5 Adjoint and

Inverse of a Matrix

1. Adjoint of a Matrix: If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n and Cij denote the cofactor of aij in A, then
the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of elements of A is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by
adj A.
i.e., adj A = [Cij]T
R V RS V
SSSa11 a12 a13WWW SSC11 C21 C31WWW
If A = SSa21 a22 a23WW, then adj A = SSC12 C22 C32WW
SS W SS W
Sa31 a32 a33WW SC13 C23 C33WW
T X T X
2. The adjoint of a square matrix of order 2 can be obtained by interchanging the diagonal elements and
changing the signs of off-diagonal elements.

If A == G , then adj A == G.
a b d –b
c d –c a
3. If A is a square matrix of order n, then A (adj A) = |A|In = (adj A) A.
4. Following are some properties of adjoint of a square matrix:
If A and B are square matrices of the same order n, then
(i) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) (ii) adj AT = (adj A)T
(iii) adj (adj A) =|A|n – 2A (iv) |adj A|= |A|n – 1
5. Invertible Matrix: A square matrix A of order n is invertible, if there exists a square matrix B of the
same order such that AB = In = BA.
In such a case, we say that the inverse of matrix A is B and we write A–1 = B.
Following are some properties of inverse of a matrix:
(i) Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
(ii) If A is an invertible matrix, then (A–1)–1 = A.
(iii) A square matrix is invertible, if it is non-singular.
1
(iv) If A is a non-singular matrix, then A–1 = (adj A).
|A |
(v) If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.
(vi) If A is an invertible matrix, then (AT)–1 = (A–1)T.
(vii) The inverse of an invertible symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix.
1
(viii) If A is a non-singular matrix, then |A–1| = .
|A |
6. Elementary Operation of Matrix: The following are three operations applied on the rows (columns)
of a matrix.
(i) Interchange of any two rows (columns) Ri Rj (Ci Cj).
(ii) Multiplying all elements of a row (column) of a matrix by a non-zero scalar Ri kRi (Ci kCj).
(iii) Adding to the elements of a row (column), the corresponding elements of another row (column)
multiplied by any scalar Ri Ri + kRj (Ci Ci + kCj).
7. A matrix obtained from an identity matrix by a single elementary operation is called an elementary
matrix.
8. Elementary Row Operations: A’ by elementary row

A = IA …(i)
On this equation (i A I’
on the RHS till we get I = BA
A = IA

Sequence of elementary row operations gives

I = BA
B is called inverse of A i.e., A = B
–1

Elementary Column Operations: A by using elementary column operations

we write an equation as
A = AI

Sequence of elementary column operations gives

I = AB
B is called inverse of A i.e., A = B
–1

9. System of Linear Equations: A system of n simultaneous linear equations in n

x1, x2, x3, ... , xn is
a11x1 + a12x2 + ... + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + ... + a2nxn = b2
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
an1x1 + an2x2 + ... + annxn = bn
This system of equations can be written in matrix form as
RS VR V R V
SSa11 a12 g a1nWWWSSSx1WWW SSSb1WWW
SSa a g a WWSSx WW SSb WW
SS 21 22 2nWS 2W S 2W
=
SS h h h WWSS h WW SS h WW
W
SSa a g a WWSSx WW SSSb WWW
S W
n1 n2 nn n n
T XT X T X
or, AX = B
 R V RS x VW RSb VW
SSSa11 a12 ... a1nWWW SS 1 WW SS 1WW
SSa a ... a WW SSx2 WW SSb WW
2nW
where A = SS h21 h22 W, X = SS WW and B = SS 2WW
SS h W SS h WW SS h WW
SSa a ... a WWW SSx WW SSb WW
n1 n2 nn n n
T X T X T X
10. A set of values of the variable x1, x2, ..., xn satisfying all the equations simultaneously is called a
solution of the system.
11. If a system of equations has one or more solutions, then it is said to be a consistent system of
equations, otherwise it is an inconsistent system of equations.
12. A system of equations AX = B is called a homogeneous system, if B = O. Otherwise, it is called a
non-homogeneous system of equations.
13. System of linear equations may or may not be consistent, if consistent may or may not have unique
solution.

