1.

History and Evolution:

The World Wide Web (WWW) was first proposed by Sir Tim Berners-
Lee in 1989, and the first website was launched in 1991. Since then,
the web has undergone significant changes, including the
development of new technologies and standards, the emergence of
mobile devices, and the rise of social media.
2. Web Development Cycle:
The web development cycle typically involves the following steps:
planning, design, development, testing, and deployment. The
planning phase involves identifying the goals and requirements for
the website. The design phase involves creating wireframes and
mockups of the website. The development phase involves writing
code to create the website. The testing phase involves checking the
website for bugs and usability issues. The deployment phase involves
publishing the website to a web server.
3. Web Publishing:
Web publishing refers to the process of making a website available
on the internet. This can be done by uploading the website files to a
web server or by using a content management system (CMS) to
manage the content of the website.
4. Web Contents:
Web content refers to the text, images, videos, and other media that
make up a website. Content can be created using various languages
such as HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
5. Dynamic Web Contents:
Dynamic web content refers to content that changes based on user
input or other conditions. This can be achieved using server-side
scripting languages such as PHP, Python, or Ruby, or using JavaScript
on the client side. Dynamic content allows for interactive experiences
such as online forms, user accounts, and personalized content.
 Unit 2
HTML
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create web
pages. It consists of a series of tags and attributes that define the structure and layout of
a web page.

DHTML
DHTML (Dynamic HTML) is an extension of HTML that allows for the creation of dynamic
web pages. It uses a combination of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create interactive and
dynamic effects on web pages.

XHTML
XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language) is a variation of HTML that adheres to
stricter syntax rules and is designed to be more extensible.

JSP (JavaServer Pages):

JSP is a technology used to create dynamic web pages using Java. It allows developers to
embed Java code within HTML pages, which can be executed on the server side to
generate dynamic web content.
JavaScript:
JavaScript is a programming language that allows for the creation of interactive and dynamic
web pages. It can be used to create animations, validate forms, and handle user interactions on a
web page.

2. Features and Applications:

• HTML, DHTML, and XHTML are used to create the structure and layout of web pages.
• JSP and JavaScript are used to create dynamic and interactive web pages.
• HTML, DHTML, XHTML, JSP, and JavaScript are commonly used to create web
applications, e-commerce sites, social media platforms, and other types of dynamic web
sites.
JavaScript is also commonly used for client-side validation, creating interactive maps,
manipulating the DOM, and creating single-page applications.

1. HTML Fundamentals:
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create
web pages. It consists of a series of tags and attributes that define the structure and
layout of a web page. HTML documents are plain text files that can be created using any
text editor and viewed in a web browser.

2. HTML Browsers:
Web browsers such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Safari are used to view HTML
documents. These browsers interpret the HTML code and display the web page
accordingly.

3. HTML tags, Elements and Attributes:

HTML tags are used to define the structure and layout of a web page. An element is the
entire block of code that starts with an opening tag and ends with a closing tag.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about an element, such as the
source of an image or the destination of a link.

4. Structure of HTML code:

The head of an HTML document contains information about the document, such as the
title and meta data. The body of an HTML document contains the content that is
displayed on the web page.

5. Lists:
• Ordered List: an ordered list is a list of items that are numbered.
• Unordered List: an unordered list is a list of items that are bulleted.
• Definition List: a definition list is a list of terms and their corresponding definitions.
• Nesting List: a nested list is a list that contains another list within it.

6. Block Level Tags:

• Block formatting:block-level elements take up the full width of their parent container and
create a new block formatting context.
• Heading: headings are used to create headings and subheadings on a web page.
 • Paragraph: paragraphs are used to create paragraphs of text on a web page.
• Comments: comments are used to add notes to the HTML code that are not displayed on
the web page.
• Text alignment: text alignment tags are used to align text to the left, right, or center of a
web page.
• Font size: font size tags are used to change the size of the text on a web page.

7. Text Level Tags:

• Bold: bold tags are used to make text bold.
• Italic: italic tags are used to make text italic.
• Underlined: underlined tags are used to underline text.
• Strikethrough: strikethrough tags are used to strike through text.
• Subscript: subscript tags are used to create subscript text.
• Superscript: superscript tags are used to create superscript text.

8. Inserting graphics:
• Scaling images: images can be scaled by adjusting the width and height attributes of the
<img> tag.
• Frame set: frames are used to create a frameset, which is a collection of multiple HTML
documents displayed in a single web page.
• Forms: forms are used to create interactive elements on a web page, such as text fields,
checkboxes, and buttons.

9. An introduction to DHTML: DHTML (Dynamic HTML) is an extension of HTML that allows

for the creation of dynamic web pages. It uses a combination of HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript to create interactive and dynamic effects on web pages.

10. DOM (Document Object Model): DOM is a programming interface for HTML and XML
documents. It represents the structure of a document as a tree-like structure, allowing for
easy manipulation of the document's content and layout.

11. Html entites- helps in adding symbol using a code of a symbol

12. What are Semantic Elements?

A semantic element clearly describes its meaning to both the browser and
the developer.

