EXPERIMENT NO: 01

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT &

SYSTEMS III

THE TRANSISTOR AT A HIGH

FREQUENCY

NAME : S.M.RUWANPATHIRANA
ADD NO : COL/EE/2018/F/200
COURSE : HNDE-ELE (3TH YEAR)
DATE OF INT : 14.02.2022
DATE OF SUB: 28.02.2022
 DATE : 2022-02-14

TITLE : Transistor amplifier at high frequencies

AIM : To study the high frequency characteristics of

Transistor Amplifier c

OBJECTIVES : Built and test transistor amplifier in high frequency

signal

THEORY

Frequency response of an electric or electronics circuit allows us to see exactly how

the output gain (known as the magnitude response) and the phase (known as the phase
response) changes at a particular single frequency, or ever a whole range of different
frequencies from 0Hz, (d.c) to many thousands of mega-hertz, (MHz) depending upon
the design characteristics of the circuit.

Generally, the frequency response analysis of a circuit or system is shown by plotting

its gain that is the size of its output signal to its input signal, Output/Input against a
frequency scale over which the circuit or system is expected to operate. Then by
knowing the circuits gain, (or loss) at each frequency point helps us to understand how
well (or badly) the circuit can distinguish between signals of different frequencies.

A good transistor amplifier must have the following parameters; high input
impedance, high band width, high gain, high slew rate, high linearity, high efficiency,
high stability etc. The above given parameters are explained in the next section.
Input impedance: Input impedance is the impedance seen by the input voltage source
when it is connected to the input of the transistor amplifier. In order to prevent the
transistor amplifier circuit from loading the input voltage source, the transistor
amplifier circuit must have high input impedance.

Q point of a transistor

The point q of a circuit describes the output level when the input is short-circuited or
disconnected. that is to say that the transistor (s) of the circuit is (are) controlled solely
by the polarization network, the actual input being zero.

Q-point is an acronym for rest point. The point q is the operating point of the transistor
to which it is polarized. the notion of point q is used when the transistor acts as an
amplifier and is therefore used in the active region of the output characteristics. to
 operate the BJT at one point, it is necessary to supply voltages and currents via
external sources.

It is required to investigate the frequency effects introduced by the larger capacitive

elements of the network at low frequencies and the smaller capacitive elements of the
active device at high frequencies. Since the analysis will extend through a wide
frequency range, the logarithmic scale will be used.

For high frequency signal operation, junction capacitances of Transistors and terminal
capacitances play dominant role. Separate high frequency equivalent circuits using
hybrid-π model are developed for suitable analysis. This model can be used at low-
frequency and high-frequency operations.

CE Amplifier Frequency Response

The voltage gain of CE amplifier varies with signal frequency. It is because the
reactance of the capacitors in the circuit changes with signal frequency and hence
affects the output voltage. The curve drawn between voltage gain and the signal
frequency of an amplifier is known as frequency response. The below graph shows the
frequency of a typical CE amplifier.
APPARATUS :
1) DC Power Supply
2) AC Power Supply
3) Oscilloscope
4) Transistor
5) Capacitors
6) Resistors
7) Connectors & Connecting Wire
8) Breadboard

PROCEDURE :

 First all required components and connecting cables were selected.

 After that, the circuit was assembled as shown in the figure below
 Next, input dc voltage supply was connected to collector and ground terminals.
 The input side of amplifier was connected to function generator.
 The output side of the amplifier was connected to oscilloscope.
 After that, the function generator was tuned to 0.02 V and 1 kHz.
 The oscilloscope was tuned to obtain a clear output.
 After that, by changing the input signal frequency, output voltage was measured.
 Finally, the gain and upper cut off frequency were calculated.
OBSERVATION

Frequency V out(V)
1 3.0
20 2.8
40 2.45
60 2.2
80 1.85
100 1.6
120 1.4
140 1.25
160 1.2
180 1.05
200 1.0
300 0.65
400 0.6
500 0.4
TABULATION

Frequency V out(V)
3 44.5
4.3 42.92
4.6 41.76
4.7 40.83
4.9 39.32
5 38.06
5.08 36.90
5.15 35.92
5.2 35.56
5.26 34.40
5.3 33.98
5.48 30.24
5.6 29.54
5.7 26.02
GRAPH
DISCUSSION

In this experiment we have tested for high frequency response of bipolar junction
transistor amplifier. In this experiment we measured the output by changing the
frequency of the signal, keeping the input voltage constant.
We could observe the variation of the output as a frequency changed. We plot the
graph of the frequency gain variation by using suitable scales. We use high frequency
range for this experiment.
So this graph represents high frequency response of the transistor amplifier.
Considering this graph, it appears that there is an inverse relationship between
frequency and gain in the high frequency rang. Also we can decide upper cut off
frequency of this amplifier by using a graph.
Here the frequency of the input signal was changed and the output voltage was the
corresponding sinusoidal output signal. The input voltage was kept constant here. We
could observe the fluctuations of the output voltage with the frequencies not shown
because they behave like a short circuit.
Also, the emitter leg is shorted to ground for the same reason that applies to the bypass
capacitor. We record the high-frequency variations with an appropriate scale using a
frequency sheet. There seems to be an inverse relationship between frequency and
gain.
 Moreover we identified below things
 We can note that coupling and bypass capacitors are operating as short circuit
and do not exit in a resultant circuit.
 The inner capacitances Cbe and Cbc, which are substantial only at high
frequencies, exist in this circuit.
 Cbe is also known as input capacitance and denoted as Cib, and Cbc is also
known as output capacitance and denoted as Cob. Cbe is mentioned on the
datasheet at a specific value of VBE.

Get such a curve for some reasons which occur practically. They are;
• Reading Errors
• Components that we used were not ideal.
• Lose connections among the components
CONCLUSION

Before use transistor or any kind of amplifier need to know about

frequency response of it. We consider to frequencies according to the frequency
response of the amplifier. These are lower cut off frequency and higher cut off
frequency. Cut off frequency also known as 3dB frequency. In this experiment we
studied about transistor amplifier high frequency response.
We got valuable idea and knowledge the transistor at a high frequency.

At the high frequency end, there are two factors that define the 3dB cutoff point.
 The network capacitance
 The frequency dependence of hfe(β)

At high frequency coupling capacitance and bypass capacitance is very small.

At high frequencies, internal transistor junction capacitances do come into play,
reducing an amplifier's gain and introducing phase shift as the signal frequency
increases.
When using a high frequency signal for the transistor amplifier, the capacitive
reactions of the bypass and coupling capacitors are very small. It can therefore be
ignored.
We can assume that the bypass and coupling capacitors both act as a short circuit
condition. Therefore, the capacitive feedback does not affect the total impedance. But
in high frequency situations, the internal capacitance of the transistor strongly affects
the total impedance. Thus, under high frequency conditions, we neglect all shunt and
coupling capacitors and only consider the internal capacitance