AX = B. Then |A|.adj A is obtained

|A|

|A| 0 |A|= 0

System is consistent and

has unique solution given by
X = A–1B
(adj A).B = 0 (adj A).B 0
System of equations have System of equations
is inconsistent.

14. A homogeneous system of n linear equations in n AX = O.

If |A| 0, then AX = O has unique solution X = 0 i.e., x1 = x2 = ... = xn = 0. This solution is called the
trivial solution.
If |A| = 0, then AX = O
Thus, a homogeneous system of equation is always consistent.
15. If A is a square matrix of order n, then |adj A| = |A|n–1.

Selected NCERT Questions

1. Let A = = G and B = = G , verify that (AB)–1 = B–1A–1.

3 7 6 8
2 5 7 9
3 7 6 8 67 87
Sol. AB = > H> H=> H
2 5 7 9 47 61
|AB| = 67 × 61 – 47 × 87 = 4087 – 4089 = –2
AB is invertible.
Cofactors of elements of determinant AB are,
AB11 = 61, AB12 = – 47, AB21 = – 87, AB22 = 67
T
61 –47 61 –87
Adj (AB) = > H => H
–87 67 –47 67
1 1 61 –87 1 –61 87
(AB) –1 = Adj (AB) = > H= > H
AB –2 –47 67 2 47 –67
 Let Cij be the cofactor of aij in A = [aij]. Then,
C11 = –1 ; C12 = 8; C13 = –3
C21 = 1 ; C22 = –19; C23 = 14
C31 = 2 ; C32 = 6; C33 = –5
RS VWT RS V
SS–1 8 –3W SS–1 1 2WW
S WW W
` adj A = SS 1 –19 14WW = SS 8 –19 6WW
S 2 S
S–3 14 –5WWW
S 6 –5WW S
T XR T V X
SS 1 1 2WW
1 1 S W
& A –1 = A adj A = 11 SSS 8 –19 6WWW
SS–3 14 –5WW
T X
Putting value of X, A–1 and B in X = A–1B, we get
RS VW SRS–1 1 VR V RS VW RS –8 + 5 + 14 VW R V R V
SSxWW 2 WW SS8WW SSxWW WW 1 SSS11WWW SSS1WWW
SSyWW = 1 SSS 8 –19 6 WWW SS5WW S W S W 1 SSS
SS WW 11 SS WW SS WW & SSyWW =
11 SSS
64 – 95 + 42 WW = S11W = S1W
WW 11 SSS WWW SSS WWW
SzW S–3 14 –5W S7W S
SzWW S–24 + 70 – 35W S11W S1W
T X T XT X T X T X T X T X
x = 1, y = 1 and z = 1.
A, B and C.

PROFICIENCY EXERCISE
Objective Type Questions: [1 mark each]
1. Choose and write the correct option in each of the following questions.

(i) If A = = G be such that A–1 = kA, then k equals

2 3
5 –2
1 –1
(a) 19 (b) (c) –19 (d)
19 19
–1
(ii) If = G= G ==
a –b
G , then
1 – tan i 1 tan i
tan i 1 – tan i 1 b a
(a) a = 1, b = 1 (b) a = cos 2 , b = sin 2
(c) a = sin 2 , b = cos 2 (d) none of these
(iii) If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 and |A| = 5, then |adj A| =
(a) 5 (b) 125 (c) 25 (d) none of these
3 2 –1
(iv) If A x – 5x + 4x + = 0, then A exists if
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) –1 (d) all of them

(v) For any 2 × 2 matrix, if A (adj A) = = G , then |A| is equal to

10 0
0 10
(a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 0 (d) 100
2. Fill in the blanks.

(i) If adj.A = = G and adj B = = G , then adj (AB) = _____________ .

