POSITIVE

THINKING
NGUYEN NGOC THUY VY
[email protected]
0909251889
 Positive
attitude

CONTENT
Positive
thinking
Critical
thinking

2
 1. THINKING

2. POSITIVE THINKING
CONTENT 3. THINKING TECHNIQUES

4. POSITIVE THINKING TECHNIQUES

3
 ◦ “I THINK
1. THINKING therefore
I AM”
◦ Rene Descartes

4
1. THINKING ◦ ARE YOU THINKING AT THE MOMENT?

5
 Thinking
1. THINKING The process of representing and
manipulating information in our mind.

6
 INFORMATION INFORMATION
REPRESENTATION MANIPULATION
Mental images Problem solving

Words Decision making

1. THINKING
Concepts Creative activities

7
 A mental picture or representation of an object or event.
Mental pictures consist of personal experiences of objects,
persons or situations, heard and felt.
These mental pictures symbolize actual objects,
experiences and activities.
MENTAL
In thinking, we usually manipulate the images rather than
IMAGES the actual objects, experiences or activities.
A mental image is not an actual or photographic
representation.
Rather, it is a reconstruction of the object or event from
memory.

8
 MENTAL IMAGES

Are the objects in each pair the same or different?

9
10
11
12
MENTAL IMAGES

13
 Words or language is the most efficient and
developed vehicle used for carrying out the process
of thinking.
When a person reads, writes or hears words or
sentences or observes gesture in any language, one
WORDS is stimulated to think.
Thus reading and writing of documents and
literature also help in stimulating and promoting the
thinking process.
Gen.lib.rus.ec

14
 LANGUAGE
V
I
E
T
N
A
M
15
 A concept is a general idea that stands for a general
class and represents the common characteristics of
all objects or events of this general class.
Concepts are mental categories we use for grouping
CONCEPT objects, events, and ideas.
Concept, as a tool, economize the efforts in thinking.
Concepts also help us respond more quickly to
events by reducing the need for new learning each
time we encounter a familiar object or event.

16
CONCEPTS – MENTAL CATEGORIES

Apple Avocado

Pumpkin Olive

What makes a fruit a fruit?

17
CONCEPTS – MENTAL CATEGORIES

What makes a bird a bird?

18
 PROBLEM SOLVING

Problem solving is a cognitive process in which

we employ mental strategies to solve problems.
Mental/Cognitive strategies are sets of mental processes that are
consciously implemented to regulate thought processes and
content in order to achieve goals or solve problem.

19
 PROBLEM SOLVING

Move only three of the dots to turn the upward-facing

triangle into the downward-facing one.
20
 PROBLEM SOLVING

Emily and Sophia played six games of chess,

and each of them won four.
There were no ties.
How is that possible?

21
 DECISION MAKING
“What should I wear today?”
“What should I have for dinner?”
“What should I major in?”
“Should I date that person?
“Should I get married?”
“Should I join that company?”

22
 DECISION MAKING
Decision making is a form of problem solving in
which we must select a course of action from
among the available alternatives.

We should only make Informed decision.

Transparency

Information asymmetry

23
 CREATIVITY

Creativity is a form of thinking that:

 leads to original, practical, and meaningful

solutions to problems

 generates new ideas or artistic expressions.

24
CREATIVITY

Using only the material you

see on the table, figure out a
way to mount a candle on
the wall so that it doesn’t
drip wax on the floor when it
burns.

25
CREATIVITY
Two strings hang from the
ceiling but are too far apart
to be touched at the same
time. The task is to tie them
together. Except for the
string and the pliers on the
table, the room is empty.
How would you tie the
strings together?

26
 CREATIVITY

How can we be more creative?

Question the assumptions and authorities.

27
CREATIVITY

28
CREATIVITY

29
30
31
32
33
34
 THINK ABOUT IT

Have you ever found a creative solution

to a problem?

35
1. THINKING
Automatic Conscious

36
 Concrete
thinking

Non-
Abstract
directed
thinking
thinking

Thinking
1. THINKING types

Critical Reflective
thinking thinking

Creative
thinking

37
 DEVELOPMENT OF THINKING
Cognitive development
SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE
Rate yourself on the following scale

1. THINKING from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

1 2 3 4 5 There are right and wrong answers.

Authorities are those who have the right
answers.
1 2 3 4 5 There are no right or wrong answers.
Everyone has a right to his or her own opinion.
1 2 3 4 5 Even though the world is uncertain,
we need to make decisions on what is right or
wrong. 40
 DEVELOPMENT OF THINKING
Cognitive development

1. THINKING

41
 DEVELOPMENT OF THINKING
Cognitive development

Cognitive development is the process by which

1. THINKING each of us becomes an intelligent person,
acquiring intelligence and increasingly
advanced thought and problem-solving ability
from infancy to adulthood.

