Function as Mathematical

Models
Building Functions to Model Relationships
Between Two Quantities
 Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able
to:
• use knowledge involving functions and variations to
analyze relationships between two quantities;
• sketch a scatterplot;
• using scatterplot and knowledge of the graphs of
different functions, and;
• determine the appropriate type of function that best
describes the data
Mathematical Modeling

•Mathematical Modeling is an act of

studying some aspects of real-life
problems in mathematical terms.
 Steps for Mathematical Modeling (Bender,
1978)
1. Formulate the Problem. What is it that you wish to know? The nature of
the model you choose depends very much on what you want it to do.
2. Outline the Model. At this stage you must separate the various parts of
the physical problem or situation and introduce parameters/variables by
using various known physical laws and symbols.
3. Is It Useful? Now stand back and look at what you have. Can you obtain
the needed data and then use it in the model to make predictions you
want? If the answer is no, then you must again formulate the model and
perhaps even the problem. Note that “useful” does not mean reasonable
or accurate; they come in step 4. It means: If the model fits the situation,
will you be able to use it?
 Steps for Mathematical Modeling (Bender,
1978)
4. Test the Model. Use the model to make predictions that
can be checked against data or common sense. Start out
with easy or simple predictions. If these predictions are bad
and there are no mathematical errors, return to step 2 or 1.
If these predictions are acceptable, they should give you
some feeling for accuracy and range of applicability of the
model. If they are less accurate than what you anticipated, it
is a good idea to try to understand why, since this may
uncover implicit or false assumptions.
Flow Chart of
Mathematical
Modeling
 Definition of Terms
● An independent variable is variable in an equation that may have
its value freely chosen without considering values of any other
variable.
● A dependent variable is a variable whose value depends upon
independent variable/s.
● A Scatterplot is a graph of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)) of numbers
consisting of the independent variable x and the dependent variable
f(x).
It is a graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two
sets of quantitative data. We use scatterplots to visualize a trend or
association in data.
Example of Scatterplots
Example of Scatterplots
For the following examples, enter the data
from each table into a graphing software and
graph the resulting scatterplots.

Based from the patterns you can see in the

graph, determine what type of function
(linear, quadratic, exponential, logarithmic)
best describes the data.
 Function as Mathematical
Models part 2
Building Functions to Model Relationships
Between Two Quantities
Objective:

At the end of this lesson, the

students should be able to:
•model and solve real life problems
involving piecewise-defined
functions and step functions (floor
and ceiling)
Explore: The Philippine Health Insurance Corporation
(PhilHealth)
• In 1995, the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation
(PhilHealth) is a Government owned and Controlled
Corporation (GOCC) was created through the National Health
Insurance (NHI) Act of 1995 or Republic Act 7875 and is
attached to the Department of Health (DOH).
• Some of this institution’s objectives are to provide health
insurance coverage for all Filipinos, and ensure affordable,
acceptable, available and accessible healthcare service for all
citizens of the Philippines. In doing so, there is a risk-sharing
among income groups, age group and persons of differing
health status and residing in different areas of the country.
 Explore:
• With this, people support each other by contributing
financial resources (premiums) to a pool that will pay for
everyone’s cost of care.
• PhilHealth collects premiums, sets the benefit packages and
processes claims. Recently, PhilHealth released a new
contribution schedule for 2021 in accordance to the
Universal Health Care (UHC) law of 2019 and its
implementing rules and regulations.
• This is mandated by Republic Act no. 11223 or the Universal
Health Care (UHC) law to ensure sufficient funding for the
healthcare benefits of its 110 million members.
Below is the adjusted contribution rate for
2021.
Here is the graph…
Recall from module 5 of this course that we can
write a piecewise function from its graph. In this
case, the piecewise function is,
Also, recall that for a given piecewise function, we
can write the formula and identify the domain for
each interval by following the steps below.
1. Identify the intervals to which different
rules apply.
2. Determine formulas that describe the
output from an input for each interval.
3. Use braces and if-statements to write the
function
 Transportation Fare
• As of January 01, 2021, the Land Transportation
Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) formula to
compute fare of Public Utility Jeepneys (PUJs) is as
follows:
• PHP 9 for the first 4 kilometers, then an additional of
PHP 1.50 for each succeeding kilometer or fractional
thereof.
• In this case, we let x be the distance (in km) traveled and
f(x) be the fare (in PHP).
The table of values for 10-km trip is provided
below.
Graph:
Function:
Seatwork: Grading System
•The Philippine Science High School (PSHS)
uses a grading system similar to the major
universities in the country.
•Grading is cumulative, taking two-thirds of
the grade earned for the current quarter
and adding it to a third of the transmuted
grade from the previous quarter.
The grading system of PSHS is shown below.
 Summary…
A piecewise function is a function in which more than
one formula is used to define the output over different
pieces of domain.
• Piecewise functions can be used to model and solve
real life problems such as taxes, premiums, foreign
exchange rate, transportation fare, grading system,
mobile phone plans, and many more.
• Modeling a piecewise function means there is a need
to pay attention to the correct expression used for the
given input.
 Summary…
Given a piecewise function, we can write the
formula and identify the domain for each interval
by following the steps below.
1. Identify the intervals to which different rules
apply.
2. Determine formulas that describe the output
from an input for each interval.
3. Use braces and if-statements to write the
function.
 Function as Mathematical
Models part 3
Building Functions to Model Relationships
Between Two Quantities
Objective:

