CertifiCate

ThisIsToCertifyThatMr./Ms. Jethva Charmi

From A.V.P.T.I-Rajkot Having Enrollment Number 176020307045 Has

CompletedTerm Work of SEM - 6 for Subject ProfessionalPractices

)uringTheAcademicYear
UsingDatabaseD 2019-20

Date: FacultyInCharge:

HOD:

Department of Computer Engineering

A.V. Parekh Technical Institute, Rajkot
Government of Gujarat
 A. V. PAREKH TECHNICAL INSTITUTE, RAJKOT
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES USING DATABASE
(3360702)
INDEX
Name Jethva Charmi a Divisio A
n
Enrollement 176020307045 Batch 2019-2020
No.

Sr. No. Practic Practical Sig

al Date n
Unit - I : Introduction to MySQL

1 Install and configure MySQL database 13/12/2019

2 Install and use of SQLyog 20/12/2019

3 Install and use of phpmyadmin 27/12/2019

4 Install and Use of MySQL Browser 10/01/2020

5 Install and use of MySQL Administration 24/01/2020

Unit – II: MySQL Triggers & Routines

Create table and perform various task such as Create a product and
product_price_history table. The price of product change constantly. Write a
6 31/01/2020
trigger for updating product_price_history table when product price change in
product table and such other database can be explored
Implement and manipulate trigger such as Create a trigger for deleting all the
7 productsofparticularproducttypewhenthatproducttypeisdeletedandsimilar for 04-02-2020
otherdatabases.
Write stored routines such as write a routine for counting all product types and
8 07/02/2020
other such routines can be performed
Manipulateonroutinessuchaswritearoutineforupdatingpriceofallproductby
9 14-02-2020
5%andothersuchroutinescanbeperformed
Implement database trigger after updating or deleting for each row in the
10 client_mastertablewhichstorestheoldvaluesintotheaudit_clientaftereach 18-02-2020
updateanddeleteperformedonclient_mastertable.

Unit – III : MySQL Cursor and Event Scheduler

11 Implement cursor to display department wise total employee salary . 25/02/2020

Implement cursor to check accounttypeofcustomer fromaccount_master table
12 andifitissavingaccountthendeletedetailfromaccount_mastertableandadd into 28-02-2020
account_master_SBtable.
Createcursors suchascreateacursor forselectingallproductwhoseprice is more
13 03/03/2020
than 1000 and other such cursors can be implemented
Performvariouseventhandlingoperationssuchascreateaneventthatchecksthe
14 producttypeshavingquantitylessthan20instackateverytenminutesandsuch other 06/03/2020
procedure can bedone
Implementpreciseeventssuchascreateaneventthatcheckstheproductwhich
15 17/03/2020
hasbeensoldmaximuminadayandsameexercisescanbeperformed
Unit – IV: User Management

16 Create and manage user accounts in MySQL 24/03/2020

17 Practice with GRANT and Revoke Command 31/03/2019

Unit - V: Backup and Recovery

18 Practicewithdatabasebackup and recoveryoperationsaswellsecurityoperations 07/04/2020

 Institute Vision and Mission Statement

Vision
To cater skilled engineers having potential to convert global challenges into opportunities
through embedded values and quality technical education.

Mission
Impart quality technical education and prepare diploma engineering professionals to
M1 meet the need of industries and society.

M2 Adopt latest tools and technologies for promoting systematic problem

solving skills to promote innovation and entrepreneurship
M3 Emphasize individual development of students by inculcating moral, ethical
and life skills.

Department Vision and Mission Statement

Vision

Develop globally competent Computer Engineering Professionals to achieve excellence in an

environment conducive for technical knowledge, skills, moral values and ethical values with a focus
to serve the society.

Mission

M1 To provide state of the art infrastructure and facilities for imparting quality education and
computer engineering skills for societal benefit.

M2 Adopt industry oriented curriculum with an exposure to technologies for building

systems & application in computer engineering.

M3 To provide quality technical professional as per the industry and societal needs,
encourage entrepreneurship, nurture innovation and life skills in consonance with
latest interdisciplinary trends.
 Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
Computer Engineering Programme is committed towards continuously improvement of the
educational environment for developing engineering professionals with strong technical
background. On completing the diploma program, the students should have acquired the
following characteristics.
The diploma engineer will be able to pursue higher education in engineering
PEO1
andtechnology.
Thediplomaengineerwillexhibitmanagerialandreallifeproblemsolvingskills,be
PEO2
an able entrepreneur in consonance to the societal , life skills and ethicalnecessities.
PEO3 The diploma engineer will demonstrate professional skills, be able team
member/leader in his/her engineering career.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

PO1 Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify and analyze well-defined engineering problems using
codified standard methods.
PO3 Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical
problems and assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet
specified needs.
PO4 Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering
tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO5 Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply
appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and
ethicalpractices.
PO6 Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a
team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about
well-defined engineering activities.
PO7 Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes.
 PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO 1 Able to apply the knowledge gained from Mathematics, Basic Sciences in general
and all computer science courses in particular to identify, formulate and solve real
life complex engineering problems faced in industries and society.
PSO 2 Theabilitytoemploymoderncomputerlanguages,environmentsandplatforms
in creating innovative career paths in Hardware, Networking and Software
Development technologies.
 COURSE OUTCOME (COs) PROFESSIONAL
PRACTICES USING DATABASE
(3360702)

CO1 Demonstrate Installation of various MySQL GUI tools and Build Database
Queries.
CO2 Build Triggers and Stored Routine in MySQL to perform specific
functionalities.
CO3 Develop Event driven queries to perform time based tasks in the Database.

CO4 Design a user management scheme for Database security.

CO5 Demonstrate techniques to perform backup and recovery of database in

case of failure.
 A.V.P.T.I 176020307040

Professional Practices Using Databases

Practical 1:-Install and configure MySQL database

MySQL, the most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is developed,
distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation.

Features of MySQL:

• MySQL is a database managementsystem.

A database is a structured collection of data. It may be anything from a simple shopping list to
a picture gallery or the vast amounts of information in a corporate network. To add, access, and
process data stored in a computer database, you need a database management system such as
MySQL Server. Since computers are very good at handling large amounts of data, database
management systems play a central role in computing, as standalone utilities, or as parts of
otherapplications.

• MySQL databases arerelational.

A relational database stores data in separate tables rather than putting all the data in one big
storeroom. The database structures are organized into physical files optimized for speed. The
logical model, with objects such as databases, tables, views, rows, and columns, offers a
flexible programming environment.
• MySQL software is OpenSource.
Open Source means that it is possible for anyone to use and modify the software. Anybody can
download the MySQL software from the Internet and use it without paying anything. If you
wish, you may study the source code and change it to suit your needs.
• The MySQL Database Server is very fast, reliable, scalable, and easy touse.
MySQL Server can run comfortably on a desktop or laptop, alongside other applications, web
servers, and so on, requiring little or no attention. If we dedicate an entire machine to MySQL,
we can adjust the settings to take advantage of all the memory, CPU power, and I/O capacity
available. MySQL can also scale up to clusters of machines, networked together.

• MySQL Server works in client/server or embedded systems.

The MySQL Database Software is a client/server system that consists of a multi-threaded SQL
server that supports different backend, several different client programs and libraries,
administrative tools, and a wide range of application programming interfaces.
Starting the Download
1. Go tohttp://dev.mysql.com/downloads/installer/.
2. Click the Downloadbutton.

Computer Engineering P.D.

 A.V.P.T.I 176020307040

3. Save the installer file to your

system. Starting theInstallation
After the download completes, run the installer as follows:
1. Right-click the downloaded installation file (for example, mysql-installer-
community- 5.6.14.0.msi) and clickRun.
The MySQL Installer starts.

2. On the Welcome panel, select Install MySQLProducts.

3. On the License Information panel, review the license agreement, click the
acceptance checkbox, and clickNext.
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4. On the Setup Type panel, choose the Custom option and clickNext.