42
 DEVELOPMENT OF THINKING
Cognitive development

Commitment
1. THINKING
Relativism

Dualism

Thinking more critically

43
 DEVELOPMENT OF THINKING
Cognitive development

1. THINKING

44
 DEVELOPMENT OF THINKING
Cognitive development

Recommended books to help you think more critically

 Thiện, ác và smartphone - TS Đặng Hoàng Giang

 Bức xúc không làm ta vô can - TS Đặng Hoàng Giang

 Tư duy nhanh và chậm – Thinking, fast and slow – Daniel

1. THINKING Kahneman

 Phi lý trí – Predictably irrational – Dan Ariely

Recommended books to help you understand your up-bringing

 Tìm mình trong thế giới hậu tuổi thơ - TS Đặng Hoàng Giang

If you are not really keen on reading, consider audible books.

 App to read books for you: FONOS

45
 WHY IS IT THAT IMPORTANT
1. THINKING
TO BE A GOOD THINKER?

46
 Cognition

Affection
1. THINKING
BEHAVIOUR

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY

47
 Actions Thoughts

3.Behaviour 1.Thinking

1. THINKING

2.Feelings

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY Emotions

48
 Cognition
My skills development class is interesting.
Affection
I like attending my skills development class.
1. THINKING
Behaviour
I am going to get to class early with a smile on
my face.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY

49
1. THINKING

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY

50
 DON’T LISTEN TO WHAT PEOPLE SAY
1. THINKING
WATCH WHAT THEY DO

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY

51
 WHAT MAKES YOUR LIFE 100%?
Let each letter of the alphabetic have a value
equal to it sequence in the alphabetical
order.
2. POSITIVE
THINKING A B C D E F G H I J K L M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

52
 WHAT MAKES YOUR LIFE 100%?
LEARNING
RESEARCH
FOOD
TRAVEL
MARRIAGE
2. POSITIVE
KNOWLEDGE
THINKING
SKILLS
HARDWORK
MONEY
POWER
LOVE
FRIENDS
53
 WHAT MAKES YOUR LIFE 100%?
LEARNING 80%
RESEARCH 77%
FOOD 40%
TRAVEL 78%
MARRIAGE 72%
2. POSITIVE
KNOWLEDGE 96%
THINKING SKILLS 82%
HARDWORK 98%
MONEY 72%
POWER 77%
LOVE 54%
FRIENDS 75%
54
 WHAT MAKES YOUR LIFE 100%?
How about

“ATTITUDE”?
2. POSITIVE
THINKING

55
 WHAT MAKES YOUR LIFE 100%?
ATTITUDE
A+T+T+I+T+U+D+E
1 + 20 + 20 + 9 + 20 + 21 + 4 + 5
2. POSITIVE = 100%
THINKING

56
 WHAT MAKES YOUR LIFE 100%?
ATTITUDE

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

57
 ◦ Positive thinking is a
mental attitude in which
you expect good and favorable
results.
2. POSITIVE ◦ Positive thinking means approaching
THINKING life's challenges with a positive
outlook.
◦ A positive mind waits for happiness,
health and a happy ending in any
situation.

58
 ◦ Approaching life’s challenges and
unpleasant situations in a more
2. POSITIVE optimistic way ultimately allowing us
THINKING to be more productive.
◦ Positive thinking helps to increase our
levels of happiness and wellbeing.

59
 ◦ Positive thinking does not necessarily
mean avoiding or ignoring the bad
(negative) things.
2. POSITIVE ◦ Instead, it involves making the most of
THINKING the potentially bad situations, trying to
see the best in other people, and
viewing yourself and your abilities in a
positive light.

60
 STEPHEN HAWKING
One of the greatest cosmologist of our times

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

"If you are disabled, it is probably not your fault, but it is no

good blaming the world or expecting it to take pity on you.
One has to have a positive attitude and must make the
best of the situation that one finds oneself in; if one is
physically disabled, one cannot afford to be psychologically
61
disabled as well.”
2. POSITIVE
THINKING

62
 ATTITUDE - DEFINITION
◦ Attitudes refer to feelings and beliefs of individuals
or groups of individuals towards other people,
objects or ideas.

◦ Attitudes often result in and affect the behaviour

2. POSITIVE or action of the people.

THINKING ◦ Attitudes cannot be

indirectly observed
directly observed
by observing
but
its
consequences.

◦ Attitudes are not inherited but gradually

acquired over a period of time.

◦ All people, irrespective of their status and

intelligence, hold attitudes.

63
 ATTITUDE - COMPONENTS

AFFECTIVE
feelings
emotions
preferences

2. POSITIVE
THINKING COGNITIVE
beliefs BEHAVIOURAL
knowledge actions
perception intentions

ABC MODEL OF ATTITUDE

64
 ATTITUDE - COMPONENT

Cognitive component
◦ This involves a person’s belief system.
◦ Example: “I believe all spiders are dangerous.”
Affective component
2. POSITIVE ◦ This involves a person’s feeling or emotions.
THINKING ◦ Example: “I am petrified of spiders.”
Behavioral component
◦ This is the way an attitude influences how you act
or behave.
◦ Example: “When I see a spider, I yell, scream and
run away as quickly as possible.”