At the end of this lesson, the

students should be able to:
● model and solve real life
problems involving exponential
and logarithmic functions.
 Explore: Pay It Forward
• In the movie Pay It Forward, seventh grader Trevor McKinney
(Haley Joel Osment), is given a school assignment to “think of
an idea to change the world – and then put it into action”.
Trevor comes up with an idea called the pay it forward
project.
• In this project, he plans to do a good deed for three people.
In turn, these three people must also do a good deed for
three additional new people. Each of these people is then
obligated to do a good deed for another three people, and so
on. He was sure that before long, there would be good things
happening to billions of people all around the world.
The number of good deeds in the Pay It Forward pattern can
be represented by the diagram below.

The circles represent the people who receive and do good deeds. At
the first round, Trevor completes good deeds for three new people.
Those three people would then do something good for a total of nine
other new people. Those nine would do something good for 27 other
new people, and so on.
The table below shows the number of good deeds for 10
rounds.

Hence, if we let D(n) be the

number of good deeds at
round n, then, 𝐷(𝑛) = 3𝑛 ,
where n is a positive integer
• In the mathematical modeling, we choose a familiar general function with
properties that suggest that it would model the real-world phenomenon.
• In the case of exponential growth or decay model, one of the formulas is shown
below.

where 𝑛(𝑡) is the value at time t, 𝑛0 is the initial value, and r is the relative
growth/decay rate.
• Also, recall that exponential growth or decay can be modeled by,

