‘Signal and SystemA signal is defined as a function of one or more variables which conveys information on the nature of a physical phenomenon. The value of the function can be a real valued scalar quantity, a complex valued quantity, or perhaps @ ‘vector. « System: A system is defined as an entity that manipulates one or more signals to accomplish a function, thereby yielding new signals.+ Continuos-Time Signal: A signal x(t) is said to be a continuous time signal if it is defined for all time t. * Discrete-Time Signal: A discrete time signal x[nT] has values specified only at discrete paints in time. * Signal Processing: A system characterized by the type of operation that it performs on the signal. For example, if the operation is linear, the system is called linear. If the ‘operation is non-linear, the system is said to be non-linear, and so forth. Such operations are usually referred to as “Signal Processing”.Basic Elements of a Signal Processing System Analog output Analog input signal signal —_—_—> Analog Signal Processing Analog Analog input output signal Digital Signal Processing+ Advantages of Digital over Analogue Signal Processing: A digital programmable system allows flexibility in reconfiguring the DSP ‘operations simply by changing the program. Reconfiguration of an analogue systern usually implies a redesign of hardware, testing and verification that it operates properly. DSP provides better control of accuracy requirements. Digital signals are easily stored on magnetic media (tape or disk). The DSP allows for the implementation of more sophisticated signal processing algorithms. In some cases a digital implementation of the signal processing system is cheaper than its analogue counterpart.DSP Applications —> Space —+ Medical — Commercial }—Telephone Space photograph enhancement Data compression Intelligent sensory analysis. Diagnostic imaging (MRI, CT, ultrasound, etc.) Electrocardiogram analysis Medical image storage and retrieval Image and sound compression for multimedia presentation. Movie special effects Video conference calling Video and data compression echo reduction signal multiplexing filteringDSP Applications (cont.) Military Industrial Scientific Radar Sonar Ordnance Guidance Secure communication Oil and mineral prospecting Process monitoring and control Non-destructive testing CAD and design tools Earth quick recording and analysis Data acquisition Spectral Analysis ‘Simulation and ModelingClassification of Signals *Deterministic Signals Adeterministic signal behaves in a fixed known way with respect ta time. Thus, it can be modeled by a known function of time t for continuous time signals, or a known function of a sampler number n, and sampling spacing T for discrete time signals. * Random or Stochastic Signals: In many practical situations, there are signals that either cannot be described to any reasonable degree of accuracy by explicit mathematical formulas, or such a description is too complicated to be of any practical use. The lack of such a relationship implies that such signals evolve in time in an unpredictable manner. We refer to these signals as random.Even and Odd Signals A continuous time signal x(t) is said to an even signal if it satisfies the condition x(-t)=x{t) forall t The signal.x(t) is said to be an odd signal if it satisfies the condition x(-t) = -x(t) in other words, even signals are symmetric about the vertical axis or time origin, whereas odd signals are antisymmetric about the time origin. Similar remarks apply to discrete-time signals. Example: even odd oddTutorial 1: Q1 Define x,(t) to be even and x,(t) to be odd part of a signal x(t). Show that x= = [xc + x(t] aa: x)= 5 ke — x29] Decompose the following signal into its even and odd parts: x(t) I 1 Note: The above definitions of even and odd signals assume that the signals are real valued. A complex valued signal x(t) is said to. to be conjugate symmetric if it satisfies the condition x(-t) = x"{t)Periodic Signals Acontinuous signal x(t) is periodic if and only if there exists a T > O such that x(t +) = x(t) where T is the period of the signal in units of time. f= 1/Tis the frequency of the signal in Hz. W = 2n/T is the angular frequency in radians per second. The discrete time signal x[nT] is periodic if and only if there exists an N > 0 such that x[nT + N] =x{nT] where N is the period of the-signal in