65
 ATTITUDE - COMPONENTS

Cognitive component
Example: "I just found out I being paid 20% less than
my co-workers."

2. POSITIVE Affective component

Example: "I feel angry that I am not being treated
THINKING fairly."
Behavioral component
Example: "I am going to quit this job as soon as I can,
and I am taking the red stapler with me."

66
 ATTITUDE – TYPES

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

67
 ATTITUDE - TYPES

Positive

Negative
2. POSITIVE
THINKING Attitude

Neutral

Sikken
68
 ATTITUDE - TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Having a positive attitude means keeping
a positive mindset and thinking about
the greater good regardless of the
2. POSITIVE circumstances.
THINKING For example, a person with a positive
attitude will look for the good in others
regardless of their behavior or how bad
their attitude is by thinking about the
greater good.

69
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

70
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

71
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
CONFIDENCE
OPTIMISM
HAPPINESS/CHEERFULNESS

2. POSITIVE SINCERITY
SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY
THINKING FLEXIBILITY
DERTERMINATION
RELIABILITY
TOLERANCE
WILLINGNESS TO ADAPT
HUMILITY
DILIGENCE 72
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
CONFIDENCE

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

Be confident but not over-confidence! 73

 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
OPTIMISM

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

74
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
HAPPINESS

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

75
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
SINCERITY

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

76
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
SINCERITY

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

77
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
SINCERITY

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

78
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
SINCERITY

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

79
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
SENSE OF RESPONSBILITY

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

80
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
SENSE OF RESPONSBILITY
Responsibility: A detachable burden easily shifted to
the shoulders of God, Fate, Fortune, Luck or one’s
neighbor. In the days of astrology it was customary to
2. POSITIVE unload it upon a star.
THINKING Ambrose Bierce, The Devil’s Dictionary, 1911

You are responsible for the world that you live in.
It is not the government’s responsibility. It is not your
school’s or your social club’s or your church’s or your
neighbor’s or your fellow citizen’s. It is yours, utterly
and singularly yours.
August Wilson
81
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
FLEXIBILITY

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

82
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
DETERMINATION

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

83
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
RELIABILITY

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

84
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
RELIABILITY

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

85
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
HUMILITY

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

86
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
People with negative attitude ignore the good
things in life and only think about whether they
will fail.

2. POSITIVE They often find a way out of tough situations by

running away from it.
THINKING They often compare themselves with other
persons and find the bad in them only.
Having a negative attitude is the primary
source of stress and failure.
If you have cultivated a negative attitude, it not
only hurts you, it hurts the people around you.

87
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
NEGATIVE ATTITUDE

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

88
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
ANGER
HATRED

2. POSITIVE PESSIMISM

THINKING FRUSTRATION
DOUBT
RESENTMENT
JEALOUSY
INFERIORITY

89
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
ANGER

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

90
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
DOUBT

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

91
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
FRUSTRATION

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

92
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
NEUTRAL ATTITUDE
People with neutral attitude generally ignore
the problems in life and put their head in the
sand pretending nothing is wrong.

2. POSITIVE They wait for others to take care of the

problems around them.
THINKING They never feel much of anything, are
generally lazy and live life without much
emotion.
They never feel the need to change and can
appear disconnected from the real world.

93
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
NEUTRAL ATTITUDE

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

94
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
NEUTRAL ATTITUDE

Is neutral attitude good or bad?

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

95
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
NEUTRAL ATTITUDE

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

Martin Luther King Jr. (1929 –1968)

An American Christian minister and activist who became the
most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights
Movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. 96
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
NEUTRAL ATTITUDE

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

97
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
NEUTRAL ATTITUDE
COMPLACENCE
INDIFFERENCE
DETACHMENT
2. POSITIVE
UNEMOTIONAL
THINKING
FEELING OF BEING DISCONNECTED

98
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
SIKKEN ATTITUDE
The sikken attitude has the calibre to destroy
every image that comes in connection with a
positive image.

2. POSITIVE This type of attitude is more of a negative

attitude and is very destructive.
THINKING It often reflects the mind’s negativity.
It is difficult to change a person with his type of
attitude as it is deep rooted within their
personality.