2 3 1 –2
4 –1 –3 1

(ii) If A is a non-singular sequence matrix such that A –1 = = G , than ^ AT h = ___________ .

5 3 –1
–2 –1

(iii) If A = = G then adj A = _____________ .

1 –3
2 0
Very Short Answer Questions: [1 mark each]

3. If A = = G and A (adj A) = = G
cos x sin x k 0
k.
– sin x cos x 0 k
4. A is a square matrix of order 3 and |A| = 7. Write the value of |adj A|. [CBSE (AI) 2010]
5. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |adj A A|.

6. If A = = G and B = = G
a b 1 0
AB).
c d 0 1
Short Answer Questions–I: [2 marks each]

7. If A = = G , show that A –1 =
2 3 1
A
5 –2 19
RS V
SS 1 a WW
S tan W
2 WW
8. Find the adjoint of the matrix SS W
SS– tan a 1 WWW
SS 2 W
T X
9. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method
3x + y = 19
3x – y = 23
10.

= G
2 1
7 4
Short Answer Questions–II: [3 marks each]
11. A typist charges ` 145 for typing 10 English and 3 Hindi pages, while charges for typing 3 English
and 10 Hindi pages are `
Hindi page separately. [CBSE (North) 2016]
12. If A, B are square matrices of the same order, then prove that adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A).
RS V
SS2 0 –1WWW
13. SS5 1 0 WW . [CBSE (F) 2011]
SS WW
S0 1 3 W
T X
14. Let A = G, B = G . Then compute AB. Hence, solve the following system of equations :
2 3 4 –6
= =
1 2 –2 4
2x + y = 4, 3x + 2y = 1 [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

Long Answer Questions: [5 marks each]

RS V
SS2 –3 5WWW
15. If A = SS3 2 –4WW A–1. Use it to solve the system of equations
SS WW
S1 1 –2W
T X
2x – 3y + 5z = 11
3x + 2y – 4z = –5
x + y – 2z = – 3 [CBSE 2018]
16.
RS V
SS 1 2 3WWW
A = SS 2 5 7WW [CBSE 2018]
SS W
S–2 –4 –5WW
T X
 RS V
SS1 1 1WWW
17. If A = SS1 0 2WW . Find A–1. Hence, solve the system of equations
SS W
S3 1 1WW
T X
x + y + z = 6, x + 2z = 7, 3x + y + z = 12 . [CBSE 2019 (65/1/1)]
18. Using matrix, solve the following system of equations:
2x – 3y + 5z = 11, 3x + 2y – 4z = –5, x + y – 2z = –3 [CBSE Delhi 2009]
19. Obtain the inverse of the following matrix, using elementary operations:
RS V
SS3 0 –1WWW
A = SSS2 3 0WWW [CBSE (AI) 2009]
S0 4 1W
S W
T X
20.
RS V
SS–1 1 2WWW
SS 1 2 3WW [CBSE Delhi 2011]
SS W
S 3 1 1WW
T X
RS V
SS1 2 2WWW
21. If A = SSS2 1 2WWW , verify that A2 – 4A – 5I = 0. [CBSE Delhi 2008]
SS2 2 1WW
T X
22.
RS V
SS2 5 3WWW
SS3 4 1WW [CBSE (AI) 2008]
SS W
S1 6 2WW
T X
23. Using matrices, solve the following system of linear equations:
3x – 2y + 3z = 8, 2x + y – z = 1, 4x – 3y + 2z = 4 [CBSE (F) 2009]
24. Using matrices, solve the following system of equations:
x + 2y + z = 7; x + 3z = 11 and 2x – 3y = 1 [CBSE (AI) 2011]
RS V
SS2 0 1WWW
25. If A = SSS2 1 3WWW A2 – 5A + 4I X such that A2 – 5A + 4I + X = 0.
SS1 –1 0WW
T X [CBSE Delhi 2015]
26.
RS V
SS0 1 2WWW
SS1 2 3WW [CBSE Ajmer 2015]
SS W
S3 1 0WW
T X RS V
SS–1 –2 –2WWW
27. Find the adjoint of the matrix A = SS 2 1 –2WW and hence, show that A.(adj A) = |A|I3.
SS W
S 2 –2 1WW
T X [CBSE Allahabad 2015]
RS VW
SS 3 –1 1WW
28. Find the inverse of matrix A = SS–15 6 –5WW and hence show that A–1. A = I. [CBSE Chennai 2015]
SS W
S 5 –2 2WW
T X SRS8 4 3WVW
S W
29. A = SS2 1 1WW and use it to solve
SS W
S1 2 2WW
the following system of linear equations: T X
8x + 4y + 3z = 19; 2x + y + z = 5 and x + 2y + 2z = 7 [CBSE Delhi 2016]
 30. Using matrices, solve the following system of equations:
x – y + z = 4; 2x + y – 3z = 0; x + y + z = 2 [CBSE (F) 2012]
31.
SRS 2 –1 3WVW
S W
A = SS–5 3 1WW [CBSE (South) 2016]
SS W
S–3 2 3WW
T X
32. Using matrices, solve the following system of equations:
2x + 3y + 3z = 5, x – 2y + z = – 4, 3x – y – 2z = 3 [CBSE (AI) 2012]
33. Using matrices, solve the following system of equations:
x + y – z = 3; 2x + 3y + z = 10; 3x – y – 7z = 1 [CBSE (AI) 2012]
34. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method:
x – y + 2z = 7
2x – y + 3z = 12
3x + 2y – z = 5 [CBSE 2020 (65/3/1)]