where 𝑛(𝑡) is the value at time t, 𝑛0 is the initial value, 𝛽 is the growth/decay
factor, and a is the growth/decay factor. Note that a and t are measured at the
same time units (minutes, hours, days, etc.)
Example 1 (Population growth)
•A. If the population of a town
has a relative growth rate of
1% per year, how long will it
take for the population to
double?
 Example 1 (Population growth)
B. A formula for an increasing population is
𝑟𝑡
given by 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛0𝑒 , where 𝑛0 is the initial
population and 𝑟 > 0. Derive a general
formula for the time t it takes for the
population to increase by a factor of M.
Example 2 (Half-life)
• In Marvel’s comic books, Adamantium is a fictional metal
alloy known to be the substance bonded to the character
Wolverine’s claws and skeleton. Suppose that the half-life of
the element Adamantium is 2000 years. Initially, 250 grams
of Adamantium was injected into Wolverine’s body.
1. Determine the functions 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛0𝑒 𝑟𝑡 and 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛0(𝛽)𝑡/𝑎 that
models the amount in grams of Adamantium remaining after t
years.
2. After how long will 25 grams of Adamantium remain in his
body?
Example 2 (Half-life)
• In Marvel’s comic books, Adamantium is a fictional metal
alloy known to be the substance bonded to the character
Wolverine’s claws and skeleton. Suppose that the half-life of
the element Adamantium is 2000 years. Initially, 250 grams
of Adamantium was injected into Wolverine’s body.
1. Determine the functions 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛0𝑒 𝑟𝑡 and 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛0(𝛽)𝑡/𝑎 that
models the amount in grams of Adamantium remaining after t
years.
2. After how long will 25 grams of Adamantium remain in his
body?
Exponential and Logarithmic
Functions as Mathematical
Models
 Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, the students will have
been able to:
Discuss the application of exponential and
logarithmic functions.
Recognize formula related to exponential growth.
Exhibit problem-solving skills involving exponential
growth.
Exponential Growth (Doubling Time)
•If the initial size of a population is 𝑛0 and
the doubling time is a, then the size of the
population at time t is:
𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛02 𝑡/𝑎
•where a and t are measured at the same
time units (minutes, hours, days, years, and
so on).
Example 1: Bacteria Population.
When subjected to optimal conditions, a certain
bacteria population doubles every three hours.
There is an initial number of 1000 bacteria in the
colony
Solution:
•We have used an exponential function with
base 2 to model population growth (in
terms of the doubling time).
•What if instead of doubling, our population
triples or increases by a certain percentage
after some time interval? We could also
model such a population with an
exponential function but using a different
base.
 Exponential Growth (General Formula)
• If the initial size of a population is 𝑛0, the growth factor is 𝛽,
and the growth period is 𝑎, then the size of the population at
time t is:
𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛0(𝛽) 𝑡/𝑎
• where a and t are measured at the same time units (minutes,
hours days, years, and so on).
• The value of 𝛽 is defined as 𝛽 = 1 + 𝑟, where 𝑟 is the growth
rate.
• In the case of Exponential Growth (Doubling Time) formula, 𝑟
= 1 because the population increase by 100% every growth
period 𝑎. This makes 𝛽 = 𝑟 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 as expected.
Example 2: Ant Population.
Suppose that in a colony, the population of
ants grows by 4.2% per two months.
Initially, there are 2000 ants in the colony.
a. What is the growth rate? Determine a model
which represents the population of the colony
after 𝑡 months.
b. Use your model to determine the population
of ants after 1 year. Be sure to round to the
nearest number of ants.
Solution
• So far, we model a population that grows every discrete time
interval, that is, every period of 𝑎.
• What if we want to model a population that continuously
grows?
• This model is called relative growth rate model and it uses the
constant number 𝑒.
• The population of this model is expressed in terms of the
relative growth rate 𝑟. Here, 𝑟 is defined as the rate of
population growth expressed as a proportion of the population
at any time.