Examples of non-semantic elements: <div> and <span> - Tells nothing about

its content.

Examples of semantic elements: <form>, <table>, and <article> - Clearly

defines its content.
1. The usefulness of style sheets:
Style sheets, such as CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), are used to separate the
presentation of a web page from its structure and content. This allows for
more efficient web development and easier maintenance of web pages. CSS
can be used to control the layout, colors, fonts, and other visual elements of a
web page, making it easier to change the appearance of multiple pages at
once.

2. Types of Style sheets:

There are three types of style sheets:

• External:
an external style sheet is a separate .css file that is linked to an HTML
document. It can be used to control the presentation of multiple web pages.

• Internal:
an internal style sheet is included within the <head> section of an HTML
document. It can be used to control the presentation of a single web page.

• Inline:
an inline style is used to control the presentation of a specific element within
an HTML document.

3. Creating style sheets:

Style sheets can be created using a text editor and saved with a .css file
extension. They consist of a series of rules, which include a selector and one or
more declarations. Each declaration consists of a property and a value,
separated by a colon.
4. Common tasks with CSS:
Common tasks with CSS include controlling the layout of a web page, setting
the colors and fonts, and creating hover effects. CSS can also be used to
create responsive designs that adapt to different screen sizes.
5. Font Family:
• Font Metrics: The font metrics are the measurements of a font, such as its
ascent, descent, and leading.
• Units: CSS uses various units for specifying font sizes, such as pixels (px),
points (pt), and ems (em).

6. Properties:
 Properties are used to specify the presentation of an element. Common CSS
properties include color, font-size, margin, padding, and display.
7. Classes and Pseudo classes:
Classes and pseudo-classes are used to select specific elements to apply styles
to. Classes are defined by the developer and can be applied to any element on
the page, while pseudo-classes are pre-defined and are used to select
elements in a specific state, such as :hover.
8. CSS tags:
CSS selectors are used to select elements on an HTML page to apply styles to.
These include tag selectors, class selectors, and ID selectors. CSS properties
can be applied to these selectors to control the presentation of the selected
elements.

1. Scripting Language:
A scripting language is a programming language that can be used to write scripts, which
are a series of instructions that automate tasks. Scripts can be used to automate
repetitive tasks, perform calculations, and control the behavior of applications. They are
often interpreted rather than compiled, which means they are executed line by line by an
interpreter rather than being translated into machine code before execution.

2. Client side and server side scripting:

• Client-side scripting refers to the use of scripts that are executed by the client's web
browser. Examples of client-side scripting languages include JavaScript, VBScript, and
ActionScript.
• Server-side scripting refers to the use of scripts that are executed on the web server.
Examples of server-side scripting languages include PHP, Python, and Ruby.

3. Types of scripting languages:

• Shell scripting: used to automate tasks on a Unix or Linux operating system.

• JavaScript: used for client-side scripting in web browsers.
• VBScript: used for client-side scripting in Internet Explorer.
• Perl: used for a wide range of purposes, including web development and system
administration.
• Python: used for web development, data analysis, and scientific computing.
• Ruby: used for web development and the creation of web applications.
• PHP: used primarily for server-side scripting and the creation of dynamic web pages.
• Lua: used as an embedded scripting language in games, applications, and on servers.
• Tcl: used for rapid prototyping, scripting, and as an embedded language.
• There are many other languages that are considered as scripting languages, these are few
examples.
1. Introduction:
JavaScript is a programming language that is commonly used for client-side scripting in
web browsers. It allows for the creation of interactive and dynamic web pages and is
often used in combination with HTML and CSS. JavaScript can be used to validate forms,
create animations, and handle user interactions on a web page.

2. Operators, Assignments, and Comparisons:

JavaScript uses various operators for performing mathematical and logical operations.
The assignment operator (=) is used to assign a value to a variable. Comparison operators
(>, <, >=, <=, ==, and !=) are used to compare values and determine if a statement is
true or false.

3. Reserved words:
JavaScript has a set of reserved words that cannot be used as variable or function names.
These include keywords such as "var", "function", "if", "else", and "return".

4. Starting with JavaScript:

To write a JavaScript program, you will need a text editor and a web browser. The
program can be written in a separate .js file or within the <script> tag of an HTML
document.

5. Writing first JavaScript program:

A simple JavaScript program can be written using the following steps:
• Create a new .js file or open an HTML file.
• Add the <script> tag to the <head> or <body> of the HTML file.
• Use the document.write() function to output a message to the web page.
• Save the file and open it in a web browser to see the output.

6. Putting comments:
Comments can be added to a JavaScript program by using two forward slashes (//) at the
beginning of a line. Comments are ignored by the browser and are used to explain the
code and make it more readable. Multi-line comments can be created by enclosing the
comments between /* and */.

1. Functions:
Functions are a way to group together a set of statements to perform a specific task. In
JavaScript, a function is defined using the keyword "function" followed by the function
name, a list of parameters, and a block of code. Functions can be called multiple times to
perform the same task with different inputs.