99
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
THE DIALECTICS BETWEEN
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ATTITUDE

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

100
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
THE DIALECTICS BETWEEN
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ATTITUDE

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

101
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
BUNGEE JUMPING

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

Positive Negative Neutral

103
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
FINAL EXAM

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

Positive Negative Neutral

104
 ATTITUDE – TYPES
HEARTBREAK

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

Positive Negative Neutral

105
 ATTITUDE – FORMATION

ATTITUDE IS ACQUIRED,
2. POSITIVE NOT INHERITED!
THINKING

106
 ATTITUDE - FORMATION

Direct Personal
Experience

Mass
Association
2. POSITIVE Communications

THINKING ATTITUDE

Economic Status Family and

and Occupations Peer Groups

Neighbourhood

107
 ATTITUDE – FORMATION
Direct personal experience

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

108
 ATTITUDE – FORMATION
Association

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

109
 ATTITUDE – FORMATION
Family and peer group

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

110
 ATTITUDE – FORMATION
Neighbourhood

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

111
 ATTITUDE – FORMATION
Neighbourhood

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

112
 ATTITUDE – FORMATION
Economic status and occupations

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

113
 ATTITUDE – FORMATION
Mass communications

2. POSITIVE
THINKING

114
3. THINKING ◦ CRITICAL THINKING
TECHNIQUES ◦ 6 THINKING HATS

115
 CRITICAL THINKING

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

116
 CRITICAL THINKING

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

117
 CRITICAL THINKING

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

118
 CRITICAL THINKING

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

119
 CRITICAL THINKING
Good harvest, bad prices

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

120
 CRITICAL THINKING
Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and
rationally, understanding the logical
connection between ideas.
3. THINKING Critical thinking is the objective analysis and
TECHNIQUES evaluation of an issue in order to form a
judgment.
Critical thinking is just deliberately and
systematically processing information so that
you can make better decisions and generally
understand things better.

121
 CRITICAL THINKING
Critical thinking is a collection of skills we use
every day that are necessary for our full
intellectual and personal development.
3. THINKING Critical thinking provides us with the tools to
TECHNIQUES identify and resolve issues in our lives.

122
 CRITICAL THINKING
Critical thinking is a collection of skills we use
every day that are necessary for our full
intellectual and personal development.
3. THINKING Critical thinking provides us with the tools to
TECHNIQUES identify and resolve issues in our lives.

123
 CRITICAL THINKING
Critical thinking doesn’t describe thinking that is
severe, negative, or harsh; instead, critical
thinking refers to thinking that uses reason to
3. THINKING decide what to do and what to believe.

TECHNIQUES Since arguments provide reasons that support

their claims, the fundamental critical thinking
skills are the recognition, analysis, evaluation,
and construction of arguments.

124
 CRITICAL THINKING
What is the most significant difference between
studying in high school and studying in
university?
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

125
 CRITICAL THINKING
What is the most significant difference between
studying in high school and studying in
university?
3. THINKING There are less unified understandings but a lot of
TECHNIQUES hot debates.

126
 CRITICAL THINKING – USEFULNESS
IN CLASS

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

127
 CRITICAL THINKING – USEFULNESS
IN CLASS
Example: Is Adam Smith’s argument for the
‘invisible hand’ that guides economic
interaction convincing or not?

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

128
 CRITICAL THINKING – USEFULNESS
IN THE WORKPLACE
Example:
Imagine that you are an employer who receives a
letter of application such as the following:

3. THINKING “I am writing to apply for the entry-level

accountant position currently open. Am I the
TECHNIQUES person for you! I’m a can-do, proactive, think-
outside-the-box kind of person who will be a
terrified asset to your company. Seeing is
believing! When can we schedule an interview?”
Does this letter convince you that you should
interview this candidate?

129
 CRITICAL THINKING – USEFULNESS
IN THE WORKPLACE
Example:
Here’s a better example of the kind of argument the
applicant might make:

3. THINKING “I am writing in response to your advertisement

for an entry-level accountant in your tax division. I
TECHNIQUES believe that I am a strong candidate for this
position because I have a bachelor’s degree in
business and accounting, I completed two
summer internships for a tax broker while in
college, and I have experience preparing tax
returns for a temp agency.”

130
 CRITICAL THINKING – USEFULNESS
IN THE WORKPLACE
Example:
Suppose at work, one of your employees asks to take
a week off the following month and you respond like
this:
3. THINKING
“A week off next month? Do you think that work is
TECHNIQUES just somewhere to drop in once in a while? Some
other employee will have to do your work in
addition to his or her own, and that’s certainly not
fair. Sorry. Forget it!”

131
 CRITICAL THINKING – USEFULNESS
IN THE WORKPLACE
Example:
Here is a more balanced response you can give:
“A week off next month? I’m afraid that’s not
3. THINKING going to work out. December is our busiest month
due to Christmas Holiday, and we already have
TECHNIQUES two people who will be gone for medical reasons.
I’m afraid it will have to wait.”

132
 CRITICAL THINKING – USEFULNESS
IN CIVIC LIFE

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

133
 CRITICAL THINKING – USEFULNESS
IN CIVIC LIFE

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

Broken promises 134

 CRITICAL THINKING – USEFULNESS

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

135
 CRITICAL THINKING – USEFULNESS

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

136
 CRITICAL THINKING – USEFULNESS

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

Critical thinking is essential

for living in a democratic society.