Answers
1. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (d) (v) (b)

2. (i) = G (ii) = G (iii) = G

–6 5 5 –2 0 3
–2 –10 3 –1 –2 1
RS V
SS 1 a WW
– tan W
6. =
d –b
G
S 2 WW
3. 1 4. 49 5. 8 8. SS W
–c a SStan a 1 WWW
SS 2 W
T X

9. x = 7, y = –2 10. = G
4 –1
11. ` 10 and ` 15 respectively
–7 2
RS V
SS 3 –1 1 WWW
14. AB = = G, x = 7, y = –10
2 0
13. A –1 = SS–15 6 –5WW
SS WW 0 2
S 5 –2 2 W
T X
RS VW RS V
SS 0 1 – 2 WW SS 3 –2 –1WWW
15. A = SS–2 9 –23WW ; x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
–1
16. SS–4 1 –1WW
SS WW SS W
S–1 5 –13W S 2 0 1 WW
T RS X V T X
SS–2 0 2 WWW
1
17. A –1 = SS 5 –2 –1WW ; x = 3, y = 1, z = 2 18. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
4 SS W
S 1 2 –1WW
RS T V X RS V RS V
SS 3 –4 3 WWW SS 1 –1 1 WWW SS 2 8 –7WWW
1
19. SS–2 3 –2WW 20. A = SS–8 7 –5WW
–1
22. A = –1 S–5 1 7 WW
SS WW SS WW 21 SSS W
S 8 –12 9 W S 5 –4 3 W S14 –7 –7WW
T X T X RS T V RS X V
SS–1 –1 –3 WWW SS1 1 3 WWW
23. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 24. x = 2, y = 1, z = 3 25. SS–1 –3 –10WW, X = SS1 3 10WW
SS W SS W
S–5 4 2 WW S5 –4 –2WW
T X T X
 RS V RS V RS V
SS 3 –2 1 WWW SS–3 6 6 WWW SS2 0 –1WWW
26. A –1 = SS–9 6 –2WW 27. adj A = SS–6 3 –6WW 28. A –1 = SS5 1 0 WW
SS WW SS WW SS W
S 5 –3 1 W S–6 –6 3 W S0 1 3 WW
T X T X T X
SRS 2
V
1 WW
SS 0 – WW
SS 3 3W
29. –1
A = SS 13 2 WW ; x = 1, y = 2 and z = 1 30. x = 2, y = – 1, z = 1
SS 1 – 3 3 WWW
SS–1 4 0 WW
TR X
SS –7 –9 10WVW
S W
31. A –1 = SS–12 –15 17WW 32. x = 1, y = 2, z = – 1 33. x = 3, y = 1, z = 1
SS W
S 1 1 –1WW
T X
34. x = 2, y = 1 and z = 3

SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST
Time allowed: 1 hour Max. marks: 30
1. Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. (4 × 1 = 4)
(i

we get 12. Using matrices, then the numbers are

(a) x = 3, y = 1, z = 2 (b) x = – 3, y = 1, z = 2
(c) x = 3, y = – 1, z = 1 (d) x = 3, y = 2, z = 5

(ii) The matrix A satisfying the equation = G A= G = = G is

2 1 –3 2 1 0
3 2 5 –3 0 1
4 1 1 4 1 1
(a) > H (b) > H (c) > H (d) zero matrix
1 0 1 0 1 0

(iii) If A = = G , then |A . adj A| is equal to

2 1
7 5
(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 27 (d) 81
RS VW
SS 1 2 –1WW
(iv) If A SSS–1 1 2 WWW , then |adj (adjA)| is equal to
=
SS 2 –1 1 WW
T X
(a) 14 (b) 142 (c) 143 (d) 144
2. Fill in the blanks. (2 × 1 = 2)
(i) If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 and |A| = 4, then |adj A| = _____________ .
(ii) If A is an invertible matrix of order n then |adj (adj A)| = _____________ .
Solve the following questions. (2 × 1 = 2)

3. Write the adjoint of the following matrix: = G

2 –1
[CBSE (AI) 2010]
4 3
RS V
SSa 0 0WWW
4. If A = SS0 a 0WW adj A|.
SS W
S0 0 aWW
T X
 Solve the following questions. (4 × 2 = 8)

5. If A = = G , then write A–1.

3 10
2 7

6. Find the inverse of the matrix = G , using elementary transformations.

5 2
2 1

7. If A = = G , show that A –1 =
2 3 1
A
5 –2 19
8. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method
3x + y = 19
3x – y = 23

Solve the following questions. (3 × 3 = 9)

9. In a survey of 20 richest persons of three residential society A, B, C it is found that in society A,
B, 5 believe in honesty, 8 in
C
means. If the per day income of 20 richest persons of society A, B, C are ` 32,500, ` 30,500, ` 31,000

10. A coaching institute of English (subject) conducts classes in two batches I and II and fees for rich
and poor children are different. In batch I, it has 20 poor and 5 rich children and total monthly
collection is ` 9,000, whereas in batch II, it has 5 poor and 25 rich children and total monthly
collection is `
RS V
SS8 4 3WWW
11. A = SS2 1 1WW and use it to solve
SS W
the following system of linear equations: S1 2 2WW
T X
8x + 4y + 3z = 19; 2x + y + z = 5; x + 2y + 2z = 7
Solve the following question. (1 × 5 = 5)
12. Two Trusts A and B receive ` 70000 and ` 55000 respectively from central government to award
A

while trust B awarded 15, 10 and 5 persons respectively. If all three prizes together amount to
`

Answers
(n – 1) 2
1. (i) (a) (ii) (c) (iii) (b) (iv) (d) 2. (i) 16 (ii) A

3. adj A = = G 5. = G 6. = G
3 1 7 –10 1 –2
4. a6 8. x = 7, y = –2
–4 2 –2 3 –2 5
9. `1500, `2000, ` 1000
respectively.
10. Fee for rich children and poor children are ` 1000 and ` 200.
RS V
SS 0 2/3 –1/3WWW
11. A –1 = SS 1 –13/3 2/3 WW, x = 1, y = 2 and z = 1
SS W
S–1 4 0 WW
T X
12. ` 2000, ` 1000 and ` 3000 respectively
.