5. On the Feature Selection panel, ensure MySQL Server 5.6.x is selected, and clickNext.
6. On the Check Requirements panel, clickNext.
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7. On the Installation panel, clickExecute.

When the server installation is completed successfully, the information message appears on the
Installation panel. Click Next.
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8. On the Configuration panel, click onNext.

9. At the first MySQL Server Configuration page (1/3), set the followingoptions:
• Server Configuration Type. Select the Development Machineoption.
• Enable TCP/IP Networking. Ensure the checkbox is selected and specify the optionsbelow:
• Port Number. Specify the connection port. The default setting is 3306 - leave it
unchanged if there is not special reason to changeit.
• Open Firewall port for network access. Select to add firewall exception for the specifiedport.
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• Advanced Configuration. Select the Show Advanced Options checkbox to display

an additional configuration page for setting advanced options for the server instance
ifrequired.

10. ClickNext.
At the second MySQL Server Configuration page (2/3), set the following options:
• Root AccountPassword.
• MySQL Root Password. Enter the root user'spassword.
• Repeat Password. Retype the root user's password.
Note: The root user is a user who has full access to the MySQL database server - creating,
updating, and removing users, and so on. Remember the root password - you will need it later
when creating a sample database.
• MySQL User Accounts. Click Add User to create a user account. In the MySQL User
Details dialog box, enter a user name, a database role, and a password (for example
“!phpuser”). Click OK.
Click Next.
At the third MySQL Server Configuration page (3/3), set the following options:
• Windows Service Name. Specify a Windows Service Name to be used for the
MySQL server instance.
• Start the MySQL Server at System Startup. Leave the checkbox selected if the
MySQL server is required to automatically start at system startuptime.
• Run Windows Service as. Chooseeither:
• Standard System Account. Recommended for mostscenarios.
• Custom User. An existing user account recommended for advanced
scenarios. ClickNext.
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At the Configuration Overview page, click on Next.

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When the configuration is complete, the information message appears on the complete panel.
Click Finish.
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To check that the installation has completed successfully, run the Task Manager. If
the MySQLd-nt.exe is on the Processes list - the database server is running.
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Once we have MySQL installed on our droplet, we can access the MySQL shell by typing the
following command into terminal:

C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.6\bin\mysql -u root –p

After entering the root MySQL password into the prompt, we will be able to start building our
MySQL database.
Two points to keep in mind:
• All MySQL commands end with a semicolon; if the phrase does not end with a
semicolon, the command will notexecute.
• Although it is not required, uppercase format is preferred while writing MySQL
commands in databases, tables, usernames, or textarea in lowercase to make them
easier to distinguish. However, the MySQL command line is not casesensitive.

Basic commands in MySQL:

1. SHOWDATABASES;
This command is used to see what databases are available in MySQL for use.
OUTPUT:

2. CREATE DATABASEdatabase_name;
This command is used to create a new database.
3. DROP DATABASEdatabase_name;
This command is used to delete a database.
 A.V.P.T.I 176020307040

4. USEdatabase_name;
This command is used to active the database we want to write in.
5. SHOWtables;
This command is used to see the available tables in selected database.

Commands to start and stop MySQL server from terminal:

To start:

To stop: mysqladmin –u root –p shutdown and then enter the password when prompt.
 A.V.P.T.I. 176020307107

Practical 2 Install and use of SQLYog

Aim: Introduction to SQLYog

Theory:
The SQLYog program is probably the most popular GUI tool for MySQL. The program has
beenaround since August 2002 and the maturity of the product is evident when we use the
tool.
For people who come from a Windows desktop background this can be a very useful and
practicaltool. Though it only runs on Windows desktops, there is both a free community
versionthat is somewhat limited and an enterprise version that currently costs less than 100
USD for asingle user license.

Installation
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Server connections
With any of these GUI tools, first we will need to make a connection to MySQL. It is
commonto use the SSH protocol to establish secure connections. One of the reasons SQLYog
stands outamong other tools is that it is easy to create a SSH connection using what is called
SSH tunneling.
Creating a SSHtunnel is as easy as checking a box and filling in the information about the
server host and the MySQL instance. If we experience any problem,SQLYog has very
thorough,context-sensitive help.
 A.V.P.T.I. 176020307107

SQL query creation

SQLYog has two methods of SQL query creation. With the first method, we type the query in
aquery-building window. SQLYog provides two tools to assist us — the auto-completion
featureand SQL templates. MySQL does not have tab completion on Windows. With
SQLYog, we can use the Tab key to complete table or column names or even functions, no
matter what operating system we are using. SQL templates help with the proper syntax for
the various SQL commands. First, right-click in the query-buildingwindow.

This will bring up a menu where we left-click Insert Templates to use a template. Figure
shows the list of available templates with the CREATE TRIGGER statement template
selected.

At this point, we just click the Insert button and SQLYog will create the template for us to fill
in with our specific data. The second method of query writing is using the query builder to
create the query. This is a graphical method of query building, where we drag the appropriate
tables from theschema objects to a blank window. We can then do the common query actions
of joiningtables, sorting, filtering, and grouping based on our chosen criteria. SQLYog will
then build theSQL command for us to execute without actually having to type any SQL code.
 A.V.P.T.I. 176020307107

After building the query we can copy the query over to the Query tab and then execute it
withjust a couple of clicks.

Database management
SQLYog has numerous features designed for database management. Among the tasks we
canperform are:
■ Create newtables
■ Manage tableindexes
■ Manageusers
■ Synchronizedatabases
■ Backup and restoredatabases
■ Create triggers, views, events, and storedprocedures
 A.V.P.T.I. 176020307107

Database synchronization
One of the best features of SQLYog is the database synchronization with its PowerTool. This
toolallows us to synchronize two different databases by creating the corresponding SQL
commandsneeded to match both the structure and data of the two database tables. A wizard
that will guide through each step of the process. The process is simple — just select the
databasesand tables to synchronize and SQLYog takes care of everything else. Resolving a
data synchronizationproblem by hand is incredibly difficult, and SQLYog reduces the
complexity to a few simple clicks.

Switching between Spreadsheet-Style, Form-Style and Plain Text

Both in "Table Data" tabs and in Query Result tabs, by default, the data is displayed in a grid
format, whichisveryhandy,but we can also see results in a form (letting we modify records),
or as plain text, which is convenient for copying and pasting.
To switch between the Grid and Text styles, I use the default shortcut (Ctrl + L). We can also
use the three icons above the grid.

Quickly Filtering Table Data

Sometimes, instead of typing a WHERE, we can get quick results using SQLYog's Filter
tools. These are accessible both in Result tabs and in the Table Data tab. If we right-click on a
cell, we get all kinds of filtering options, including options where the filter is pre-filled with
the cell's value.
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Practical 3

Aim: Install and use of PHPMyAdmin

Theory:
PHPMyAdmin(PMA) is an excellent, free and open source web-based database client, which
many use to interact more easily with MySQL and application databases.

Download the latest stable version of the PHPMyAdmin software. Extract the archive file on
computer. Then upload the extracted files and folders through an FTP Client.

We will place them at the exact location where we would like to access the software. If we
want to open it directly through ‘http://www.yourdomainname.com/PHPMyAdmin’, we
should place the content of the extracted directory straight under the
‘public_html/PHPMyAdmin’ folder of our account. Substitute www.yourdomainname.com
with our actual domain name.

Add a database user with full privileges to all the databases which we want to manage
through our cPanel->MySQL Databases.

Load the PHPMyAdmin page using the corresponding URL.

Enter the database username and the corresponding password. In this way we will be able to
manage all the databases for which the database user has privileges. Click on the Go button to
log in.

Now we can proceed with the databases management.

 A.V.P.T.I. 176020307107

Database Management:

The main functionality of the PHPMyAdmin tool is to manage the databases.

