Math 30-1 DIPLOMA PREP

ERNEST MANNING HIGH SCHOOL

Transformations
Polynomial Functions
Radical Functions
Rational Functions

Name:

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2
Transformations

Acceptable Standard Standard of Excellence

The student can perform, analyze, and describe: The student can perform, analyze, and describe:
 a horizontal translation and/or vertical translation  a horizontal stretch and a vertical stretch
 a horizontal stretch or a vertical stretch  a horizontal stretch and translation where the
parameter b is not removed through factoring
 a horizontal stretch and translation(s) where  a horizontal stretch and a vertical stretch and/or
parameter b is removed through factoring translation(s)

 reflection in the x-axis and/or y-axis  a combination of transformations involving at least one
stretch and one reflection
graphically or algebraically, given the function in equation graphically or algebraically, given the function in equation
or graphical form or mapping notation or graphical form or mapping notation
 determine the equation of a transformed function  determine the equation of a transformed function
which involves a combination of transformations which involves a combination of transformations
including at least one reflection and one stretch on
different axes
 perform, analyze, sketch, and describe a reflection in
the line y = x, given the function or relation in graphical
form
 determine the equation of the inverse of a linear or  determine restrictions on the domain of a function in
quadratic function and analyze its graph order for its inverse to be a function, given the graph or
equation

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Transformations Assessment Standard Checklist
Are you able to:
2.1 Compare the graphs of a set of functions of the form y  k  f ( x  h) to the graph of
y  f ( x) , and generalize a rule about the effects of k and h.
2.2 Sketch the graph of y  k  f ( x  h) for given values of h and k, given a sketch of the
function y  f ( x) , where the equation of y  f ( x) is not given.
2.3 Write the equation of a function whose graph is a vertical and/or horizontal
translation of the graph of the function y  f ( x) .
3.1 Compare the graphs of a set of functions of the form y  af (bx) to the graph of
y  f ( x) , and generalize a rule about the effects of a and b.
3.2 Sketch the graph of y  af ( x) , y  f (bx) or y  af (bx) for given values of a and b,
given a sketch of the function y  f ( x) , where the equation of y  f ( x) is not given.
3.3 Write the equation of a function given its graph which is a vertical and/or horizontal
stretch of the graph of the function y  f ( x) .

4.1 Sketch the graph of y  k  af (b( x  h)) for given values of a, b, h and k, given the
graph of the function y  f ( x) , where the equation of y  f ( x) is not given.
4.2 Write the equation of a function, given its graph which is a translation and/or stretch
of the graph of the function y  f ( x)

5.1 Generalize the relationship between the coordinates of an ordered pair and the
coordinates of the corresponding ordered pair that results from a reflection through
the x-axis, the y-axis or the line y = x.
5.2 Sketch the reflection of the graph of a function y  f ( x) through the x-axis, the y-axis
or the line y = x, given the graph of the function y  f ( x) , where the equation of
y  f ( x) is not given.
5.3 Generalize and explain rules for the reflection of the graph of the function y  f ( x)
through the x-axis, the y-axis or the line y = x.
5.4 Sketch the graphs of the functions y   f ( x) , y  f ( x) and x   f ( y) , given the
graph of the function y  f ( x) , where the equation of y  f ( x) is not given.
5.5 Write the equation of a function, given its graph which is a reflection of the graph of
the function y  f ( x) through the x-axis, the y-axis or the line y = x.

6.1 Explain how the graph of the line y  x and the transformation ( x, y)  ( y, x) can be
used to sketch the inverse of a relation.
6.2 Sketch the graph of the inverse relation, given the graph of a relation.
6.3 Determine if a relation and its inverse are functions.
6.4 Determine restrictions on the domain of a function in order for its inverse to be a
function.
6.5 Determine the equation and sketch the graph of the inverse relation, given the
equation of a linear or quadratic relation.
6.6 Explain the relationship between the domains and ranges of a relation and its inverse.
6.7 Determine, algebraically or graphically, if two functions are inverses of each other.
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 Transformations Key Concepts:

Function Original Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Combined

Type Function Stretch Stretch Translation Translation Transformation
Form y  f (bx) y  af ( x) y  f ( x  h) y  f ( x)  k y  af [b( x  h)]  k
y  f ( x)

H.S. by 1 V.S. by a V.T. h units: Order of Operations:

b Shorter: H.T. h units: 1. Stretches
Shift down:
Wider: 0  b  1
0  a 1 Shift left: h  0 2. Reflections
Effect No Effect k 0
Narrower: b 1 Taller: a 1
3. Translations
Shift right:
Reflect in y-axis: Shift up:
h0
Reflect in x-axis:
b0 Be SmaRT !!!
a0 k 0
Replacement y
x  bx y x  xh y  yk
of Variables a