number of sample spacings. Example: | ef Frequency =5 Hz or 107% rad/s 0 %:‘Continuous Time Sinusoidal Signals Asimple harmanic oscillation is mathematically described as x(t} = Acos(wt + 0) This signal is completely characterized by three parameters: A=amplitude, w = 2nf = frequency in rad/s, and 0 = phase in radians, As T=1IfAdiscrete time sinusoidal signal may be expressed as x[n} =Acos(wn + 0) ene n Properties: * A discrete time sinusoid is periodic only if its frequency is a rational number. * Discrete time sinusoids whose frequencies are separated by an integer multiple of 2x are identical. © The highest rate of oscillation in a discrete time sinusoid is attained when w = 7 ( or w = - ), or equivalently f = 1/2 (or f= -1/2). - aM y Mlle. 0 2 4 6 8 woEnergy and Power Signals The total energy of a continuous time signal x(t) is defined as iT ~ E,= Him [x?¢oae = fs And its average power is 1 Wrz P, = lim— fx? (pdt 7 —T/2 In the case of a discrete time signal x[nT], the total energy of the signal is = 2 Ex =T>X |x In] n=—c0 And its average powers defined by Pox = liml ONG°A signal is referred to a5 an energy signal, if and only if the total energy of the signal satisfies the condition Oco Sauer =0.0 1S IC os)" [’ =0.01 SC 0.5) = 0.013550.25" n=0 n=0 = o.oif1 +0.25+ (0.25)? +(0.25) + sess Since E,, is finite, the signal power is zero.Example2: Repeat Example! for y[nT] = 2e"u[nT], T= 0.2 second. Solution: 1 Py. = Jim - tala a Se tim ED = tint aha i) = tinh! noo 2N+1 = tim Nt )igtiy IN¢I 2NeI) 2 Spony, = finl alee ion What is energy of this signal?Tutorial 1: Q3 Determine the signal energy and signal power for each of the given signals and indicate whether it is an energy signal or a power signal? f -y[nT] = 3(-0.2)" u[n —3], T=2ms ) g{nT]=4(1.1)" ufn +1] T=0.025Basic Operations on Signals (a) Operations performed on dependent variables 1. Amplitude Scaling: let x(t) denote a continuous time signal. The signal y(t) resulting from amplitude scaling applied to x(t) is defined by vit) = ox{t) where c is the scale factor. Ina similar manner to the above equation, for discrete time signals we write y(n) = cx{nT) 2x(t) x(t)2. Addition: tat Bd ay at Sage tae esate Tet obtained by the vin} =, [0] + «[n} Example: audio mixer 3. Multiplication: Let x,[n] and x,[n) denote a pair of discrete-time signals. The signal y(n] resulting from the multiplication of the x,{n] and x,[n] is defined by vial = x;lolaoin} Example: AM Radio Signal(b) Operations performed on independent variable * Time Scaling: Let y(t) is a compressed version of x(t). The signal y(t) obtained by scaling the independent variable, time t, by a factor k is defined by v(t) = x(kt) * if k > 1, the signal y(t) is a compressed version of x(t). «If, on the other hand, 0 < k < 1, the signal y(t) is an expanded (stretched) version of x(t).Example of time scaling 7 eo and compression of the signal 0.8 07 exp(-t) 0.6 0.5 exp(-2t) exp(-0.5t)Time scaling of discrete time systems abe — [> no roTime Reversal * This operation reflects the signal about t = 0 and thus reverses the signal on the time scale. vow ew aw &Time Shift A signal may be shifted in time by replacing the in indent variable n by n- where k is an integer. If k is a positive integer, the time shift results ina of the signal by k units of time. If k is a negative integer, the time shift results in an advance of the signal by |k| units in time. oO, ao e aos # a | | ie 2 ee # = e*Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Conversion * A/D conversion can be viewed as a three step process 1. Sampling: This is the conversion of a continuous time signal into a discrete time signal obtained by taking “samples” of the continuous time signal at discrete time instants. Thus, if x(t) is the input to the sampler, the output is x(nT), where T is called the Sampling interval. 2. Quantization: this is the conversion of discrete time continuous valued signal into a discrete-time discrete-value (digital) signal. The value of each signal sample is represented by a value selected from a finite set of possible values. The difference between unquantized sample and the quantized output is called the Quantization error.Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Conversion (cont.) 3. Coding: In the coding process, each discrete value is represented by a b-bit binary sequence. x(t) 0101... ——>> A/D Converter