Click on the Databases link. Pick the preferred database that we want to manage and click on
its name.

In the new screen, you will see a list with the database tables and the allowed actions with
them, the number of the records, the storage engine, the collation, the tables' sizes and the
overhead.

The possible actions that we can perform to a chosen table are:

1) Browse

You can only brows the tables with existing records. Once we click on the Browse icon, a
new window with the records list will open.

By clicking on the Pen icon, we can edit the chosen record.

We will see the record structure and you can alter the values of the records.

2) Structure

The next option is named Structure. In the Structure screen, we will see the database's table
structure.

We will see fields' names, their types, collations, attributes, and additional information
like default values and whether the fields' values can be NULL. We can browse for distinct
values by clicking on the corresponding action icon. In addition, we can edit a field's
structure or delete a field. We can define different indexes: Primary, Unique, Index and Full
text. More about the indexes in the MySQL Indexesdocumentation.
 A.V.P.T.I. 176020307107

In the Indexes area, we will find the indexes assigned for the table and the fields for which
they are set. We can edit and delete them.

3) Search

Through the Search action, we can generate a search query for the chosen table. We can
either write the WHERE clause or we can use the "query by example" functionality. Next, we
click on the Go button to execute thequery.

For example, if you want to visualize all the records with a field value that starts with “a”, we
should select the fields which we want to show. Pick the LIKE operator from the drop-down
menu and enter in the corresponding field value “a%(% stands for a wildcard string)”. Click
on the Go button to see the result.

4) Insert

Using the Insert action, we can insert records in your database table.

Once we fill in the corresponding values click on the Go button and the new record will be
inserted.

5) Empty

The Empty action allows us to empty your database table, removing the data and keeping the
empty table.

6) Drop

Through the Drop action we can delete the whole table and all the records stored in it.

How to Create a MySQL Database?

We cannot create a database directly through cPanel->PHPMyAdmin due to the lack of user
privileges. However, we can easily create a new database from our cPanel->MySQL
Databases. Navigate to the Create New Database box. Enter the database name in the New
Database text field and click on the Create Database button.

Computer Engineering P.D.

 A.V.P.T.I. 176020307107

The ‘cPanel’ will preside the database name username.

How to Add MySQL Database Tables?

Navigate to our cPanel->PHPMyAdmin tool and open the newly create database. It is empty
and there are no tables.

Enter the table name and the number of fields. Click on the Go button to create the table.

On the next screen, we should enter the fields' names and the corresponding properties. The
properties are:

Type,Length,Values,Collation,Attributes,Null,Default,Extra,Comments
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Practical 4

Aim: Install and use of MYSQL Browser.

Theory:
The Query Browser is part of the GUI bundle that MySQL has available for free
downloadfrom ‘http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/gui-tools’. Also included in this bundle are
the
MySQL Administrator tooland the MySQL Migration Tool. The Query Browser is a GUI
tool for creating, executing, and optimizingqueries.
The Query Browser includes the following components:
1. Query Toolbar: Create small queries and execute them. Browse oldqueries.
2. Script Editor: Useful for editing queries that are morecomplex.
3. ResultsWindow: Displays queryresults.
4. Database Explorer: Navigate, create, and drop tables andfields.
To begin a Query Browser session we have to establish a connection to your server. When we
start Query Browser, we see the screen in figure below.

One of the biggest shortcomings of Query Browser is that it does not allow for the direct
connection to a server using an SSH session In order to use Query Browser we must establish
an SSH tunnel manually.

Looking on the right-hand side of the screen, we can see the databases on the connected
server.
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To work with the database a single mouse-click on the will display all the tables. Just enter
the query to execute and click the Execute button to the right of query entry screen. Once we
enter the query and execute it the result shown in the results pane on the bottom left of the
screen. After we have entered multiple queries,we can use the Go Back and Next buttons to
browse through the history of the already executedqueries.

Features of MySQLQuery Browser:

Under the Tools menu, we can start MySQL Administrator, the MySQL command-line
client, the Windows command line, a text importer and the connections manager, where we
can save connection information.

We can also manage stored routines very easily with Query Browser.
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To begin a new stored procedure, make sure we have a database selected and then just click
Script and then Create Stored Procedure/Function.

SQL commands with a mouse click:

We can directly click on buttons to get the query we want.
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Exporting SELECT results:

With FILE | EXPORT RESULTSET you can export the most recent result of SELECT
commands in the formats CSV, HTML, XML, and Excel.

Comparing SELECT results:

A special function of the MySQL Query Browser is that it can compare the results of two
SELECT commands. To do this, first we must divide the result table with the context menu
command SPLIT TAB VERTICALLY. Then execute an SQL command for each of the two
domains. Both SQL commands must refer to the same column. Finally, execute QUERY |
COMPARE RESULTSETS. The program marks records in white, green, and red depending
on whether they are present in the second result, lacking in the second result, or additional
records exist.

Computer Engineering P.D.

 A.V.P.T.I. 176020307107

Practical 5

Aim: Install and use ofMySQL Administration

Theory: MySQL Administrator helps with management of a MySQL server as well as

carrying out a number of managementtasks. You can use the program for administration both
on a local server and over a network.
Many functions of the program are available
• Only for administration of localservers
• Only for those with sufficient access privileges(root)
• Only for those with sufficient operating system accessprivileges

Server Information
This module collects status information on connections to the MySQL server, its version, and
theclient library of MySQL Administrator

Service Control
With this module,we can start and stop the MySQL server. This works only for local MySQL
servers(not for those running on another computer over a network) and only if MySQL
Administrator was launched by someone with system administrator privileges.
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User Administration
This module helps in setting up new MySQL users and in changing the access privileges of
existing users.

Changing a Password for Several User/HostCombinations

The MySQL access system makes it possible to grant a user different access rights depending
onthe location from which the user establishes a connection to the MySQL server. Therefore,
MySQLAdministrator shows a list of permitted host names for eachuser

Health monitoring
The health-monitoring screen gives you a view into the activity of your MySQL server. This
provides both an immediate view of system activity, plus a more long-term view as it
keepstrack of statistics as long the Administrator is running.
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Backup and recovery

With the backup and recovery screen, we can create backups and restore data using a
graphicalinterface. You can choose to back up an entire database or one or more tables by
clicking oncheck boxes.
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Server information
The server information screen shows basic server and client information, including status,
version numbers, and host information.

Replication status
The replication status screen allows us to view the network topology of our replication
masterand slaves.If the slaves are configured with the report-host option in the MySQL server
configuration file and we are connected to the master server with the MySQL Administrator
program.

Server log management

On the server log management screen, we can view all the log files — error logs, binary
logs,and slow query logs. This can help you when troubleshooting server issues.

Service control
When our database servers are running on Microsoft Windows, MySQL Administrator
allowsus to control service creation and automatically creates, installs, and configures
servicesthrough the service control screen.
 CREATE EVENT Syntax

CREATE
[DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }]
EVENT
[IF NOT EXISTS]
event_name
ON SCHEDULE schedule
[ON COMPLETION [NOT] PRESERVE]
[ENABLE | DISABLE | DISABLE ONSLAVE]
[COMMENT 'comment']
DO event_body;

schedule:
AT timestamp [+ INTERVALinterval] ...
| EVERY interval
[STARTS timestamp [+ INTERVAL interval] ...]
[ENDS timestamp [+ INTERVALinterval] ...]

interval:
quantity {YEAR | QUARTER | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE |
WEEK | SECOND | YEAR_MONTH | DAY_HOUR | DAY_MINUTE |
DAY_SECOND | HOUR_MINUTE |HOUR_SECOND| MINUTE_SECOND}

This statement creates and schedules a new event. The event will not run unless the Event Scheduler is
enabled.For information about checking Event Scheduler status and enabling it if necessary, see Section 22.4.2,
“EventScheduler Configuration”.

CREATE EVENTrequires the EVENTprivilege for the schema in which the event is to be created. It might also
require the SUPERprivilege, depending on the DEFINERvalue, as described later in this section.