137
 CRITICAL THINKING
Let’s think critically…
1. Why might a totalitarian government
3. THINKING want to prevent its citizens from acquiring
critical thinking skills?
TECHNIQUES
2. Is an easier life a better life? Why or why
not?

138
 CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL THINKER
To be a skilled critical thinker, you should equip
yourself with:
• Good analytical skills.
3. THINKING • Effective communication skills.
TECHNIQUES • Good research and inquiry skills.
• Flexibility and tolerance for ambiguity.
• Open-minded skepticism.
• Creative problem-solving.
• Attention, mindfulness and (intellectual) curiosity
• Collaborative learning.
141
 CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL THINKER

Analytical skills
◦ As a critical thinker, you should be able to
analyze and provide logical support for
3. THINKING your beliefs rather than simply rely on your
TECHNIQUES opinions.
◦ Analytical skills is important in recognizing
and evaluating other people’s arguments
so that you are not taken in by faulty
reasoning.

142
 CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL THINKER

Analytical skills

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

143
 CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL THINKER

Effective communication
◦ Critical thinking requires communication
and reading skills.
3. THINKING
◦ Communication skills include listening,
TECHNIQUES speaking, and writing skills.

144
 CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL THINKER

Research and inquiry skills

◦ Understanding and resolving issues requires
research and inquiry skills such as
3. THINKING competence in gathering, evaluating, and
TECHNIQUES pulling together supporting evidence. .
◦ Inquiry and gaining greater insight requires
asking the right questions.
◦ As critical thinkers, we need to avoid
confirmation bias and the tendency to
selectively see and interpret data to fit into
our own worldviews. 145
 CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL THINKER

Research and inquiry skills

Are you good at posing questions?
There are 10 birds sitting on a wire.
3. THINKING
If you shoot 1 of them, how many are left?
TECHNIQUES

146
 CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL THINKER

Research and inquiry skills

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

147
 CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL THINKER

Flexibility and Tolerance for Ambiguity

◦ Critical thinker should be able to take a
3. POSITIVE position on controversial issue by
THINKING evaluating conflicting views.

TECHNIQUES ◦ As we mature, we become better at making

decisions in the face of uncertainty and
ambiguity.
◦ Critical thinkers also build flexibility into their
life plans so that they can adapt to changes.

148
 CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL THINKER

Open-Minded Skepticism
◦ Critical thinkers are willing to work toward
overcoming personal prejudices and
3. THINKING biases. They begin with an open mind and
TECHNIQUES an attitude of reflective skepticism.
◦ Effective critical thinkers are able to balance
belief and doubt.

149
 CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL THINKER

Creative Problem-Solving
◦ Creative thinkers can view problems from
multiple perspectives and come up with original
3. THINKING solutions to complex problems.
TECHNIQUES ◦ They use their imagination to envision
possibilities, including potential future problems,
and to develop contingency plans to effectively
deal with these scenarios.
◦ Creativity also involves “a willingness to take risks,
to cope with the unexpected, to welcome
challenge and even failure as a part of the process
to arrive at a new and deeper understanding.”
150
 CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL THINKER

Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity

◦ Critical thinkers are intellectually curious. They
are attentive and mindful to what’s going on
3. THINKING around them and to their own thoughts and
TECHNIQUES feelings.
◦ The Buddhist concept of the “beginner’s mind” is
closely related to the Western concept of the
critically open mind, or mindfulness.

151
 CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL THINKER

Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity

◦ “ . . . The mind of the beginner is empty, free of
the habits of the expert, ready to accept, to
3. THINKING doubt, and open to all possibilities. . . . If your
TECHNIQUES mind is empty, it is always ready for anything; it
is open to everything. In the beginner’s mind
there are many possibilities. . .”
Shunryu Suzuki

152
 CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL THINKER

Collaborative Learning
◦ As critical thinkers we need to move beyond the
traditional, detached approach to thinking and develop a
3. THINKING more collaborative approach that is grounded in shared
dialogue and community.
TECHNIQUES ◦ The failure to take into account context and relationships
can lead to faulty decisions that we may later regret.
◦ Good critical thinkers adopt a collaborative rather than an
adversarial stance, in which they listen to and take
others’ views into account.
◦ Critical thinkers carefully consider all perspectives and
are open to revising their views in light of their broader
understanding.
153
 6 THINKING HATS

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

154
 6 THINKING HATS
◦ Six Thinking Hats was created by Edward
de Bono, and published in his 1985 book of
the same name.
3. THINKING
◦ This technique forces you to move outside
TECHNIQUES your habitual thinking style, and to look
at things from a number of different
perspectives.
◦ This allows you to get a more overall view
of your situation.

