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Homework7 Instructor PDF

This document contains solutions to exercises involving inner product spaces. Solution 6.5 finds an orthonormal basis for R3 such that a given linear operator T has an upper-triangular matrix with respect to that basis. It applies the Gram-Schmidt process to the original basis vectors to obtain the orthonormal basis vectors e1, e2, e3.

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48 views

Homework7 Instructor PDF

This document contains solutions to exercises involving inner product spaces. Solution 6.5 finds an orthonormal basis for R3 such that a given linear operator T has an upper-triangular matrix with respect to that basis. It applies the Gram-Schmidt process to the original basis vectors to obtain the orthonormal basis vectors e1, e2, e3.

Uploaded by

msk123123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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19

Solutions to Exercises 6

Exercise 6.1. Let V be an inner product space.

(1) 0 is orthogonal to every vector in V .


(2) 0 is the only vector in V that is orthogonal to itself.

Solution 6.1.

(1) For any u ∈ V , ⟨0, u⟩ = 0. So 0 is orthogonal to u.


(2) If ⟨u, u⟩ = 0, then u = 0. So 0 is the only vector in V that is orthogonal to itself.

Exercise 6.2. Suppose V is a real inner product space.

(1) Show that ⟨u + v, u − v⟩ = ∥u∥2 − ∥v∥2 for any u, v ∈ V .


(2) Show that if ∥u∥ = ∥v∥, then u + v is orthogonal to u − v.

Solution 6.2.

(1) For any u, v ∈ V , ⟨u + v, u − v⟩ = ⟨u, u⟩ − ⟨u, v⟩ + ⟨v, u⟩ − ⟨v, v⟩ = ∥u∥2 − ∥v∥2 .


(2) If ∥u∥ = ∥v∥, since ⟨u + v, u − v⟩ = ∥u∥2 − ∥v∥2 = 0, u + v is orthogonal to u − v.

Exercise 6.3. Prove


 or
disprove: there is an
 inner
 product on R2 such that the associated

x x
norm is given by

  = max {x, y} for all   ∈ R2 .

y y

 

0
Solution 6.3. If there is, then ∥v∥ = 0 if and only if v = 0. However

  = 0 while

−1
 
0
  ̸= 0. So such an inner product doesn’t exist.
−1

Exercise 6.4. Let V be an inner product space with the inner product ⟨·, ·⟩. Suppose S ∈ L(V )
is an injective operator on V . Define a new pairing ⟨·, ·⟩S by ⟨u, v⟩S = ⟨Su, Sv⟩ for u, v ∈ V .

(1) Please show that ⟨·, ·⟩S is an inner product on V .


(2) Please give a counter example that ⟨·, ·⟩S is not an inner product when S is not injective.
20

Solution 6.4.

(1) Let us check the five axioms for ⟨·, ·⟩S .


positivity: ⟨v, v⟩S = ⟨Sv, Sv⟩ ≥ 0 for all v ∈ V .
definiteness: ⟨v, v⟩S = 0 if and only if ⟨Sv, Sv⟩ = 0 if and only if Sv = 0. Since S is
injective, then Sv = 0 if and only if v = 0.
additivity in first slot: ⟨u + v, w⟩S = ⟨S(u + v), Sw⟩ = ⟨Su + Sv, Sw⟩ = ⟨Su, Sw⟩ +
⟨Sv, Sw⟩ = ⟨u, w⟩S + ⟨v, w⟩S for all u, v, w ∈ V .
homogeneity in first slot: ⟨λu, v⟩S = ⟨S(λu), Sv⟩ = ⟨λSu, Sv⟩ = λ ⟨Su, Sv⟩ = λ ⟨u, v⟩S
for all u, v ∈ V and λ ∈ F.
conjugate symmetry: ⟨u, v⟩S = ⟨Su, Sv⟩ = ⟨Sv, Su⟩ = ⟨v, u⟩S for all u, v ∈ V .
Then ⟨·, ·⟩S is an inner product on V .
 
1 0
(2) Consider R2 and the usual dot product. Let S is defined by  . ⟨·, ·⟩ is not an inner
S
0 0
product.

Exercise 6.5. Let R3 be the inner product space with the usual dot product. Let T ∈ L(R3 )
      

 1 1 1 


      
     
has an upper-triangular matrix with respect to the basis w1 = 0, w2 = 1, w3 = 1 .

      

 

0 1 2
Find an orthonormal basis of R3 with respect to which T has an upper-triangular matrix.

Solution 6.5. By the proof of Theorem 6.2.13, what we need to do is to apply the Gram-
Schmidt procedure to the basis.
 
1
 
 
(1) e1 = w1 /∥w1 ∥ = 0.
 
0
           
1 ⟨ 1 1 ⟩ 1 0 0
           √ 
           
(2) v2 = w2 − ⟨w2 , e1 ⟩ e1 = 1 − 1, 0 0 = 1. Then e2 = v2 /∥v2 ∥ = 1/ 2.
           
√
1 1 0 0 1 1/ 2
21
             
1 ⟨ 1 1 ⟩ 1 ⟨ 1 0 ⟩ 0
           √   √ 
             
(3) v3 = w3 −⟨w3 , e1 ⟩ e1 −⟨w3 , e2 ⟩ e2 = 1 − 1, 0 0 − 1, 1/ 2 1/ 2 =
             
√ √
2 2 0 0 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
   
0 0
   √ 
   
−1/2. Then e3 = v3 /∥v3 ∥ = −1/ 2.
   
√
1/2 1/ 2
Then {e1 , e2 , e3 } is an orthonormal basis such that the matrix of T with respect to this basis is
upper-triangular.

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