The minimum requirements for a valid CREATE EVENTstatement are as follows:

The keywords CREATE EVENTplus an event name, which uniquely identifies the event in a database
schema.

An ON SCHEDULE clause, which determines when and how often the event executes.

A DOclause, which contains the SQL statement to be executed by an event.

This is an example of a minimal CREATE EVENTstatement:

CREATE EVENT myevent

ON SCHEDULE AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 HOUR
DO
UPDATE myschema.mytable SET mycol = mycol +1;

The previous statement creates an event named myevent. This event executes once—one hour following its
creation—by running an SQL statement that increments the value of
the myschema.mytable table's mycolcolumn by 1.

The event_namemust be a valid MySQL identifier with a maximum length of 64 characters. Event names are
not case sensitive, so you cannot have two events named myevent and MyEvent in the same schema. In
general, the rules governing event names are the same as those for names of stored routines. See Section
10.2,“Schema Object Names”.

An event is associated with a schema. If no schema is indicated as part of event_name , the default (current)
schema is assumed. To create an event in a specific schema, qualify the event name with a schema
usingschema_name.event_name syntax.

The DEFINER clause specifies the MySQL account to be used when checking access privileges at event
execution time. If a user value is given, it should be a MySQL account specified
as'user_name'@'host_name',CURRENT_USER,orCURRENT_USER().ThedefaultDEFINERvalueistheuser who
executes the CREATE EVENTstatement. This is the same as specifying DEFINER = CURRENT_USERexplicitly.

If you specify the DEFINER clause, these rules determine the valid DEFINERuser values:

If you do not have the SUPERprivilege, the only permitted uservalue is your own account, either specified
literally or by using CURRENT_USER. You cannot set the definer to some other account.

If you have the SUPERprivilege, you can specify any syntactically valid account name. If the account does
not exist, a warning is generated.

Although it is possible to create an event with a nonexistentDEFINERaccount, an error occurs at event

execution time if the account does not exist.

For more information about event security, see Section 22.6, “Access Control for Stored Programs and Views”.

Within an event, the CURRENT_USER()function returns the account used to check privileges at event execution
time, which is the DEFINER user. For information about user auditing within events, see Section 7.3.11, “SQL•
Based MySQL Account Activity Auditing”.

IF NOT EXISTS has the same meaning for CREATE EVENTas forCREATE TABLE: If an event
named event_name already exists in the same schema, no action is taken, and no error results. (However, a
warning is generated in such cases.)

The ON SCHEDULE clause determines when, how often, and for how long the event_body defined for the event
repeats. This clause takes one of two forms:

AT timestamp is used for a one•time event. It specifies that the event executes one time only at the date
and time given by timestamp, which must include both the date and time, or must be an expression that
resolves to a datetime value. You may use a value of either the DATETIMEor TIMESTAMPtype for this
purpose. If the date is in the past, a warning occurs, as shown here:
 mysql>SELECT NOW();
+•••••••••••••••••••••+
|NOW() |
+•••••••••••••••••••••+
| 2006•02•10 23:59:01|
+•••••••••••••••••••••+
1 row in set (0.04sec)

mysql>CREATE EVENT e_totals

•> ON SCHEDULE AT '2006•02•10 23:59:00'
•> DO INSERT INTO test.totals VALUES (NOW());
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00sec)

mysql>SHOW WARNINGS\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Level:Note
Code:1588
Message: Event execution time is in the past and ON COMPLETION NOT
PRESERVE is set. The event was dropped immediately after
creation.

CREATE EVENTstatements which are themselves invalid—for whatever reason—fail with an error.

You may use CURRENT_TIMESTAMPto specify the current date and time. In such a case, the event acts as
soon as it is created.

Tocreateaneventwhichoccursatsomepointinthefuturerelativetothecurrentdateandtime—such as
thatexpressedbythe phrase“threeweeks fromnow”—youcan usetheoptionalclause +
INTERVAL interval. The interval portion consists of two parts, a quantity and a unit of time, and
follows the same syntax rules that govern intervals used in the DATE_ADD()function (see Section
13.7,“Date and Time Functions”. The units keywords are also the same, except that you cannot use any
units involving microseconds when defining an event. With some interval types, complex time units may be
used. For example, “two minutes and ten seconds” can be expressed as + INTERVAL '2:10'
MINUTE_SECOND.

You can also combine intervals. For example, AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 3 WEEK +
INTERVAL 2 DAYis equivalent to “three weeks and two days from now”. Each portion of such a clause
must begin with + INTERVAL.

To repeat actions at a regular interval, use an EVERY clause. The EVERY keyword is followed by
an interval as described in the previous discussion of the AT keyword. (+ INTERVAL is not used
with EVERY.) For example, EVERY 6 WEEK means “every six weeks”.

Although + INTERVAL clauses are not permitted in an EVERYclause, you can use the same complex time
units permitted in a + INTERVAL.

An EVERYclause may contain an optional STARTSclause. STARTS is followed by a timestamp value that
indicates when the action should begin repeating, and may also use + INTERVAL interval to specify an
amount of time “from now”. For example, EVERY 3 MONTH STARTS CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL
 1WEEKmeans “every three months, beginning one week from now”. Similarly, you can express “every two
weeks, beginning six hours and fifteen minutes from now” as EVERY 2 WEEK STARTS
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL '6:15' HOUR_MINUTE. Not specifying STARTS is the same as
using STARTS CURRENT_TIMESTAMP—that is, the action specified for the event begins repeating
immediately upon creation of the event.

An EVERY clause may contain an optional ENDSclause. The ENDSkeyword is followed by

a timestamp value that tells MySQL when the event should stop repeating. You may also use +
INTERVAL interval with ENDS; for instance, EVERY 12 HOUR STARTS CURRENT_TIMESTAMP +
INTERVAL 30 MINUTE ENDS CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 4 WEEK is equivalent to “every
twelve hours, beginning thirty minutes from now, and ending four weeks from now”. Not using ENDSmeans
that the event continues executing indefinitely.

ENDS supports the same syntax for complex time units as STARTSdoes.

You may use STARTS, ENDS, both, or neither in an EVERY clause.

If a repeating event does not terminate within its scheduling interval, the result may be multiple instances of
the event executing simultaneously. If this is undesirable, you should institute a mechanism to prevent
simultaneous instances. For example, you could use the GET_LOCK()function, or row or table locking.

The ON SCHEDULE clause may use expressions involving built•in MySQL functions and user variables to obtain
any of the timestamp orinterval values which it contains. You may not use stored functions or user•defined
functions in such expressions, nor may you use any table references; however, you may use SELECT FROM
DUAL. This is true for both CREATE EVENTand ALTER EVENTstatements. References to stored functions, user•
definedfunctions,andtablesinsuchcasesarespecificallynotpermitted,andfailwithanerror(seeBug#22830).

Times in the ON SCHEDULE clause are interpreted using the current session time_zonevalue. This becomes
the event time zone; that is, the time zone that is used for event scheduling and is in effect within the event as it
executes. These times are converted to UTC and stored along with the event time zone in
the mysql.event table. This enables event execution to proceed as defined regardless of any subsequent
changes to the server time zone or daylight saving time effects. For additional information about representation of
event times, see Section 22.4.4, “EventMetadata”. See also Section 14.7.5.18, “SHOW EVENTS Syntax”,
and Section 23.7, “The INFORMATION_SCHEMA EVENTS Table”.

Normally,onceaneventhasexpired,itis immediatelydropped.Youcan overridethisbehaviorbyspecifyingON

COMPLETION PRESERVE. Using ON COMPLETION NOT PRESERVE merely makes the default nonpersistent
behaviorexplicit.

You can create an event but prevent it from being active using theDISABLE keyword. Alternatively, you can
use ENABLE to make explicit the default status, which is active. This is most useful in conjunction
withALTEREVENT(see Section 14.1.2, “ALTER EVENT Syntax”).