155
 6 THINKING HATS

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

156
 6 THINKING HATS

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

157
 6 THINKING HATS

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES

158
 6 THINKING HATS
BLUE HAT
Managerial blue hat, The movie director
The blue hat manages the thinking process —
allowing for better synergy between the thought
patterns and habits of the other thinking hats.
The role of the blue hat:
3. THINKING o To think about the process of thinking.
TECHNIQUES o To define the problem.
o To gather global perspectives about the problem
and the solution.
o To manage the other thinking hats.
o To manage time.
o To manage the flow of ideas.
o To manage the implementation of ideas.
159
 6 THINKING HATS
BLUE HAT
Managerial blue hat, The movie director
The objectives of the Blue hat:
o Improving efficiency and effectiveness of the
3. THINKING thinking process.
TECHNIQUES o Formulating suitable questions to help direct
thinking.
o Outlining an agenda, rules, goals, and tasks for
problem-solving.
o Organizing ideas and drawing up plans for
action.

160
 6 THINKING HATS
BLUE HAT
Managerial blue hat, The movie director
Blue hat questions:
o What problem am I facing?
3. THINKING o How can I best define this problem?
TECHNIQUES o What is my goal and outcome?
o What do I seek to achieve by solving this
problem?
o What is the most effective method of
proceeding from this position?
o How can I best organize and arrange my
thinking to help move me beyond my present
circumstances?
161
 6 THINKING HATS
WHITE HAT
The neutral white hat, The detective
The white hat collects facts, stats, and data that
help it piece together the information it needs to
reach logical fact-based solutions.
3. THINKING The white hat must be neutral and avoid making
conclusions or judgments about the information it
TECHNIQUES has collected.

162
 6 THINKING HATS
WHITE HAT
The neutral white hat, The detective
The objectives of the white hat:
 Bringing forward stats, facts, and data that can
be used to solve the problem.
3. THINKING  Prioritizing facts over opinions and beliefs.
TECHNIQUES  Highlighting gaps in knowledge, perspective,
and awareness.
 Bringing forth logical solutions to the problem at
hand.

163
 6 THINKING HATS
WHITE HAT
The neutral white hat, The detective
White hat questions:
 What do I know about this problem?
 What don’t I know about this problem?
3. THINKING
 What can I learn from this problem?
TECHNIQUES  What more would I like to learn about this
problem?
 How will I go about acquiring the facts, stats and
data that will help me resolve this problem?
 What potential solutions exist based on the facts,
stats, and data I have collected?

164
 6 THINKING HATS
RED HAT
The intuitive red hat, The heart
The red hat brings to light its intuitive feelings
and opinions to help guide the problem-solving
process.
3. THINKING The red hat must avoid rationalizing or trying to
justify its feelings.
TECHNIQUES

165
 6 THINKING HATS
RED HAT
The intuitive red hat, The heart
The objectives of the red hat:
 Bringing to light intuitive insights.
 Seeking out other people’s feelings and
3. THINKING hunches.
TECHNIQUES  Exploring the emotional point of view.
 Revealing hidden strengths behind ideas.
 Identifying weaknesses based on hunches.
 Uncovering hidden internal conflicts.

166
 6 THINKING HATS
RED HAT
The intuitive red hat, The heart
Red hat questions:
 What is my gut telling me about this solution?
 What are my feelings telling me about the
3. THINKING choice I am about to make?
TECHNIQUES  Based on my feelings, is there a better way to go
about this?
 Intuitively, is this the right solution to this
problem?

167
 6 THINKING HATS
BLACK HAT
The pessimistic black hat, The reaper
The black hat’s primary role is to evaluate, judge,
caution, and scrutinize the solutions and plans that
have been brought forth by the other thinking hats.
3. THINKING The black hat must avoid bringing to mind personal
biases that are tinged with fear, jealousy, anger or
TECHNIQUES any other harmful emotions that may impede a
solution or magnify the problem.

168
 6 THINKING HATS
BLACK HAT
The pessimistic black hat, The reaper
The objectives of the black hat:
 Bringing to light possible flaws and dangers.
 Highlighting inadequate resources.
3. THINKING
 Eliminating weaknesses and bad ideas.
TECHNIQUES  Questioning inadequate contingency plans.

169
 6 THINKING HATS
BLACK HAT
The pessimistic black hat, The reaper
Black hat questions:
 What is the fatal flaw in this idea?
 What is the drawback to this way of thinking?
3. THINKING
 How many ways is this likely to fail?
TECHNIQUES  What are the potential risks and consequences
associated with this?
 Do I have the necessary resources, skills, and
support to pull this off?

170
 6 THINKING HATS
YELLOW HAT
The optimistic yellow hat, The sun
The yellow hat seeks to infuse positive ideas into the
problem-solving process that enhances motivation
and opens doors to new opportunities and
3. THINKING understandings.
The primary role of the yellow hat is to move
TECHNIQUES through the myriad of obstacles to a solution in a
realistic and positive way.
The yellow hat must, however, avoid getting caught
up in pessimistic thoughts.
They must also avoid bringing to mind hopeful
solutions based on hypothetical facts, feelings, and
opinions.
171
 6 THINKING HATS
YELLOW HAT
The optimistic yellow hat, The sun
Objectives of the yellow hat:
 Exploring benefits of each scenario that is
presented.
3. THINKING  Seeking out potential opportunities that might
TECHNIQUES exist.
 Making a positive risk-assessment.
 Assessing the feasibility of ideas.
 Infusing the problem-solving process with
positive energy.

