impaired

179
 Lighting
Lighting Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Building Area Method
• Used for projects involving
• An entire building
• A single, independent, and separate occupancy in a multi-
occupancy building
• Gross lighted area is multiplied by allowance from Table
9.3.1.1
• Limitations
• Insensitive to specific space functions and room configurations
• Generally is more restrictive
• Does not apply to all building types - but “selection of a
reasonably equivalent type” is permitted

Section 9.3.1.1
180
 Lighting
Lighting Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Gross Lighted Area

• Sum of total lighted area of a building

• Measured from the exterior faces of the exterior walls or
from the centerline of walls separating buildings
• Used in the building area method of determining
interior lighting power allowance

181
 Lighting
Lighting Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Building Area Allowances
• Table 9.3.1.1
Lighting Power
Building Type
Density (W/ft2)

Automotive Facility 1.5

Convention Center 1.4

Court House 1.4

Dining: Bar Lounge/Leisure 1.5

Dining: Cafeteria/Fast Food 1.8

Dining: Family 1.9

Dormitory 1.5

Exercise Center 1.4

182
 Lighting
Lighting Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Space -by-Space Method
Space-by-Space

• Identify different building types in your project

• Divide gross lighted area of the building into each of the space
types
• Calculate lighting power allowance by multiplying area of space
type by lighting power density for that specific space type
• Sum all the allowances
• Advantages
• More flexible
• Applicable to all building types
• Accounts for room geometry (e.g., lighting needs of enclosed office
vs. open office)

Section 9.3.1.2
183
 Lighting
Lighting Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Additional Interior Lighting Power

• An increase in the ILPA is allowed for specific

space functions when using the space-by-space
method
• Decorative – 1.0 W/ft2 in space used
• Fluorescent designed to eliminate glare - .35 W/ft2
• Lighting equipment installed in retail spaces specifically
to highlight merchandise in specific space used
• Additional 1.6 W/ft2 times the area of specific display, or
• Additional 3.9 W/ft2 times the area of specific display for fine
merchandise

Section 9.3.1.2.1
184
 Lighting
Lighting Prescriptive
Prescriptive Path
Path
Exterior Building Lighting Power
• Sum of all lighting power allowances for applicable exterior applications
• Building Surface Requirements
• Building entrance with canopy – 3 W/ft2
• Building entrance – 33 W/linear ft
• Building exit – 20 W/linear ft
• Building facades – 0.25 W/ft2
• Exceptions, when equipped with a control device
• Specialized signal, directional, and market lighting associated with
transportation
• Public monuments
• Registered historic landmark structures or buildings
• Lighting integral to advertising signage

Section 9.3.2
185
 Section 10 - Other Equipment

• Changes between 90.1-1989 and 90.1-1999

• No transformer recommendations and requirements
• No subdivision of electrical feeders or provisions for
check metering
• Motor efficiency levels are higher and correspond to
EPAct (only requirement in this section)
• Motor efficiency requirement now covers all relevant
motors, even if they’re part of equipment rated
elsewhere in the Standard
• No exemption for motors running < 1000 hrs/yr

186
 Section 11 - Energy Cost Budget Method

• The ultimate trade-off method allowing you to trade-off

across building systems through the use of annual,
hourly simulation tools and a baseline building.
• The only real way to deal with unique designs,
renewables, high-efficiency equipment, etc.
• The basis of the energy portion of the LEED rating
• Limits allowable energy costs of the design to those of a
building meeting the Standard

187
 Section 12 - Normative References

• Normative (read “mandatory”) reference

documents
• Includes test methods, rating procedures, and
other standards

188
 Assembly U -Factor, C
U-Factor, -Factor, and
C-Factor,
F-Factor Determination
F-Factor

• Includes pre-calculated U-factors, C-factors, and

F-factors
• Above-grade walls
• Below-grade walls
• Floors
• Slab-on-grade floors
• Opaque doors
• Fenestration

Normative
Appendix A
189
 Building Envelope Criteria

• Actual prescriptive requirements tables for 26

different climate bins
• These are in an appendix because they would
have taken up too much space in Chapter 5 and
would have broken up the continuity of the text of
the Standard

Normative
Appendix B
190
 Methodology for Building Envelope
Trade -Off Option in Subsection 5.4
Trade-Off

• The gory details of how the envelope trade-off

option is implemented
• For those familiar with the “old” ENVSTD trade-
off, this new trade-off allows trade-offs between
roof and wall elements. The “metric” of trade-off
is ultimately an energy dollar trade-off.

Normative
Appendix C
191
 Climate Data

• Climatic data for a number of US, Canadian, and

international locations
• HDD65 and CDD50 for use in envelope
calculations
• Heating and cooling design temperatures and the
old “number of hours between 8 am and 4 pm
with Tdb between 55 and 69” for HVAC
calculations

Normative
Appendix D
192
 Informative References

• Other useful references that are not mandatory

• In general, these are not consensus documents
so ASHRAE procedures do not allow them to be
mandatory references
• Information on addenda to 90.1-1999

Informative
Appendix E
193