A third value may also appear in place of ENABLE or DISABLE;DISABLE ON SLAVE is set for the status of an
event on a replication slave to indicate that the event was created on the master and replicated to the slave, but is
not executed on the slave. See Section 17.4.1.12, “Replication of Invoked Features”.
You may supply a comment for an event using a COMMENT clause. commentmay be any string of up to 64
characters that you wish to use for describing the event. The comment text, being a string literal, must be
surrounded by quotation marks.

The DOclause specifies an action carried by the event, and consists of an SQL statement. Nearlyany valid
MySQL statement that can be used in a stored routine can also be used as the action statement for a scheduled
event. (See Section C.1, “Restrictions on Stored Programs”.) For example, the following event e_hourlydeletes
all rows from the sessions table once per hour, where this table is part of the site_activityschema:

CREATE EVENT e_hourly

ON SCHEDULE
EVERY 1 HOUR
COMMENT 'Clears out sessions table each hour.'
DO
DELETE FROM site_activity.sessions;

MySQL stores the sql_modesystem variable setting in effect when an event is created or altered, and always
executes the event with this setting in force, regardless of the current server SQL mode when the event begins
executing.

A CREATE EVENTstatement that contains an ALTER EVENTstatement in its DOclause appears to succeed;
however, when the server attempts to execute the resulting scheduled event, the execution fails with an error.

Note
Statements such as SELECTor SHOWthat merely return a result set have no effect when
used in an event; the output from these is not sent to the MySQL Monitor, nor is it stored
anywhere. However, you can use statements such asSELECT ... INTOand INSERTINTO
... SELECTthat store a result. (See the next example in this section for aninstance of the
latter.)

The schema to which an event belongs is the default schema for table references in the DOclause. Any
references to tables in other schemas must be qualified with the proper schema name.

As with stored routines, you can use compound•statement syntax in the DOclause by using
the BEGIN and ENDkeywords, as shown here:

delimiter |

CREATE EVENT e_daily

ON SCHEDULE
EVERY 1 DAY
COMMENT 'Saves total number of sessions then clears the table each day' DO
BEGIN
INSERT INTO site_activity.totals (time, total)
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, COUNT(*)
 FROM site_activity.sessions;
DELETE FROM site_activity.sessions;
END|

delimiter;

This example uses the delimiter command to change the statement delimiter. See Section 22.1,
“DefiningStored Programs”.

More complex compound statements, such as those used in stored routines, are possible in an event. This
example uses local variables, an error handler, and a flow control construct:

delimiter |

CREATE EVENT e
ON SCHEDULE
EVERY 5SECOND
DO
BEGIN
DECLARE v INTEGER;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION BEGIN END;

SET v = 0;

WHILE v < 5 DO
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (0);
UPDATE t2 SET s1 = s1 + 1;
SET v = v +1;
END WHILE;
END |

delimiter ;

There is no way to pass parameters directly to or from events; however, it is possible to invoke a stored routine
with parameters within an event:

CREATE EVENT e_call_myproc

ON SCHEDULE
AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 DAY
DO CALL myproc(5, 27);

If an event's definer has the SUPERprivilege, the event can read and write global variables. As granting this
privilege entails a potential for abuse, extreme care must be taken in doing so.

Generally, any statements that are valid in stored routines may be used for action statements executed by
events.For more information about statements permissible within stored routines, see Section 22.2.1, “Stored
RoutineSyntax”. You can create an event as part of a stored routine, but an event cannot be created by another
event.
How To Create User Accounts Using MySQL CREATE USER Statement
Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the MySQL CREATE USER statement to create a user
account in MySQL.

Introduction to user accounts in MySQL

In MySQL, you can specify not only who can connect to

the database server but also which host that the
user connects to. Therefore, a user account in MySQL
consists of a username and a host name separated by
the c@haracter.

For example, if the admin user connects to the MySQL

database server from localhost , the user account
is admin@localhost

The admin user only can connect to the MySQL database server from the localhost , not from a remote
host such as from the Internet. This makes the database server more secure.

In addition, by combining the username and host, it is possible to setup multiple accounts with the same
name but can connect from different hosts with the different privileges.

MySQL stored the user account in the user grant table of the mysql database.

Creating user accounts using MySQL CREATE USER statement

MySQLprovidesthe CREATE USER statement that allows you to create a new user account. The syntaxof
the CREATE USER statement is as follows:

1 CREATE USER user_account IDENTIFIED BY password;

The user_account in the format 'username'@'hostname' is followed by the CREATE USER clause.

The password is specifiedinthe IDENTIFIEDBY clause. The password must be in clear text. MySQLwill
encrypt the password before saving the user accountintothe user table.

For example, to create a new user dbadmin that connects to the MySQL database serverfrom
the localhost with thepassword secret , youusethe CREATE USER statement asfollows:

1 CREATE USER dbadmin@localhost

2 IDENTIFIED BY 'secret';

To view the privileges of a user account, you use the SHOW GRANTS statement as follows:

1 SHOW GRANTS FOR dbadmin@localhost;

 1 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
2 | Grantsfordbadmin@localhost |
3 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
4 | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO `dbadmin`@`localhost` |
5 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
6 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

The *.* in the result showsthat the dbadmin user account was granted to all databases and tables.The
part before the dot (.) represents the database and the part after the dot (.) represents the table
e.g., database.table

Toallowauseraccounttoconnectfromanyhost,youusethepercentage(%) wildcard as shown in the

following example:

1 CREATE USER superadmin@'%'

2 IDENTIFIED BY 'secret';

Thepercentagewildcard % has the same effect as it is used in the LIKE operator e.g.,to
allow mysqladmin user account to connect to the database server from any subdomain of
the mysqltutorial.org host, you use thepercentagewildcard % as follows:

1 CREATE USER mysqladmin@'%.mysqltutorial.org'

2 IDENTIFIED by 'secret';

Notice that you can also use the underscore wildcard _inthe CREATE USER statement.

If youomit the hostname part of the user account, MySQL will accept it and allow the user to connectfrom
any host. For example, the following statement creates a new user account named remote that can
connect to the database server from any host:

1 CREATE USER remote;

You can see the privileges grantedtothe remote user account asfollows:

1 SHOW GRANTS FOR remote;

1 +••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
2 | Grantsforremote@% |
3 +••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
4 | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO `remote`@`%` |
5 +••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
6 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

It’s important to note that the quote is very important especially when the user account containsspecial
characterssuchas _ or % .

If you accidentally quote the useraccountlike 'username@hostname' , MySQL will create a userwith
the username@hostnamename and allows the user to connect from any host, which may not be what you
expected.
For example, the following statement creates a new user api@localhost that can connect to the MySQL
database server from any host.

1 CREATE USER 'api@localhost';

1 SHOW GRANTS FOR 'api@localhost';

1 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
2 | Grantsforapi@localhost@% |
3 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
4 | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO `api@localhost`@`%` |
5 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
6 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

If you create a user that already exists, MySQL will issue an error. For example, the following statement
creates a useraccountnamed remote that alreadyexists:

1 CREATE USER remote;

MySQL issued the following error message:

1 ERROR 1396 (HY000): Operation CREATE USER failed for 'r

Notethatthe CREATE USER statement only a new user account with no privilege. If you want togrant
privileges to the user youusethe GRANT statement.

In this tutorial, you have learned how to use the MySQL CREATE USER to create new user accounts in
MySQL database server.
How To Use MySQL GRANT Statement ToGrant Privileges To a User
Summary:: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the MySQL GRANT
GRANT statement to grant privileges to
MySQL users.

Introduction to the MySQL GRANT statement

After creating a new user account,, the user doesn’t have

any privileges. To grant privileges to a user account, you
usethe GRANT statement.