172
 6 THINKING HATS
YELLOW HAT
The optimistic yellow hat, The sun
The yellow hat questions:
 How can I best approach this problem?
 How can I logically and realistically make this
3. THINKING work?
TECHNIQUES  What positive outcomes could result from this
action?
 What are the long-term benefits of this action?

173
 6 THINKING HATS
GREEN HAT
The creative green hat, The seedling
The green hat brings forth a myriad of creative and
mind-bending ideas that expand the possibilities
and bring to light unique and seemingly
3. THINKING unexpected solutions.
The primary role of the green hat is to open the
TECHNIQUES doors to unique creative ideas and perspectives that
shatter the boundaries of reality and unlock new
understandings and opportunities.
The green hat must avoid criticizing or judging the
ideas that it brings to mind.

174
 6 THINKING HATS
GREEN HAT
The creative green hat, The seedling
Objectives of the green hat:
 Expanding thinking and awareness of ideas and
potential solutions.
3. THINKING  Thinking outside the box and bending
TECHNIQUES conventional rules and practices.
 Providing creative ideas and solutions.
 Installing new perspectives through creative
insights and ideas.

175
 6 THINKING HATS
GREEN HAT
The creative green hat, The seedling
Green hat questions:
 What alternative possibilities could exist here?
 Could this be done in a different way?
3. THINKING
 How can I look at this problem from a unique
TECHNIQUES perspective?
 How can I think outside the box about this?
 What if…?

176
 6 THINKING HATS
Example:
The directors of a property company
are considering whether they should
3. THINKING build a new office block.
TECHNIQUES The economy is doing well, and the
vacant office spaces in their city are
being snapped up.
As part of their decision-making
process, they adopt the Six Thinking
Hats technique.
177
 6 THINKING HATS
Example: White hat
Wearing the White Hat, they analyze the
data that they have.
3. THINKING They can see that the amount of available
TECHNIQUES office space in their city is dwindling, and
they calculate that, by the time a new
office block would be completed, existing
space will be in extremely short supply.
They also note that the economic outlook
is good, and steady growth is predicted to
continue.
178
 6 THINKING HATS
Example: Red hat
Thinking with a Red Hat, some of the
directors say that the proposed building
looks ugly and gloomy.
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES They worry that people would find it an
oppressive or uninspiring place to work.

179
 6 THINKING HATS
Example: Black hat
When they think with the Black Hat, they
wonder whether the economic forecast
could be wrong.
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES The economy may be about to
experience a downturn, in which case the
building could sit empty or only partially
occupied for a long time.
If the building is unattractive, then
companies will choose to work in other,
more attractive premises.
180
 6 THINKING HATS
Example: Yellow hat
Wearing the positive Yellow Hat, however,
the directors know that, if the economy
holds up and their projections are correct,
3. THINKING the company stands to make a healthy
TECHNIQUES profit.
If they are lucky, maybe they could sell
the building before the next downturn, or
rent to tenants on long-term leases that
will last through any recession.

181
 6 THINKING HATS
Example: Blue hat
The chairman of the meeting wears the
Blue Hat to keep the discussion moving
and ideas flowing, encouraging the other
3. THINKING directors to switch their thinking
TECHNIQUES between the different perspectives.

182
 6 THINKING HATS
Strategies
- Define and outline the problem - Collect all the facts, data, and
under question. statistics related to the problem
- Guide the other thinking hats - Use this information to settle
through the thinking process. on several logical solutions to the
problem.

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES - Intuitively reflect on the
solutions.
Quickly pinpoint holes, dangers,
flaws, and limitations of the
- Based on its hunches, select proposed plans.
the best course of action moving
forward.

Challenge the black hat’s Take these ideas and enhance

pessimism by bringing to light them using its out-of-the-box
logical ideas and contingency thinking mentality.
plans that help circumnavigate
these dangers. 183
 6 THINKING HATS
Strategies
Example:
Suppose that you are the marketing manager of
your company, and you are thinking about buying a
new shop for your offline sales.

3. THINKING How could you use the Six Thinking Hats to help
you?
TECHNIQUES

184
 6 THINKING HATS
Strategies
Blue Hat
Define the purpose of thinking.
Ensure that the overall discussion process is moving
in a suitable way.
3. THINKING Encouraging other managers and partners to
switch their thinking between the different views.
TECHNIQUES White Hat
You can analyze the available data reports,
marketing reports, competitors reports etc.
You may also do user survey to explore any key
supplies

185
 6 THINKING HATS
Strategies
Red Hat
Ask your workmates about any personal
preferences regarding the products or services you
wanna provide to fans.