1 1
Mapped To ( x, y) ( x, y)  ( x, y) ( x, y)  ( x, ay) ( x, y)  ( x  h, y) ( x, y)  ( x, y  k ) ( x, y)  ( x  h, ay  k )
b b

Invariant
On y-axis On x-axis
points
Quadratic y  x2 y   bx  y  ax 2 y   x  h y  x2  k y  a  b( x  h )   k
2 2 2

Absolute y x y  bx ya x y  xh y  x k y  a b( x  h)  k

Value
Radical y x y  bx ya x y  xh y  x k y  a b( x  h)  k
xh
Exponential yc x
yc bx
y  ac x
yc y c kx
y  acb ( x h )  k

Logarithmic y  log x y  log bx y  a log x y  log( x  h) y  log x  k y  a log[b( x  h)]  k

1 1 a 1 1 a
Rational y y y y y k y k
x bx x xh x xh
1 1 a 1 1 a
y 2 y y 2 y y  2 k y k
 x  h  b( x  h ) 
2 2
x (bx) 2 x x

Sinusoidal y  sin x y  sin bx y  a sin x y  sin( x  c) y  sin x  d y  a sin[b( x  c)]  d

y  cos x y  cos bx y  a cos x y  cos( x  c) y  cos x  d y  a cos[b( x  c)]  d

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Determining the Horizontal Stretch Factor “ ” and Horizontal Translation “h”
b

1. When determining a horizontal translation that occurs on the function y  f (bx  m) , the
m
function y  f (bx  m) must be written in the form y  f [b( x  )] .
b
1 1  Factor out “b”
 e.g.  f ( x  2)  f  ( x  6)
3 3 

2. Horizontal translation is always “Opposite”.

The vertical translation is only opposite if k is on the same side of the equation as the y.
 e.g. y  3  f ( x  5)

Inverse of Function:
1. When the graph of y  f ( x) is reflected in the line y  x , the reflected graph is the inverse
of the function y  f ( x) , i.e. x  f ( y) . When the inverse of a function f ( x) is a function
itself, it is denoted by f 1 ( x) .

2. Invariant points always stay on the line of symmetry: y  x .

3. Use Horizontal Line Test on y  f (x) to check if the inverse is also a function.

4. You can find the inverse of a relation by interchanging the x-coordinates and y-coordinates
of the graph. Mapping: ( x, y)  ( y, x)
5. The domain and range of a relation becomes the range and domain, respectively of the
inverse of the relation.
y  f (x) x  f ( y)
Domain
Range

Examples:
 1. Given y  k  a( x  h)2 , where a  0, h  0, k  0 , in which quadrant is the vertex?

A. Quadrant I
B. Quadrant II
C. Quadrant III
D. Quadrant IV

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 Use the following information to answer the next questions.

 2a. The graph of y  f ( x) and y  3 f ( x) intersect at the point .

 2b. The graph of y  f ( x) and y  f (2 x) intersect at the point .
 2c. The graph of y  f ( x) and x  f ( y) intersect at the point .

 3. Given the functions f ( x)  x  2  3 and g ( x)  x  2  1 , the transformations that will

transform y  f ( x) to become y  g ( x) are a translation of
A. 2 units left and 4 units down
B. 4 units right and 2 units up
C. 1 unit left and 3 units up
D. 4 units left and 2 units down

 4. The transformation of the function f ( x)  x3 is described by the mapping notation

y
( x, y)  (2 x  6,  9)
3 . The transformed equation of the function f ( x) is
1
y  ( x  6)3  9
A. 24
1
y   2( x  6)  9
3

B. 3
8
y  ( x  3)3  9
C. 3
3
y  ( x  6)3  9
D. 8

 5. The graph of y  f ( x) is transformed to g ( x)  4  f ( x  3) ,

in which quadrant is the graph of y  g ( x) ?

A. Quadrant I C. Quadrant III

B. Quadrant II D. Quadrant IV

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 Use the following information to answer the next question.

The graph of the exponential function y  2 x undergoes the following

transformations:
 a horizontal stretch about the y-axis by a factor of 3
 a reflection in the y-axis
 a horizontal translation of 5 units to the left

 6. The equation of the transformed function is

A. g ( x)  23( x 5) C. 1
( x  5)
g ( x)  2 3
B. 1
 ( x 5) D. 1
 ( x  5)
g ( x)  2 3 g ( x)  2 3

 7. When the graph of y  f ( x) on the right is reflected in the line y  x ,

the number of invariant points is

A. one C. three
B. two D. four

 8. The range of the graph of y  f ( x) is [2, ) . The graph of the function y  f ( x) is

stretched vertically about the x-axis by a factor of 3 and then translated 7 units up to
become the graph of y  g ( x) . The range of the graph of y  g ( x) is

A. 13,   C. 1,  
B.  3,   D.  1,  

Use the following information to answer the next question.