The following illustrates the syntaxofthe GRANT statement:

1 GRANT privilege,[privilege],.. ON privilege_level

2 TO user [IDENTIFIED
IDENTIFIED BY password]
password
3 [REQUIRE tsl_option]
4 [WITH [GRANT_OPTION | resource_option]]
resource_option]];

Let’sexaminethe GRANT statement in greaterdetail.

First, specify one or more privileges after the GRANT keyword. If you grant the user multiple privileges,
each privilege is separated by a comma. (see a list of privilege in
in the table below).
Next,specifythe privilege_leveel that determines the level at which the privileges apply.MySQL
supportsglobal( *.* ), database ( database.* ),table( database.table ) and column levels. If
you use column privilege level, you must specify one or a list of comma•separated column aftereach
privilege.
Then,placethe user that you want to grant privileges. If user alreadyexists,the GRANT statement
modifies its privilege.Otherwise,the GRANT statement creates a new user. Theoptional
clause IDENTIFIEDBY allows you set a new password for theuser.
After that, you specify whether the us
user
er has to connect to the database server over a secure
connection such as SSL, X059, etc.
Finally,theoptional WITHGRANTOPT TION clause allows you to grant other users or remove from other
users the privileges that you possess. In addition, you canusethe WITH clause to allocate MySQL
database server’s resource e.g., to set how many connections or statements that the user can use
per hour. This is very helpful in the shared environments such as MySQL sharedhosting.

Notice that in order to use the GRANT statement, you must have the GRANTOPTION privilege and the
privileges that you are granting .Ifthe reead_only system variable is enabled, you needto
have the SUPER privilege to execute the GRANT statement.

Let’s practice with some examples of using MySQL GRANT statement to have a better understanding.

MySQL GRANT examples

Typically, weusethe CREATE USER statement to create a new user account first and thenuse
the GRANT statement to grant privileges to theuser.
For example,thefollowing CREATE USER statement creates a new super useraccount.

1 CREATE USER super@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'dolphin';

To display the privileged assigned to super@localhost user,youuse SHOW GRANTS statement.

1 SHOW GRANTS FOR super@localhost;

1 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
2 | Grantsforsuper@localhost |
3 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
4 | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO `super`@`localhost` |
5 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
6 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

To grant all privileges to the super@localhost user account, you use the following statement.

1 GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'super'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPT

ION;

The ON *.* clause means all databases and all objects in the databases. The WITHGRANT
OP TI ON allows super @ localhost to grant privileges to other users.

Now if you use the SHOW GRANTS statement again, you will see that the privileges of super@localhost have
beenupdated.

1 SHOW GRANTS FOR super@localhost;

1 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
2 •••••••••••••••••+
3 | Grants for
4 super@localhost
5 |
6 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO `super`@`localhost` W
ITH GRANT OPTION |
+•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

To create a user that has all privileges in the classic models sample database, you use the following
statements:

1 CREATE USER auditor@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'whale';

2 GRANT ALL ON classicmodels.* TO auditor@localhost;

You can grant multiple privileges in a single GRANT statement. For example, you can create a user that can
execute the SELECT, INSERT and UPDATE statements againstthe classic models database usingthe
following statements:

1 CREATE USER rfc IDENTIFIED BY 'shark';

2
3 GRANT SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE ON classicmodels.* TO rf
c;

Now if you login to the MySQL server by using rfc user account and issue the following statement:

1 CREATE TABLE city(

2 id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
3 name VARCHAR(255)
4 );

MySQL issued the following error message:

1 ERROR 1142 (42000): CREATE command denied to user 'rf

c'@'localhost' for table 'city'
Revoking Privileges From Users Using MySQL REVOKE
Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to
use MySQL REVOKE statement to revoke privileges
from MySQL accounts.

We highly recommend that you follow the tutorials below

to have a better understandingof how MySQL REVOKE
works:

Getting started with MySQL access control

systemHow to create a MySQL user
How to grant privileges to a MySQL user

Introduction to the MySQL REVOKE Statement

In order to revoke privileges from a user account, you use the MySQL REVOKE statement. MySQL allows
you to revoke one or more privileges or all privileges from a user.

The following illustrates the syntax of revoking specific privileges from a user:

1 REVOKE privilege_type [(column_list)]

2 [, priv_type[(column_list)]]...
3 ON [object_type] privilege_level
4 FROM user [, user]...

Let’s examine the MySQL REVOKE statement in more detail.

First, specify a list of privileges that you want to revoke from a user right after the REVOKE keyword.
You need to separate privileges by commas.
Second, specify the privilege level at which privileges is revoked in the ON clause .

Third, specify the user account that you want to revoke the privileges in the FROM clause.

Note that to revoke privileges from a user account, you must have GRANTOPTION privilege and the
privileges that you are revoking.

To revoke all privileges from a user, you use the following form of the REVOKE statement:

1 REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES, GRANT OPTION FROM user [, user]

…

To execute the REVOKE ALL statement , you must have the global CREATE USER privilege or
the UPDATE privilege for the mysqldatabase.

To revoke proxy user, youusethe REVOKE PROXY command asfollows:

 1 REVOKE PROXY ON user FROM user [, user]...

A proxy user is a valid user in MySQL who can impersonate another user, therefore, the proxy user has all
privileges of the user that it impersonates.

Before revoking privileges of a user, it is good practice to check if the user has the privileges by using
the SHOW GRANTS statement asfollows:

1 SHOW GRANTS FOR user;

MySQL REVOKE examples

Suppose the rfc user has SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE privileges on the sample
culsaesrs
, iycomuocda
el
nsdo it as
database . If you want to revoke UPDATE and DELETE privileges from the
follows: rfc

First, you check the privileges of user using SHOW GRANTS statement:

1 SHOW GRANTS FOR rfc;

1 GRANT SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE ON 'classicmodels'.* TO

'rfc'@'%'

Note that did follow the granting privileges to user tutorial, you can create rfc account and grant
the SELECT , UPDATE and DELETE privileges to it asfollows:

1 CREATE USER IF EXISTS rfc IDENTIFIED BY 'dolphin';

2
3 GRANT SELECT, UPDATE,DELETEON classicmodels.*TO rf
c;

Second, you can revoke the UPDATE and DELETE privileges from the rfc user:

1 REVOKE UPDATE, DELETE ON classicmodels.* FROM rfc;

Third, you can check the privileges of the rfc user again using the SHOW GRANTS command.

1 SHOW GRANTS FOR 'rfc'@'localhost';

1 GRANT SELECT ON 'classicmodels'.* TO 'rfc'@'%'

If you want to revoke all privilegesofthe rfc user, you execute the followingcommand:

1 REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES, GRANT OPTION FROM rfc;

If you check the privileges of the rfc user again, you will see the user has no privilege.
rfc

1 SHOW GRANTS FOR rfc;

 1GRANTUSAGEON*.*TO'rfc'@'%'

Note that USAGE privilege means no privileges in MySQL.

When the MySQL REVOKE command takes effect

The effect of MySQL REVOKE statement depends on the privilege level as follows:

The changes that are made to the global privileges only take effect when the client connects to the
MySQL in the subsequent sessions. The changes are not applied to all currently connected users.
The changes of the database privileges are applied afterthenext USE statement.

The changes of table and column privilege are applied to all queries issued after the changes were
made.

In this tutorial, you’ve learned how to use the MySQL REVOKE statement to revoke privileges from MySQL
users.
How To Backup Databases Using mysqldump Tool
Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use mysqldump tool back up MySQL databases.

MySQL GUI tools such as phpMyAdmin, SQLyog

and etc, often provide features for backup MySQL
databases with ease. However, if your database is
big, the backup process could be very slowbecause
the backup file needs to be transferred across the
network to your client PC. As the result, the backup
process increases the locking and available time of
the MySQL databaseserver.

MySQL provides a very useful tool for backing up or

dumping MySQL databases locally on the server
very fast. The backup file is stored in the file system
in the server so you just need to download it when
needed.