• For instance, if 𝑟 = 0.03, then at any time 𝑡 the growth rate is 3%
of the population at time 𝑡. Let us generalize the model for
relative growth.
 Exponential Growth (Relative Growth Rate)
A population that experiences exponential
growth increases according to the model:
𝑟𝑡
𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛0𝑒 , where:
𝑛(𝑡) = population at time 𝑡
𝑛0 = initial size of the population
𝑟 = relative growth rate (expressed as a
proportion of the population)
𝑡 = time
Example 3: Predicting the Size of Population.
In a culture, the initial bacterium count is 500. A
sample count of bacteria is later made by a
biologist. It was found out that the relative rate of
growth is 40% per hour.
a. Find a function that models the number of bacteria
after 𝑡 hours.
b. Give and estimated bacteria count after 10 hours?
Round to the nearest number of bacteria.
c. When will the bacteria count reach 80,000? Round
to the nearest tenths.
Exercises: NB Expressing a Model in Terms of 𝒆.
Consider a culture that starts with a bacteria count
of 10,000. This count doubles every 40 minutes.
Do the following.
a. Find a function 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛02 𝑡/𝑎 that models the growth
of bacteria after 𝑡 minutes.
b. Find a function 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛0𝑒 𝑟𝑡 that models the
continuous growth of bacteria after 𝑡 minutes.
c. Sketch a graph of the number of bacteria at time 𝑡
using both functions. What can you observe?
 Seatwork: NB
1. Bacteria Culture. Initially, a particular Streptococcus
A bacterium has 10 bacteria and is determined to
double every 1.5 hours.
a. Find an exponential model 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛02 𝑡/𝑎 for the
number of bacteria in the culture after 𝑡 hours.
b. Estimate the number of bacteria after 35 hours.
Round to the nearest million number of bacteria.
c. When will the bacteria count reach 10,000? Round to
the nearest tenths.
2. Squirrel Population.
Thirty years ago, a population of grey squirrels was
introduced in one of the counties in Great Britain.
Biologists discover that every 6 years, the population
doubles. Currently, the population is at 100,000.
a. Compute for the initial size of the population of
grey squirrels?
b. Ten years from now, what will be the estimated
squirrel population? Round to the nearest number
of squirrel.
3. Trash Dumpster: A trash dumpster begins with 5
pounds of garbage. Write a function which represents
the amount of garbage in the dumpster after 𝑡 days
given that the amount of garbage increases by 3% per
week.
a. Determine a model which represents the
population of the colony after t days.
b. Determine the doubling time, that is, the number
of days it will take for the amount of garbage to
double. Round to the nearest number of days.
4. Bacteria Culture. A culture starts with 8600 bacteria
and it grows continuously. After one hour the count is
10,000.
a. Find the relative growth rate (rounded to the
nearest ten thousandths) and determine a function
that models the number of bacteria after 𝑡 hours.
b. Use the model in (a) to find the number of bacteria
after 2 hours. Round to the nearest number of
bacteria.
c. After how many hours will the number of bacteria
double? Round to the nearest tenths
5. Fox Population. The fox population in a
certain region has a relative growth rate of
8% per year. An estimate of the population
in 2005 was found out to be 18,000.
a. Find a function 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛0𝑒 𝑟𝑡 that models the
population t years after 2005.
b.Use the function from part (a) to estimate
the fox population in the year 2013. Round
to the nearest number of fox.
 Answers:
1. (a) 𝑛(𝑡) = 10∙2 2𝑡/3 (b) About 106,000,000 (c) About 14.9 hours
2. (a) 3125 (b) 317,480
3. (a) 𝑛(𝑡) = 5∙(1.03) 𝑡/7 (b) About 164 days
4. (a) 𝑛(𝑡) = 8600𝑒 0.1508𝑡 (b) About 11,627 (c) About 4.6 hours.
5. (a) 𝑛(𝑡) = 18000𝑒 0.08𝑡 (b) 34,137
 Summary:
•Exponential functions are often used to model
population growth, radioactive decay, heat
diffusion, and numerous others.
•On the other hand, logarithmic functions are
often used to model the loudness of sounds,
the intensity of the earthquake, and many
other phenomena. In this learning guide, you
will learn about exponential growth.
 Exponential Growth (Doubling Time)
• If the initial size of a population is 𝑛0
and the doubling time is a, then the size
of the population at time t is
𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛02 𝑡/𝑎