 9. Which of the statements above is incorrect?

A. Statement 1 C. Statement 3
B. Statement 2 D. Statement 4

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 10. If the function f is transformed to the function g , where g ( x)  2 f (2 x)  5 . The graph of
y  g ( x) passes through the point (2,9) , determine the point on the function f which
corresponds to the point (2,9) .

 11. The graph of the function f ( x) is transformed to produce the graph of the function
y  g ( x) as shown below. Determine the equation for g ( x) in the form of y  af (bx) .

y  g ( x) y  f ( x)

Use the following information to answer the next question.

 12. The mapping notation that shows the transformation from the graph of y  f ( x) to the
graph of y  g ( x) is
A. 1 C. ( x, y)  ( x  2, 2 y)
( x, y )  ( x  2, y )
2
B. 1 D. ( x, y)  ( x  2,  2 y)
( x, y)  ( x  2,  y)
2

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 13. The graph of y  f ( x) is transformed into the graph of g ( x) 
f (2 x  10) . The domain
2
and range of each functions is shown below. Complete the chart by filling in the domain
and range for the graph of g ( x) .

Domain Range
Graph of f ( x) [2,8] [0, 6]

Graph of g ( x)

 14a. Given that f ( x)  ( x  3)2  8 , determine the equation of the inverse of f ( x) .

 14b. What restrictions must be put on the domain of y  f ( x) so that its inverse is a
function?

Practice Questions:
1. The graph of y  f ( x) is transformed to g ( x)  6   f ( x  5) , in which quadrant is the graph
of y  g ( x) ?

A. Quadrant I C. Quadrant III

B. Quadrant II D. Quadrant IV

2. If the point (2, 6) is on the graph of y  f ( x) , then what is the corresponding point on the
1
graph of y  f ( x  4) ?
2
A. (8, -6) C. (-3, -6)
B. (12, -6) D. (-4, -6)

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3. The graph of y  ( x  7)2  3 is reflected in the x-axis, then the equation of the new graph is

A. y  ( x  7)2  3 C. y  ( x  7)2  3
B. y  ( x  7)2  3 D. y  ( x  7)2  3

4. A restriction on the domain of f ( x)  x  6  3 , such that its inverse is also a function, could be:

A. x  0 C. x  7
B. x  0 D. x  3

5. A restriction on the domain of f ( x)  ( x  2)2  3 , such that its inverse is also a function, could
be:

A. x  3 C. x  2
B. x  2 D. x  0

6. An equation for g ( x) in terms of f ( x) is

A. g ( x)  2 f (3x) 1 1
C. g ( x)  f ( x)
2 3
1 1
B. g ( x)  f (3x) D. g ( x)  2 f ( x)
2 3

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 Use the following information to answer the next question.
p
The graph of y  f ( x) is stretched by about the y-axis, and stretched by m about the x-axis
q
to create the graph of g ( x)  af (bx) .
7. The equation of y  g ( x) is

A. 1 p C. p
yf ( x) y  mf (x)
m q q
B. 1 q D. q
y f ( x) y  mf ( x)
m p p

8. Which of the following functions is the correct inverse for the function f ( x)  x 2  7 ,
x | x  0, x  R ?

A. f 1 ( x)  ( x  7)2 C. f 1 ( x)  x  7
B. f 1 ( x)  x  7 D. f 1 ( x)  x  7

9. Determine which of the following functions that its inverse is also a function. Write the numbers
in the boxes. Order does not matter.
1. y  cos x 2. y  x  8 3. y  3x  6
4. y  x 3  3x 2  5 x  1 5. y  x  6

10. Which of the graphs shown below represents the base function f ( x)  x 2 and the stretched
m
function g ( x)  f ( x) if 0  m  n ?
n
A. C.
f f
g

B. g D.

f
f

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11. If the function y  x is replaced by x  y then the new graph can be described as a
reflection of y  x :

A. in the line y   x C. in the line y  x

B. in the x-axis D. In the y-axis

12. If y  f  x  is transformed into y  2 f  x  1  3 , then a point with coordinates  x, y  on

y  f  x  will be transformed into what point?

A.  x  1, 2 y  3 C.  x  1, y  3
B.  x  1, 2 y  3 D.  2 x, y  3

1
13. If y is replaced by y in the equation y  f  x  , then the graph of y  f  x  will be stretched
2
1
A. horizontally about the y-axis by a factor of
2
B. horizontally about the y-axis by a factor of 2
1
C. vertically about the x-axis by a factor of
2
D. vertically about the x-axis by a factor of 2

Use the following information to answer the next question.