The tool to backup MySQL databases is

mysqldump. It is located in the root/bin folder of
MySQL installation folder.

The mysqldump is a program provided by MySQL that can be used to dump databases for backup or
transfer database to another database server.

The dump file contains a set of SQL statements to create database objects. In addition, the mysqldump can
be used to generate CSV, delimited or XML files. In this tutorial, we will focus only on how to backup MySQL
database using mysqldump tool.

In this tutorial, we will focus only on how to backup MySQL database using mysqldump tool.

How to backup a MySQL database

To backup a MySQL database, the database first has to exist in the database server and you have access
to that server as well. You can use SSH or Telnet to log in to the remote server if you do not have remote
desktop to it. The command to backup a MySQL database asfollows:

You can use the SSH or Telnet to log in to the remote server if you cannot remote desktop to it. The
command to backup a MySQL database as follows:

1 mysqldump •u [username] –p[password] [database_name] >

[dump_file.sql]

The parameter of the command above as follows:

[username]: valid MySQL username.

[password]: valid password for the user. Note that there is no space between –p and the password.
[database_name]: database name you want to backup
[dump_file.sql]: dump file you want to generate.
 By executing the above command, all database structure and data will be exported into a single
[dump_file.sql] dump file. For example, in order to back our sample database classicmodels, we use the
following command:

1 mysqldump •umysqltutorial–psecret classicmodels>

c:\temp\backup001.sql

How to backup MySQL database structure only

If you only want to backup database structure only you just need to add an option –no•data to tell
mysqldump that only database structure need to export as follows:

1 mysqldump •u [username] –p[password] –no•data [databas

e_name] >[dump_file.sql]

For example to backup our sample database with structure only, you use the following command:

1 mysqldump •umysqltutorial–psecret •no•dataclassicm

odels >c:\temp\backup002.sql

How to backup MySQL database data Only

There is a case that you want to refresh data in staging and development system so the data in those
systems are the same as the production system.

In this case, you just need to export data only from the production system and import it to staging and
development system. In order to backup data only, you use option –no•create•info of mysqldump as follows:

1 mysqldump •u [username] –p[password] –no•create•info

[database_name] >[dump_file.sql]

For example to backup our sample database with data only, you use the following command:

1 mysqldump –u mysqltutorial –psecret –no•create•info cl

assicmodels >c:\temp\backup002.sql

How to backup multiple MySQL databases into a single file

If you want to backup multiple databases just separate database name by the command in the
[database_name]. If you want to backup all databases in the database server use the option –all•database.

1 mysqldump •u[username]–p[password] [dbname1,dbname

2 2,…] >[dump_file.sql]
3
mysqldump •u [username] –p[password] –all•database >
[dump_file.sql]
Using MySQL SHOW TABLES Command To List Tables In a Database
Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the MySQL SHOW TABLES command to query tables in
a particulardatabase.

To list tables in a MySQL database, you

follow these steps:

1. Login to the MySQL databaseserver

using a MySQL client suchas myysql
2. Switch to a specific databaseusing
the USE statement.
3. Usethe SHOW TABLES command.

The following illustrates the syntax of the

MySQL SHOWTABLES command:

1 SHOW TABLES;

MySQL SHOW TABLES examples

The following example shows you how to list the tableinthe classicmodels database.

Step 1. Connect to the MySQL database server:

1 >mysql •u root •p
2 Enter password: **********
3 mysql>

Step 2.Switchto classicmodels database:

1 mysql>use classicmodels;
2 Database changed
3 mysql>

Step 3. Show tablesin the els database:

classicmode

1 >show tables;
2 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••+
3 | Tables_in_classicmodels |
4 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••+
5 |customers |
6 |employees |
7 |offices |
 8 |orderdetails |
9 |orders |
10 |payments |
11 |productlines |
12 |products |
13 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••+
14 8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

The SHOW TABLES command allows you to show if a table is a base table or a view. To include thetable
type in the result, you use the following formofthe SHOW TABLES statement.

1 SHOW FULL TABLES;

Let’s create a view in the classicmodels database called contacts that includes first name, last name
and phonefromthe employees and customers tables for thedemonstration.

1 CREATE VIEW contacts

2 AS
3 SELECT lastName, firstName, extension as phone
4 FROM employees
5 UNION
6 SELECT contactFirstName, contactLastName, phone
7 FROM customers;

Now, youissue the SHOWFULLTABLES command:

1 >SHOW FULL TABLES

2 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••+••••••••••••+
3 | Tables_in_classicmodels | Table_type |
4 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••+••••••••••••+
5 |contacts |VIEW |
6 |customers | BASE TABLE|
7 |employees | BASE TABLE|
8 |offices | BASE TABLE|
9 |orderdetails | BASE TABLE|
10 |orders | BASE TABLE|
11 |payments | BASE TABLE|
12 |productlines | BASE TABLE|
13 |products | BASE TABLE|
14 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••+••••••••••••+
15 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

As you can see, all the tables are the base tables except forthe contacts table which is aview.

For the database that has many tables, showing all tables at a time may not be intuitive.

Fortunately, the SHOW TABLES command provides you with an option that allows you to filter the returned
tables using the LIKE operator or an expressioninthe WHERE clause asfollows:
 1 SHOW TABLES LIKEpattern;
2
3 SHOW TABLES WHEREexpression;

For example, to shows all tables in the classicmodels database that start with the letter p , you use the
following statement:

1 >SHOW TABLES LIKE 'p%';

2 +••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
3 | Tables_in_classicmodels (p%) |
4 +••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
5 |payments |
6 |productlines |
7 |products |
8 +••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
9 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Or to show the tables that end with the string 'es' , you use the following statement:

1 >SHOW TABLES LIKE '%es';

2 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
3 | Tables_in_classicmodels (%es) |
4 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
5 |employees |
6 |offices |
7 |productlines |
8 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
9 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

The following statement illustrates how to use the WHERE clause in the SHOW TABLES statement to list all
the views inthe classicmodels database.

1 >SHOW FULL TABLES WHERE table_type = 'VIEW';

2 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••+••••••••••••+
3 | Tables_in_classicmodels | Table_type |
4 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••+••••••••••••+
5 |contacts |VIEW |
6 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••+••••••••••••+
7 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Sometimes, you want to see the tables in the database that you are not connected to. In this case, you can
use the FROM clause of the SHOWTABLES statement to specify the database from which you want to show
the tables.

The following example demonstrates how to show tables thatstartwith 'time' ;

1 >SHOW TABLES FROM mysql LIKE 'time%';

2 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
 3 |Tables_in_mysql(time%) |
4 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
5 |time_zone |
6 |time_zone_leap_second |
7 | time_zone_name |
8 |time_zone_transition |
9 | time_zone_transition_type |
10 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
11 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

The following statement is equivalent to the statement above but it uses IN instead of FROM .

1 SHOW TABLES IN mysql LIKE 'time%';

It’s important to note that if you don’t have privileges for a base table or view, it won’t show up in the result
setof the SHOW TABLES command.

In this tutorial, you have learned how to use the MySQL SHOW TABLES statement to query tables in a
particular database.
The Ultimate Guide To MySQL Roles By Examples
Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use MySQL roles to simplify the privilege managements.

Introduction to MySQL roles

Typically, you have a number of users with the same set

of privileges. Previously, the only way
to grant and revoke privileges to multiple users is to
change privileges of each user individually, which is time•
consuming.

To make it easier, MySQL provided a new object called

role that is a named collection of privileges.

If you want to grant the same set of privileges to multiple

users, you should do it as follows:

First, create a new role.

Second, grant privileges to the role.
Third, grant the role to the users.

In case you want to change the privileges of the users, you need to change the privileges of the granted role
only. The changes will take effect to all users to which the role granted.

MySQL role example

First, create a new database named CRM, which stands for customer relationship management.

1 CREATE DATABASE crm;

Next, switchtothe crm database:

1 USE crm;

Then, create customer table inside the database.