2. Statements in JavaScript:
JavaScript statements are the instructions that make up a script. They can include
assignments, function calls, control structures such as if/else and for loops, and object
manipulation.
3. Working with objects:
• Object Types:
JavaScript has several built-in objects such as Date, Math, String, and Event.

• Object Instantiation:
Objects can be created by instantiating a constructor function or by creating an object
literal.

• Date object:
The Date object is used to work with dates and times. It can be used to get the current
date and time, set a date, and perform calculations with dates.

• Math object:
The Math object provides properties and methods for performing mathematical
calculations such as rounding numbers, finding the maximum or minimum value of a set
of numbers, and generating random numbers.

• String object:
The String object provides properties and methods for working with strings such as
finding the length of a string, searching for a substring, and converting a string to
uppercase or lowercase.

• Event object:
The Event object is used to work with events such as mouse clicks and key presses.

• Frame object:
The Frame object is used to work with frames in a web page.

• Screen object:
The Screen object provides information about the user's screen such as the resolution
and color depth.

4. Handling Events:
• Event handling attributes:
Event handling attributes such as onclick, onmouseover, and onkeypress can be added to
HTML elements to specify the JavaScript code that should be executed when the event
occurs.

• Window events:
Window events include events such as onload and onunload that are triggered when the
web page is loaded or unloaded.

• Form events:
Form events include events such as onsubmit and onchange that are triggered when a
form is submitted or a form element's value changes.

• Event object:
 The Event object is used to get information about the event that occurred, such as the
type of event and the target element.

• Event simulation: JavaScript can be used to simulate events such as click, mouseover, and
keypress to trigger the associated event handlers

5. Keyboard and Mouse events:

• Keyboard events include events such as onkeydown, onkeyup, and onkeypress that are
triggered when a key on the keyboard is pressed or released.
• Mouse events include events such as onclick, onmouseover, and onmouseout that are
triggered when the mouse is clicked, moved over, or moved away from an element.
• These events can be used to create interactive user experiences on web pages, such as
drop-down menus, slide shows, and interactive forms.

JavaScript is a powerful language and can be used for many things such as creating interactive
web pages, making network requests, and even creating full-fledged web applications. It's
important to note that JavaScript can be executed on both client and server side, so that's why
it's a popular choice for web development.

1. Introduction to XML:
XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup language that is used to
structure and store data in a format that can be read by both humans and
machines. It is similar to HTML, but instead of defining the layout and
presentation of a web page, it defines the structure and meaning of the data.
XML is often used to store and transfer data between systems and
applications.

2. Anatomy of an XML document:

An XML document consists of elements, attributes, and text. Elements are the
building blocks of an XML document, and they are defined by a start tag and
an end tag. Attributes provide additional information about an element, and
they are defined within the start tag of an element. Text is the content that
appears between the start and end tags of an element.
3. Creating XML Documents:
XML documents can be created using any text editor, and they must follow a
specific structure and syntax. The document must begin with a declaration
 that identifies it as an XML document, and it must have a single root element
that contains all other elements. Elements must be properly nested, and all
tags must be closed.

4. Creating XML DTDs:

A DTD (Document Type Definition) is a set of rules that defines the structure
and allowed elements and attributes of an XML document. DTDs can be
defined using a separate .dtd file or within the XML document itself.

5. XML Schemas:
An XML Schema is a way to define the structure, elements, and data types of
an XML document. It provides a more powerful and flexible way to define the
structure of an XML document than a DTD.

6. XSL:
XSL (eXtensible Stylesheet Language) is used to transform XML documents
into other formats such as HTML or PDF. It consists of a set of templates that
are applied to the elements of an XML document to create the desired output.
XSL is often used to convert XML data into a format that can be displayed in a
web browser.

1. Basic rules of Web Page design:

• Consistency:
The design should be consistent throughout the website, using the same colors, fonts,
and layout elements on each page.

• Simplicity:
The design should be simple and easy to navigate, with a clear hierarchy of information
and a limited use of visual elements.

• Accessibility:
The website should be accessible to users with disabilities, using techniques such as
providing alternative text for images and using proper heading structures.

• Responsiveness:
The website should be optimized to display correctly on different devices and screen
sizes, using techniques such as responsive design or separate mobile and desktop
versions.

• Optimization:
The website should be optimized for search engines and fast loading times, using
techniques such as compressing images and using semantic HTML.
 2. Types of Website:
• Personal or portfolio websites: used to showcase an individual's work or personal
information.
• Business websites: used to promote products or services and provide information about a
company.
• E-commerce websites: used to sell products or services online.
• Social media websites: used to connect and interact with other users.
• News websites: used to provide news and information to users.
• Blogs: used to share information and opinions on a specific topic.
• Educational websites: used to provide educational resources and information.
• Government websites: used to provide information and resources from government
agencies.
• Entertainment websites: used to provide entertainment such as videos and games.

These are just few examples of types of websites, there are many more types and each one has its
own specific characteristics. The design and functionality of a website should be tailored to its
specific