3. THINKING Black Hat

Consider any new brands from other firms those
TECHNIQUES may enter the market.
Also, think about if your suppliers are out of stock,
what would you do.

186
 6 THINKING HATS
Strategies
Yellow Hat
Your business partners may willing to offer you
many funds for new programs.
Green Hat
3. THINKING Try to use more advanced technology for your
products or services.
TECHNIQUES Alternatively, you can do a brainstorming for your
new ideas.

187
 6 THINKING HATS
Strategies
 Initial Ideas
BLUE – WHITE - GREEN

3. THINKING  Choosing between alternatives

BLUE – WHITE – GREEN – YELLOW – BLACK - RED
TECHNIQUES
 Identification of solutions
BLUE – WHITE – BLACK - GREEN
 Fast Feedback
BLUE – BLACK – GREEN - WHITE

188
 6 THINKING HATS
Strategies
 Strategic planning
BLUE – YELLOW – BLACK - WHITE

3. THINKING  Process improvement

BLUE – WHITE – YELLOW – BLACK – GREEN -RED
TECHNIQUES
 Problem-solving
BLUE – WHITE – GREEN – RED – YELLOW - BLACK
 Performance assessment
BLUE – RED – WHITE – YELLOW – BLACK -GREEN

189
4. POSITIVE
◦ OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
THINKING
◦ DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
TECHNIQUES

190
 OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

191
 OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
CAUSES OF NEGATIVE ATTITUDE

Negative
worldview
4. POSITIVE Negative Other
working people’s
THINKING environment behaviour
TECHNIQUES

Past NEGATIVE Changing

experiences ATTITUDE environment

192
 OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
TYPES OF NEGATIVE ATTITUDE

Drama Miserable
queen type
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
Paranoid NEGATIVE Silent
type ATTITUDE killer

193
 OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
S.O.S TECHNIQUE

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

194
 OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
S.O.S TECHNIQUE

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

195
 OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
S.O.S TECHNIQUE
Stand back
4. POSITIVE To avoid an immediate irrational or angry
THINKING reaction, take a step back to allow you to
TECHNIQUES calm down and think rationally.
You might take a short walk, count
backward from 10 to 1, or practice deep
breathing.

196
 OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
S.O.S TECHNIQUE
Observe
4. POSITIVE Once you’ve regained your calm, give
THINKING some thought to how you felt and why.
TECHNIQUES Once you have identified the trigger and
underlying feelings, you can start making
a plan by asking yourself what reaction
would achieve the best outcome.

197
 OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
S.O.S TECHNIQUE
Steer
4. POSITIVE Once you have thought of the best way to
THINKING handle the situation you can steer
TECHNIQUES (resolve the problem).

198
 OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
3C MODEL

Commitment
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

Challenge Control

199
 OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
3C MODEL
Kobasa’s Theory of Hardiness (1979)
Kobasa characterized hardiness as being
4. POSITIVE comprised of three components or the
THINKING 3C’s:
TECHNIQUES a] Commitment
b] Control
c] Challenge
The 3Cs of hardiness is considered as the
pathway to resilience under stress.

200
 OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
3C MODEL
Commitment
4. POSITIVE The commitment disposition was defined
THINKING as a tendency to involve oneself in the
TECHNIQUES activities in life and having a genuine
interest in and curiosity about the
surrounding world (activities, things,
other people).
Curiosity make us younger!

201
 OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
3C MODEL
Control
4. POSITIVE The control (internal locus of control)
THINKING disposition was defined as a tendency to
TECHNIQUES believe and act as if one can influence the
events taking place around oneself
through one’s own effort.

202
 OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
3C MODEL
Challenge
4. POSITIVE The challenge disposition was defined as
THINKING the beliefs that change, rather than
TECHNIQUES stability, as the normal mode of life and it
constitutes motivating opportunities for
personal growth rather than threats to
security.

203
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
1. Focus on the present
2. Use positive language
4. POSITIVE 3. Accept imperfection
THINKING 4. Mix with positive people
TECHNIQUES 5. Contribute in a meaningful way
6. Keep learning
7. Be grateful

204
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Focus on the present

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

205
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Focus on the present

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

206
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Use positive language

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

207
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Use positive language

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

208
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Accept when things aren’t perfect

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

209
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Accept when things aren’t perfect

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

210
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Accept when things aren’t perfect

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

211
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Mix with positive people

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

212
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Mix with positive people

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

213
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Contribute in a meaningful ways

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

214
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Contribute in a meaningful ways

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

215
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Contribute in a meaningful ways

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

216
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Contribute in a meaningful ways

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

217
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Keep learning

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

218
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Keep learning

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

219
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Keep learning

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

220
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Be grateful

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

221
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Be grateful

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

222
 DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
Be grateful

4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES

223
224
PROBLEM SOLVING

225
CREATIVITY

226
CREATIVITY

227
THANK YOU

228