The partial graphs of y  f  x  and y  g  x  are shown. The graph of y  g  x  is a

transformation of the graph of y  f  x  .

The graph of y  g  x  can be obtained by performing

all three of the following transformations on the
y  f  x
graph of y  f  x  , not necessarily in that order:

1. Reflection about the y-axis

2. Translation 2 units left
1 y  g  x
3. Horizontal stretch by a factor of about the y-axis
2

14. To transform the graph of y  f  x  to the graph of y  g  x  , the correct order of all of the
above transformations is , , .

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15. If the point  m, n  is on the graph of y  f  x  where m  0, n  0 , then the point that must be
1
on the graph of y  is
f  x  3
 1 1 
A.  m  3,  C.  , n  3
 n m 
 1 1 
B.  m  3,  D.  , n  3
 n m 
x 3
16. Consider the graph of y  x . Under a series of transformations it has become y  2  .
2
List the possible transformation that has happened:
1. translated horizontally 3 units to the left
2. translated horizontally 3 units to the right
3. translated vertically 2 units down
4.horizontally stretched by a factor of 2
5. horizontally stretched by a factor of ½
6. vertically stretched by a factor of 1/2
3
 x
17. Using y  x3 as the initial graph, the function y    can be thought of as a:
5
A. horizontal stretched by a factor of 5
1
B. horizontal stretched by a factor of
5
C. vertical stretched by a factor of 5
1
D. vertical stretched by a factor of
5
18. If f  x   2 x  3, where x  0 , the a function g that will have a domain and range that are both
2

different from those of function f is

A. g  x  f  x
B. g  x   f  x
C. g  x   f 1  x 
D. g  x   kf  x  , k  0

19. The partial graph of the function y  f  x  is shown to the right.

If the function f  x  is transformed to a new function
g  x   f  x  3  2 , then the range of function g  x  will be
A. g  x   11
B. g  x   9
C. g  x   8
D. g  x  0

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20. If f  x   x  2 , then which of the following is the graph of y  ?
f  x

21. The graph of the function y  f  x  is shown below. Which transformation will change the
domain of the graph of this function?

A. y   f  x 
B. y  f   x 
C. y  f 1  x 
D. y  f ( x)

22. When the graph of x  f  y  is drawn, it will have a y-intercept at

A. y  2 C. y  3
B. y  2 D. y  3

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23. The graph of y  f  x  is shown to the right.
Which of the following graphs represents y  2 f  x  ?

24. The graph of y  f  x   b x , where b  1, is translated such that the equation of the new graph is
expressed as y  2  f  x  1 . The range of the new function is

A. y2
B. y 3
C. y  1
D. y  2

25. If  6, 5 is a point on the graph of y  f  x  , what must be a point on the graph of
y   f  2  x  2  3 ?

A.  1, 2  C. 1, 2 
B. 1, 2  D. 10, 2 

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26. The graph of y  f  x  , where f  x   x  4  1 , is reflected in the y-axis. This produces the
same results as translating the graph of y  f  x  to the right by _______ units.

Use the following information to answer the next question.

The graph of y  f ( x) is transformed into the graph of g ( x)  3  3 f ( x  2) . The domain and

range of each function is shown below.

Domain Range
Graph of f ( x) [3, 6] [2, 4]

Graph of g ( x) [ a , b] [c, d ]

27. For the graph of g ( x) , the values of a, b, c, and d are, respectively.

28. Given the function y  5  3 f (2 x  4) , if the point ( x, y) on the graph of the function f ( x) is
transformed to the point (ax  b, cy  d ) , determine the sum of a, b, c, and d.

1
29. The graph of y  x is related to the graph of y   x  2 after a reflection in the x-axis , a
2
horizontal stretch of _____ and a horizontal translation of _________ units right.

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Answer Keys for Examples Answer Keys for Practice Questions
1. B 1. B
2a. A 2. B
2b. D 3. C
2c. E 4. B
3. D 5. C
4. A 6. D
5. C 7. D
6. D 8. C
7. B 9. 35
8. C 10. A
9. C 11. C
10. (4,7) 12. A
11. 1  13. D
y  g ( x)  2 f  x 
3  14. 213
12. A 15. A
13. D :  6, 1 R : 0,3 16. 2346
17. A
14a. y  3  x  8
18. C
14b. x  3 or x  3 19. B
Many possible restrictions 20. D
21. D
22. C
23. B
24. A
25. B
26. 8
27. 1439
28. 6.5
29. 24

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