•where a and t are measured at the

same time units (minutes, hours, days,
years, and so on).
 Exponential Growth (General Formula)
•If the initial size of a population is 𝑛0, the
growth factor is 𝛽, and the growth period is
𝑎, then the size of the population at time t is:
𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛0(𝛽) 𝑡/𝑎
where a and t are measured at the same time
units (minutes, hours days, years, and so on).
The value of 𝛽 is often defined as 𝛽 = 1 + 𝑟,
where 𝑟 is the growth rate.
 Exponential Growth (Relative Growth Rate)
•A population that experiences exponential
growth increases according to the model:
𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛0𝑒 𝑟𝑡

where 𝑛(𝑡) is the population at time 𝑡, 𝑛0 is

the initial size of the population, 𝑟 is the
relative growth rate (expressed as a
proportion of the population), and 𝑡 is the
time.
Modeling Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions:
Interest (Compounded, Continuously
Compounded)
 Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, the students will have been
able to:
1. Discuss the application of exponential and
logarithmic functions.
2. Recognize formula related to compound interests.
3. Exhibit problem-solving skills involving compound
and continuously compounded interests.
 Financial Security:
• We all want to be financially secured. However, doing that is easier
said than done. While there are many ways to achieve this goal, one
way to reach it is to understand how money in savings accounts
grows and earns interest.
• Money earns interest in two ways: simple interest and compounded
interest. However, it is now uncommon for banks to pay interest
based on the simple interest formula. Instead, interests are paid
using the compounding principle.
• Compound interest is interest computed on your original
investment as well as on any accumulated interest. Let us contrast
the two methods by considering an example.
Suppose you begin with Php100 invested at 10% annual interest.
The money you will earn from simple and compounded interest is
shown below.
• Let us take a closer look at compounded interest. In our previous
example, we started with Php100. After 1 year, it gains a 10% interest
which resulted in Php110 and it is calculated by 100(1 + 0.10) = 110.
• After another year (i.e., after 2 years), the current amount of money
gains another 10% interest. This results in Php121 and similarly, it is
calculated by 110(1 + 0.10) = 121. Notice that the expression 110(1 +
0.10) is equal to 100(1 + 0.10)(1 + 0.10) which can be simplified as
100(1 + 0.10)2 .
• Hence, with an initial amount of Php100 and an annual interest of
10% or 0.10, the amount of money after 2 years is 100(1 + 0.10)2 =
121. Using this pattern, we can directly calculate the amount of
money after 60 years.
100(1 + 0.10)60 ≈ 30448.16
•Let us generalize our observation. With
an initial amount of 𝑃 (also known as
the principal amount) and an annual
interest of 𝑟, the amount after 𝑡 years
with annual compounding is calculated
using the formula below.
𝐴(𝑡) = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟) t
So far, we only consider the case wherein our money
grows once every year. However, majority of savings
institutions provide schemes with interest that is
incurred more than once a year. We say that interest is
compounded semiannually when compound interest is
incurred twice a year.
The compounding period for this scheme is every six
months. On one hand, interest is compounded
quarterly when compound interest is incurred four
times a year. This time, the compounding period is
every three months.
Some plans even allow for monthly compounding
or daily compounding. The table below shows the
most frequently used plans in which interest is
incurred more than once a year. We denote the
number of compounds per year as 𝑛.
Formula:
 Example 1: Calculating Compound Interest.
•An amount of Php1000 is invested at an interest
rate of 12% per year. Compute for the amount of
money in the account after 3 years if interest is
compounded annually, semiannually, quarterly,
monthly, and daily. Note any observation that
you notice. Round to the nearest cents. What
happens as 𝑛 increases?
Solution:
 Continuously Compounded Interest.
Continuously compounded interest is calculated by the
formula
𝐴(𝑡) = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑡

• where
• 𝐴(𝑡) = amount after 𝑡 years
• 𝑃 = principal
• 𝑟 = annual interest
• 𝑡 = number of years
Example 2: A sum of Php1000 is invested
at an interest rate of 12% per year. Find
the amount in the account after 3 years if
interest is compounded continuously.
Round to the nearest cents.
•Solution: 𝐴(𝑡) = 1000𝑒 0.12(3) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝1433.33 There
will be about Php1433.33 in the account. Notice
that it is slightly higher than the amount resulting
from the daily compound from Example 1 which is
just Php1433.24.
Example 3: Php1000 is deposited in a
savings account at a 6% annual
interest rate compounded
continuously. In how may years will
the balance in the account reach
Php2500? Round to the nearest
number of years.
Solution: We use the compound interest model with
𝐴(𝑡) = 2500, 𝑃 = 1000, and 𝑟 = 0.06. The goal is to find 𝑡.
2500 = 1000(𝑒 0.06𝑡 )
2.5 = 𝑒 0.06𝑡 Divide both sides by 1000
ln 2.5 = ln 𝑒 0.06𝑡 Take the natural logarithm of both sides
ln 2.5 = 0.06𝑡 Property of natural logarithm
𝑡 = ln2.5 / 0.06 Solve for t
𝑡 ≈ 15.27
It will take about 15 years for the account to reach
Php2500.
Example 4: You decide to invest Php8,000
for six (6) years. You can choose between
two accounts -- first pays 7% per annum
and is compounded monthly while second
pays 6.85% per annum that will be
compounded continuously. Which among
the two is a better investment?
Solution: We consider the one that will leave a
greater balance in our account after 6 years as the
better investment.
• For the first account with monthly compounding, we use the
compound interest model with 𝑃 = 8000, 𝑟 = 0.07, 𝑛 = 12 (monthly
compounding means 12 compounding per year), and 𝑡 = 6. 𝐴(6) =
8000 (1 + 0.07/12 )12(6) ≈ 12160.84 After 6 years, the balance in this
account is Php12,160.84.
• For the second account, we use the model for continuous
compounding with 𝑃 = 8000, 𝑟 = 0.07, and 𝑡 = 6. 𝐴(𝑡) = 8000𝑒 0.07(6) ≈
12066.60 For this account, the balance is Php12,066.60 after 6
years, which is a smaller amount than the previous one.
• Hence, the first option with a 7% monthly compounding is the
better investment
 Seatwork: NB Answer the following problems.
1. You have Php13,000 and want
to save up to Php50,000. You can
either invest at 5% interest
compounded monthly or 6%
interest compounded quarterly.
Which is the better deal? Why?
 Seatwork: NB Answer the following problems.
2. An initial amount of Php10,000 that earns 15% annual
interest is invested for one year. Find the ending value,
rounded to the nearest cents, if the interest is compounded:
a. Annually
b. Semi-annually
c. Quarterly
d. Monthly
e. Daily (assume there are 365 days in one year)
f. Continuously
Seatwork: NB Answer the following problems.
3. Adam invests Php6,139 in a retirement
account with a fixed annual interest rate
compounded annually. After 17 years, the
balance reaches Php8,624.97. What is the
annual interest rate of the account? Round
your answer to four decimal places (if in
decimal form) or two decimal places (if in
percent form).
 Seatwork: NB Answer the following problems.
4. How much money must be
deposited today at 9% annual
interest compounded monthly to
attain Php12000 in the account
after 6 years? Round to the
nearest cents.
 Seatwork: NB Answer the following problems.
5. You deposited Php100.
How long will it take for your
money to double at 3%
annual interest compounded
monthly? Round to the
nearest tenths.
Answers:
• 1. Investing at 6% compounded quarterly is a better
choice because it will only take about 22.6 years to
reach the goal of Php50,000.00 compared to the other
option which will take about 27.0 years.
• 2. (a) Php11,500.00 (b) Php11,556.25 (c) Php11,586.50
(d) Php11,607.55 (e) Php11,617.98 (f) Php11,618.34
• 3. About 0.0202 or 2.02%
• 4. About Php7007.08
• 5. About 23.1 years
Question?
Group Activity: Expert
Jigsaw Puzzle
Mechanics: Part 1
•Assign specific number with given
problem in your group.
•Solve and discuss the problem in
your group.
•Share your answer and verify the
correctness of solution.
Mechanics: Part 2
•Each member (in a group) must assign a
number from 1 to 5.
•Each member from different groups will
form another group based on their
number.
•Each member in the new group will
