EEE121
CIRCUIT THEORY 1
Chapter 4
CAPACITORS AND
INDUCTORS
LESSON OUTCOMES
• At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
• Describe the construction and function of capacitor and inductor.
• Explain the Current-Voltage relationship of capacitor and inductor.
• Determine the equivalent capacitance and inductance for a group of
capacitors and inductors.
• Describe and determine the power and energy for capacitor and inductor.
CONTENTS – Chapter 4
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CAPACITORS
3. ENERGYINCAPACITORS
4. SERIESAND PARALLELCAPACITORS
5. INDUCTORS
6. ENERGYININDUCTORS
7. SERIESAND PARALLELINDUCTORS
8. CURRENT-VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIP FOR R, L,C
1.INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduce two important passive linear circuit
elements: the capacitor and the inductor.
Unlike resistors, which dissipate energy, capacitors and
inductors do not dissipate but store energy.
For this reason, capacitors and inductors are called storage
elements.
2.CAPACITORS
A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy inits
electric field.
Figure: Acapacitorwith
Figure: Atypicalcapacitor
applied voltage, v
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (or
dielectric).
2.CAPACITORS
Capacitance Cis the ratio of the charge, q on one plate of a capacitor to the
voltage difference, vbetween the two plates, measured in farads (F).
q Cv and C
A
d
Where:
• is the permittivity of the dielectric material between the plates.
• Ais the surface area of each plate.
• d is the distance between the plates.
• Unit: F, pF (10–12), nF (10–9), and F (10–6)
2.CAPACITORS
If i is flowing into the +ve terminal of C
Charging i is +ve
Discharging i is –ve
• The current-voltage relationship of capacitor accordingto
above convention is :
dv 1
iC
t
and v i d t v(t 0 )
dt C t0
2.CAPACITORS
Example 1
The current through a 100-F capacitor is
i(t) = 50 sin(120 t) mA.
Calculate the voltage across it at t =1 ms and t = 5 ms.Take v(0) =0.
Answer:
v(1ms) = 93.14mV
v(5ms) = 1.7361V
2.CAPACITORS
Example 2
An initially uncharged 1-mF capacitor has the current shown below across
it. Calculate the voltage across it at t = 2 ms and t = 5ms.
Answer:
v(2ms) = 100 mV
v(5ms) = 500 mV
3. ENERGY INCAPACITORS
The energy, w, stored in the capacitor is:
1
w Cv2
2
The unit is Joule [J]
• Acapacitor is
– an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0).
– its voltage cannot change abruptly.
3. ENERGY INCAPACITORS
Example 3
What is the voltage across a 3-μF capacitor if the charge
on one plate is 0.12 mC. How much energy is stored?
Answer:
v = 40V
w = 2.4 mJ
4. SERIES ANDPARALLEL
CAPACITORS
The equivalent capacitance of N series-connected capacitors is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitances.
1 1 1 ... 1
Ceq C1 C2 CN
4. SERIES ANDPARALLEL
CAPACITORS
The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected capacitors is
the sum of the individual capacitances.
C eq C1 C 2 ... C N
4. SERIES ANDPARALLEL
CAPACITORS
Example 4
Find the equivalent capacitance seen at the terminals of the circuit in the
circuit shown below:
Answer: Ceq = 40F
4. SERIES ANDPARALLEL
CAPACITORS
Example 5
Find the voltage across each of the capacitors in the circuit shown
below:
Answer: v1 = 30V, v2 = 30V, v3 = 10V, v4 = 20V
5.INDUCTORS
An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its
magnetic field.
Figure:Typical form of an inductor
• An inductor consists of a coil of conductingwire.
5.INDUCTORS
Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to
the change of current flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).
vL
di N 2 A
where L
dt l
Where N = number of turns
L= length of thecoil
A= cross-sectionalarea
μ = permeability of the core
• The unit of inductors is Henry (H), mH (10–3) and H (10–6).
5.INDUCTORS
The current-voltage relationship of an inductor:
1 t
i v(t) d t i(t0 )
L t0
and
di
vL
dt
• An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc (di/dt = 0) and its current
cannot change abruptly.
6. ENERGY ININDUCTORS
• The power stored by an inductor is:
1 2
w Li
2
6. ENERGY INCAPACITORS
Example 6
The terminal voltage of a 2-H inductor is
v = 10(1 - t) V
Find the current flowing through it at t = 4 s andthe
energy stored in it within t = s.
Assume i(0) = 2A.
Answer: i(4s) = -18V, w(4s) = 320J
6. ENERGY INCAPACITORS
Example 7
Determine vc, iL, and the energy stored in the capacitor and inductor in
the circuit of circuit shown below under dc conditions.
Answer: iL = 3A, vC = 3V, wL = 1.125J, wC = 9J
7.SERIES ANDPARALLEL INDUCTORS
The equivalent inductance of series-connected inductors isthe
sum of the individual inductances.
Leq L1 L2 ... LN
7.SERIES ANDPARALLEL INDUCTORS
The equivalent capacitance of parallel inductors is the reciprocal of the sum of
the reciprocals of the individual inductances.
1 1 1 ... 1
Leq L1 L2 LN
7.SERIES ANDPARALLEL INDUCTORS
Example 8
Calculate the equivalent inductance for the inductive ladder network in
the circuit shown below:
Answer: Leq = 25mH
8. CURRENT ANDVOLTAGE
RELATIONSHIP FOR R, L,C