CRM

1 CREATE TABLE customer(

2 id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
3 first_name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
4 last_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
5 phone VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
6 email VARCHAR(255)
7 );

After that, insert dataintothe customer table.

1 INSERT INTO customer(first_name,last_name,phone,email)

 2 VALUES('John','Doe','(408)•987•7654','john.doe@mysqltu
3 torial.org'),
('Lily','Bush','(408)•987•7985','lily.bush@mysql
tutorial.org');

Finally, verify the insert by usingthefollowing SELECT statement:

1 SELECT * FROM customer;

2
3 +••••+••••••••••••+•••••••••••+••••••••••••••••+••••••
4 •••••••••••••••••••••••+
5 | id | first_name | last_name| phone |
6 email |
7 +••••+••••••••••••+•••••••••••+••••••••••••••••+••••••
8 •••••••••••••••••••••••+
9 | 1|John |Doe | (408)•987•7654 |john.
[email protected] |
| 2|Lily |Bush | (408)•987•7985 |lily.
[email protected] |
+••••+••••••••••••+•••••••••••+••••••••••••••••+••••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Creating roles

Suppose you develop an application that uses the CRM database. To interact with the database, you
CR M
need to create accounts for developers who need full access to the database. In addition, you need to
create accounts for users who need only read access and others who need both read/write access.

To avoid granting privileges to each user account individually, you create a set of roles and grant the
appropriate roles to each user account.

To create new roles,youuse CREATE ROLE statement:

1 CREATE ROLE crm_dev, crm_read, crm_write;

The role name is similar to user account that consists of user andhostparts: role_name@host_name .

If you omit the host part, it will default to ‘%’ that mean any hosts.

Granting privileges to roles

To grant privileges to a role, you use GRANT statement. The following statement grants all privileges
to crm_dev role:

1 GRANT ALL ON crm.* TO crm_dev;

The following statement grants SELECT privilege to crm_read role:

 1 GRANT SELECT ON crm.* TO crm_read;

The followingstatementgrants INSERT , UPDATE , and DELETE privileges to crm_write role:

1 GRANT INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON crm.* TO crm_write;

Assigning roles to user accounts

Suppose you need one user account as the developer, one user account that can have read•only access
and two user accounts that can have read/write access.

To create new users,youuse CREATE USER statements asfollows:

1 •• developer user
2 CREATE USER crm_dev1@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'Secure$1
3 782';
4 •• read access user
5 CREATE USER crm_read1@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'Secure
6 $5432';
7 •• read/write users
CREATE USER crm_write1@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'Secure
$9075';
CREATE USER crm_write2@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'Secure
$3452';

To assign roles to users,youuse GRANT statement:

1 GRANT crm_dev TO crm_dev1@localhost;

2
3 GRANT crm_read TO crm_read1@localhost;
4
5 GRANT crm_read, crm_write TO crm_write1@localhost, crm
_write2@localhost;

Note that the GRANT statement for the crm_write1@localhost and crm_write2@localhost accounts
grant both crm_read and crm_write roles.

To verify the role assignments, you use the SHOW GRANTS statement as the following example:

1 SHOW GRANTS FOR crm_dev1@localhost;

The statement returned the following result set:

1 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
2 | Grantsforcrm_dev1@localhost |
3 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
4 | GRANT USAGE ON *.*TO`crm_dev1`@`localhost` |
5 | GRANT `crm_dev`@`%` TO `crm_dev1`@`localhost` |
 6 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••+
7 2 rows in set (0.02 sec)

As you can see, it just returned granted roles. To show the privileges that roles represent, you use
the USING clause with the name of the granted roles asfollows:

1 SHOW GRANTS FOR crm_write1@localhost USING crm_write;

The statement returns the following output:

1 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
2 ••••••••••••••••+
3 | Grants for
4 crm_write1@localhost
5 |
6 +•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
7 ••••••••••••••••+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO
`crm_write1`@`localhost` |
| GRANT INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON `crm`.* TO `crm_writ
e1`@`localhost` |
| GRANT `crm_read`@`%`,`crm_write`@`%` TO `crm_write1`
@`localhost` |
+•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••••••••••••••••+

Setting default roles

Now if you connect to the MySQL using the crm_read1 user account and try to access
the CRM database:

1 >mysql •u crm_read1 •p
2 Enter password: ***********
3 mysql>USE crm;

The statement issued the following error message:

1 ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user

'crm_read1'@'localhost' to database 'crm'

This is because when you granted roles to a user account, it did not automatically make the roles to become
active when the user account connects to the database server.

If youinvokethe CURRENT_ROLE() function:

1 SELECT current_role();
2
3 +••••••••••••••••+
 4 | current_role() |
5 +••••••••••••••••+
6 |NONE |
7 +••••••••••••••••+
8 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

It returned NONE , meaning no active roles.

To specify which roles should be active each time a user account connects to the database server, you use
the SET DEFAULT ROLE statement.

The following statement set the defaultforthe crm_read1@localhost account all its assignedroles.

1 SET DEFAULT ROLE ALL TO crm_read1@localhost;

Now, if you connect to the MySQL database server using the crm_read1 user account and invoke
the CURRENT_ROLE() function:

1 >mysql •u crm_read1 •p
2 Enter password: ***********
3 >SELECT CURRENT_ROLE();

You will see the defaultrolesfor crm_read1 useraccount.

1 +••••••••••••••••+
2 | current_role() |
3 +••••••••••••••••+
4 | `crm_read`@`%` |
5 +••••••••••••••••+
6 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

You can test the privileges of crm_read account by switching the current database to CRM , executing
a SELECT statement anda DELETE statement as follows:

1 mysql>use crm;
2 Database changed
3 mysql>SELECT COUNT(*) FROM customer;
4 +••••••••••+
5 | COUNT(*) |
6 +••••••••••+
7 | 2|
8 +••••••••••+
9 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
10
11 mysql>DELETE FROM customer;
12 ERROR 1142 (42000): DELETE command denied to user 'cr
m_read1'@'localhost' for table 'customer'
 It worked as expected. When weissuedthe DELETE statement, we received anerror
because crm_read1 user account has read accessonly.

Setting active roles

A user account can modify the current user’s effective privileges within the current session by specifying
which granted role are active.

The following statement set the active role to NONE , meaning no active role.

1 SET ROLE NONE;

To set active roles to all granted role, you use:

1 SET ROLE ALL;

To set active roles to default roles that setbythe statement, youuse:

SET DEFAULTROLE

1 SET ROLE DEFAULT;

To set active named roles, you use:

1 SET ROLE granted_role_1, granted_role_2, ...

Revoking privileges from roles

To revoke privileges from a specific role, you use the REVOKE statement. The REVOKE statement takes
effect not only the role but also any account granted the role.

For example, to temporarily make all read/write users read only, youchangethe crm_write role asfollows:

1 REVOKE INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON crm.* FROM crm_write;

To restore the privileges, you need to re•grant them as follows:

1 GRANT INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON crm.* FOR crm_write;

Removing roles

To remove one or more roles, you use the DROP ROLE statement as follows:

1 DROP ROLE role_name, role_name, ...;

Like REVOKE statement, the DROP ROLE statement revokes roles from every user account to which it was
granted.

For example, toremovethe crm_read , crm_write roles, you use the following statement:

1 DROP ROLE crm_read, crm_write;

Copying privileges from a user account to another

MySQL treats user account like a role, therefore, you can grant a user account to another user account like
granting a role to that user account. This allows you to copy privileges from a user to another user.

Suppose you need another developer account forthe CRM database:

First, create the new user account:

1 CREATE USER crm_dev2@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'Secure$6

275';

Second, copy privileges from the crm_dev1 user account to crm_dev2 user account as follows:

1 GRANT crm_dev1@localhost TO crm_dev2@localhost;

In this tutorial, you have learned how to use MySQL roles to make it easier to manage privileges of user
accounts.