share their answers for 1 minute.
 Seatwork: NB Answer the following problems.
1. You have Php13,000 and want
to save up to Php50,000. You can
either invest at 5% interest
compounded monthly or 6%
interest compounded quarterly.
Which is the better deal? Why?
Answers:
•1. Investing at 6% compounded
quarterly is a better choice because it
will only take about 22.6 years to reach
the goal of Php50,000.00 compared to
the other option which will take about
27.0 years.
 Seatwork: NB Answer the following problems.
2. An initial amount of Php10,000 that earns 15% annual
interest is invested for one year. Find the ending value,
rounded to the nearest cents, if the interest is compounded:
a. Annually
b. Semi-annually
c. Quarterly
d. Monthly
e. Daily (assume there are 365 days in one year)
f. Continuously
Answers:
2. (a) Php11,500.00
(b) Php11,556.25
(c) Php11,586.50
(d) Php11,607.55
(e) Php11,617.98
(f) Php11,618.34
Seatwork: NB Answer the following problems.
3. Adam invests Php6,139 in a retirement
account with a fixed annual interest rate
compounded annually. After 17 years, the
balance reaches Php8,624.97. What is the
annual interest rate of the account? Round
your answer to four decimal places (if in
decimal form) or two decimal places (if in
percent form).
Answers:
•3. About 0.0202 or 2.02%
 Seatwork: NB Answer the following problems.
4. How much money must be
deposited today at 9% annual
interest compounded monthly to
attain Php12000 in the account
after 6 years? Round to the
nearest cents.
Answers:
•4. About Php7007.08
 Seatwork: NB Answer the following problems.
5. You deposited Php100.
How long will it take for your
money to double at 3%
annual interest compounded
monthly? Round to the
nearest tenths.
Answers:
•5. About 23.1 years
Question?
Group Activity: Expert
Jigsaw Puzzle
 Seatwork: NB
1. Bacteria Culture. Initially, a particular Streptococcus
A bacterium has 10 bacteria and is determined to
double every 1.5 hours.
a. Find an exponential model 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛02 𝑡/𝑎 for the
number of bacteria in the culture after 𝑡 hours.
b. Estimate the number of bacteria after 35 hours.
Round to the nearest million number of bacteria.
c. When will the bacteria count reach 10,000? Round to
the nearest tenths.
2. Squirrel Population.
Thirty years ago, a population of grey squirrels was
introduced in one of the counties in Great Britain.
Biologists discover that every 6 years, the population
doubles. Currently, the population is at 100,000.
a. Compute for the initial size of the population of
grey squirrels?
b. Ten years from now, what will be the estimated
squirrel population? Round to the nearest number
of squirrel.
3. Trash Dumpster: A trash dumpster begins with 5
pounds of garbage. Write a function which represents
the amount of garbage in the dumpster after 𝑡 days
given that the amount of garbage increases by 3% per
week.
a. Determine a model which represents the
population of the colony after t days.
b. Determine the doubling time, that is, the number
of days it will take for the amount of garbage to
double. Round to the nearest number of days.
4. Bacteria Culture. A culture starts with 8600 bacteria
and it grows continuously. After one hour the count is
10,000.
a. Find the relative growth rate (rounded to the
nearest ten thousandths) and determine a function
that models the number of bacteria after 𝑡 hours.
b. Use the model in (a) to find the number of bacteria
after 2 hours. Round to the nearest number of
bacteria.
c. After how many hours will the number of bacteria
double? Round to the nearest tenths
5. Fox Population. The fox population in a
certain region has a relative growth rate of
8% per year. An estimate of the population
in 2005 was found out to be 18,000.
a. Find a function 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑛0𝑒 𝑟𝑡 that models the
population t years after 2005.
b.Use the function from part (a) to estimate
the fox population in the year 2013. Round
to the nearest number of fox.
 Answers:
1. (a) 𝑛(𝑡) = 10∙2 2𝑡/3 (b) About 106,000,000 (c) About 14.9 hours
2. (a) 3125 (b) 317,480
3. (a) 𝑛(𝑡) = 5∙(1.03) 𝑡/7 (b) About 164 days
4. (a) 𝑛(𝑡) = 8600𝑒 0.1508𝑡 (b) About 11,627 (c) About 4.6 hours.
5. (a) 𝑛(𝑡) = 18000𝑒 0.08𝑡 (b) 34,137