Sphere
Definition: A sphere is the locus of a point which remains at a constant distance from a
fixed point. The fixed point is called the centre and the constant distance is the radius
of the sphere.
Let be the centre and r be the radius of a sphere S. Consider a point
on the sphere. Then the equation of the sphere is given by
- (1)
If the center of the sphere is the origin the the equation is
.
General equation:
Expanding (1), we get
This equation is of the form -(2)
where .
Since is the centre and r is the radius of the sphere (2) represents the
equation of the sphere whose center is and radius is .
Example 1. Find the equation of the sphere whose centre is (3,-1,4) and which
passes through the point (1,-2,0).
Solution. Since (3,-1,4) is the centre, equation is
The sphere passes through the point (1,-2,0), we have
The required equation is .
2. Obtain the equation of the sphere which passes through the points (1,0,0), (0,1,0),
(0,0,1) and which has its centre on the plane .
Solution. Let be the required equation. Since it
passes through the given points, we have
⟹ .
Its centre lies on the plane .
⟹d=3.
Required equation is
3. a) Find the equation of the sphere which has and as the
extremities of a diameter.
b) Find the equation of the sphere having the points (2,1,-3) and (1,-2,4) as the
ends of a diameter Find its centre and radius.
Solution. Consider a point P(x,y,z) on the sphere S having the points A and
B as the extrimities of a diameter. Then AP and BP are at right angles. The
direction ratios of AP are and those of BP are
.
D
A B
C
is the required equation of the
sphere.
b) Given A=(2,1,-3), B= (1,-2,4)
Equation is .
Centre= .
And radius= = .
Intersection of a plane and a sphere:
Figure
Section of a sphere by a plane is a base circle and the section of a sphere by a plane
through its centre is called a great circle.
The equations
And
taken together represents a circle. Having center M and the radius
Sphere through a circle of intersection
The equation of a sphere that passes through the circle of intersection of the sphere and
the plane is given by S+kT=0 where S=0 is the equation of the sphere and T=0 is the
equation of the plane.
Example 1. Find the centre, the radius and the area of the circle
, .
Solution. Centre of the sphere,
And radius,
Let be the centre of the circle. Then the direction ratios of CM are
Since CM is perpendicular to the plane
⟹
Since M lies on the given plane, we have
⟹
⟹ t=1
and
Radius of the circle=
Area of the circle = .
2. Find the equation of the sphere that passes through the circle
, and has its centre on the plane
Solution. Equation of a sphere is
Centre=
Since the centre lies on the plane , we have
⟹
Required equation of a sphere is .
3. Find the equation of the sphere having the circle ,
as a great circle.
Solution. The equation of the sphere passing through the given circle is
The given circle is a great circle of this sphere if the centre of the sphere and the
centre of the circle coincide. This is possible if the centre of the sphere lies in the
plane of the given circle.
Center of the sphere is .
This centre lies on the plane if
⟹
Equation of the sphere is
Exercise.
1.Show that the plane cuts the sphere in a circle
of radius unity. Also find the equation of the sphere which has this circle as a great
circle.
2. Find the spheres passing through the circle , and
touching the plane .
Orthogonal spheres:
Two spheres are said to be Orthogonal if the tangent planes at a point of intersection
are at right angles. The radii of such spheres through their point of intersection P being
perpendicular to the tangent planes at P are also at right angles.
Figure
Thus the spheres cut orthogonally , if the square of the distance between their centers
equal to the sum of the squares of their radii.
1 . Show that the condition for the spheres
and to cut orthogonally is
Solution : The centers of the sphere are , and
cut orthogonally if
Spheres will .
Simplifying, is the required condition.
Tangent plane to a sphere:
A plane q touches a sphere S if the perpendicular distance of the centre C of S from q
is equal to the radius r of S. Then q is called a tangent plane to S.
Equation of the sphere S is , . Let
be the point of contact between S and q.
Then the direction ratios of CA= . Consider any point P(x,y,z) in the
tangent plane . The the direction ratios of .
Since the radius CA is perpendicular to q, we have
⟹
Since the point A lies on S, we have
This is the equation of the tangent plane q to S at the point .
Example 1. Find the equation of the tangent plane at a point to the sphere
Solution. , d=0
Equation of the tangent plane is
⟹ .
2. Find the tangent planes to the sphere which are
parallel to the plane .
Solution. Any plane parallel to the given plane is
This plane is a tangent plane to the given sphere S if the perpendicular distance p of
the centre C of S is equal to the radius r of S.
if =3
⟹ or -8.
Equation of the tangent plane are and .
Right Circular Cone :
Definition : A right circular cone is a surface generated by a straight line which passes
through a fixed point and makes a constant angle with a fixed line.
The constant angle θ is called the semi vertical angle, a fixed point is called a vertex
and the fixed line AP is called the axis.
Figure: A(vertex)
Generator
Axis
C B
p
Equation of a right circular cone:
Let be the co-ordinates of the vertex A and be the direction ratios
of the axis. Consider any point on the cone. Then the direction ratios of the
generator AP are and
Or
This equation holds for any point P on the cone and hence is the equation of the right
circular cone.
Example 1: Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is the origin,
whose axis is the line and which has semi vertical angle of .
Solution. Given . Direction ratios of the axis are and
.
Then the required equation is
Example 2: Find the equation of the right circular cone generated when the straight
line revolves about z- axis.
Solution. Let be any point on the cone. The vertex is the point of
intersection of the line and the z- axis.
Therefore the vertex A is (0,0,2).
A generator of the cone is . Direction ratios of the generator are (0,3,2)
and the axis are (0,0,1). The semi vertical angle θ is given by
Let P(x,y,z) be any point on the cone so that the direction ratios of AP are (x,y,z-2).
Since AP makes an angle θ with AZ, we have
⟹ , which is the required equation of the cone.
Right circular cylinder:
Definition: A right circular cylinder is a surface generated by a straight line which is
parallel to a straight line and is at a constant distance from it. The constant distance is
called the radius of the cylinder.
Equation of a right circular cylinder:
P L
R Q
A
Let (l,m,n) be the direction cosines of the axis and A(x0, y0,z0) be a point on L.
Consider an arbitrary point P(x,y,z) on the cylinder. If Q is the foot of the perpendicular
from P onto L, then PQ=R, the radius of the cylinder. Also AQ is the projection of AP
on L.
Also
Then is the required equation of the cylinder.
Example 1. The radius of a normal section of a right circular cylinder is 2 units.
The axis lies along the straight line . Find its equation.
Solution.
Figure
R P
Z
A Q
Let P(x,y,z) be any point on the cylinder. Draw PN perpendicular to the axis AN. Then
PN=2.
AN is the projection of AP on AN. Directio ratios of AN are (2,-1,5).
Direction cosines of AN=
Then the required equation is
Example 2: Find the equation of the right circular cylinder having the circle
, as base circle.
Solution.
The axis of the cylinder is the line through the centre of S and perpendicular to the
plane q. We note that O(0,0,0) is the center of S and (1,-1,1) are the direction ratios of
the normal to q.
The direction cosines of the axis are . The perpendicular distance from O
on to the plane q is
If Q is a point common to S and q, then OQ= radius of the sphere=3.
Let P(x,y,z) be any point on the cylinder. Then ZP=
The equation of the cylinder is
⟹ .
