ENGR 2000 Fluid Mechanics Week 1

Chapter 1: The Characterization of Fluid Flows

Ir. Ts. Dr. Tan Inn Shi

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Outline for lecture #1

 Introduction
 Flow Fields
 The effect of viscosity
 Laminar/Turbulent flows
 Reynolds number

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What is a FLUID?

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 Why are fluids and solids different?

Curtin University | ENGR2000 Fluid Mechanics | Chapter 1 – The Characterisation of Fluid Flows | Fluid Flows
What is a FLUID?

• To classify “FLUIDS” or “Non FLUIDS”: based on how they respond to a SHEAR FORCE”
• Solid: can resist shear force
• Fluid: deforms continuously
Fluids Vs Solids

B B’ C C’
F

x
Φ

F
A D

 Fluids (liquid and gas) is lacking the ability of solids to offer permanent resistance to a
deforming force, F acting tangentially to the surfaces.
 A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously under the action of shearing force.
 Fluid Mechanics

• To study the inter-relation between forces and fluids

• How forces cause fluids to move (and how such forces are created by, for example pumps)
• What are the forces exerted by moving fluids

• To use this understanding in wide range of applications such as:

• aircraft flight,
• the pipe work system in an oil processing plant, or
• the design of buildings able to withstand hurricane-force winds
1.1 Flow Fields

 Describes the motion of fluid in a given region.

 Types of Flow Fields
 Example 1:
streamlines
• Uniform flow, occurring in an infinite region

Flow velocity is constant, 𝑢𝑢∞

Figure 1.1: Unbounded uniform flow.

• Example 2:
• Uniform flow (low speed flow) passes an
object.

Figure 1.2: Low-speed flow round a cylinder in the absence of friction (viscosity).

• The flow pattern seen in Fig. 1.2 is two-dimensional and steady.

• Steady means that the pattern does not change as time passes (constant with
respect to time.)
 • Example 2:
o Uniform flow (low speed flow) passes an object.

Figure 1.2: Low-speed flow round a cylinder in the absence of friction (viscosity).

• Spatial dependence (i.e. on x and y) of flow velocity is now evident –flow velocity and speed can change
along a streamline.
o Variation in flow velocity (and speed) with x and y.
o The flow velocity is tangential to the streamline.
From a given velocity, we can illustrate flow motion by finding “equation of
streamline”. 
General Streamline Equation

 Two-dimensional and steady flows

v 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) i + 𝑣𝑣 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) j (1.1)

 Flow speed
v = 𝑢𝑢2 + 𝑣𝑣 2
 Direction

𝑣𝑣
𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1
𝑢𝑢
FLUENT Simulation of Unsteady Flow Past a cylinder

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General Streamline Equation

 Case 2: Fluid flow across a particle

𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥 ≈ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝛿𝛿𝑦𝑦 ≈ 𝑣𝑣𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

General Streamline Equation
 Three dimensional and unsteady flows
v 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧, 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑢𝑢 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧, 𝑡𝑡) i + 𝑣𝑣 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧, 𝑡𝑡) j+ 𝑣𝑣 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧, 𝑡𝑡) k (1.2)
 Flow speed
v = 𝑢𝑢2 + 𝑣𝑣 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2
Example 1 (Tutorial 1, Question 1)
Example 2 HOT!!! ****
v = 𝑢𝑢2 + 𝑣𝑣 2
Example 3 (Tutorial 1, Question 2)

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Homework #1

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Homework #2

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Homework #3

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Homework #4

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Checklist #1 for Week 1:

□Example 1 (Tutorial 1, Question 1)

□Example 2
□Example 3 (Tutorial 1, Question 2)
□Homework #1
□Homework #2
□Homework #3
□Homework #4

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Summary of Lecture 1
 Flow flied
 two-dimensional and steady flow.
 Three dimensional and unsteady flows.
 Streamline
 From a given velocity, we can illustrate flow motion by finding “equation of
streamline”.
 Two-dimensional and steady flows
v 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) i + 𝑣𝑣 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) j (1.1)

 Flow speed (Magnitude) Direction

𝑣𝑣
v = 𝑢𝑢2 + 𝑣𝑣 2 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1
𝑢𝑢

Integration Equation of streamline

Outline for lecture #2

 Introduction
 Flow Fields
 The effect of viscosity
 Laminar/Turbulent flows
 Reynolds number

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Reynolds number

• For pipe flow

• For flow over a plate

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1.3.1 (Internal) Pipe Flow

Laminar

Turbulent

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Laminar and Turbulent Flows
• Laminar Flow (Re<2100):
– The flow is well ordered and stratified with a quadratic (in y) velocity profile.
Note that the flow is also steady (time independent). It is the velocity which
ensures that the flow is well ordered with its effect influencing all of the flow
from the wall to the centre-line.

• Turbulent Flow (Re>3000):

– The laminar flow has broken down to give random fluctuations in the core region
of the flow. This is unsteady flow (time dependent) although the random behavior
of the fluid allows us to use time averaged values
– the velocity profile shown is a time averaged characterization.
– At the higher flow speeds associated with turbulent flow in pipes, the effect of
viscosity only penetrates a small region close to the wall.
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Internal Pipe Flow (Laminar Flow)
Internal Pipe Flow (Turbulent Flow)
1.3.2 (External) Uniform flow over the plate

Figure 1.7: Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate.

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 What Reynolds number means for us?
• A measure of the importance of viscosity in the flow

• When Re number is very large, the flow can be regarded as inviscid (viscous effects are negligible)

• In external flows, the viscous effects are confined to a small layer at and close to the solid surface – this thin layer is called the
boundary layer, where the shear stress is only significant within this layer and at the surface. Beyond the boundary layer, the flow
is essentially inviscid.

inviscid

Boundary layer
Reynolds number in real life

Dolphin in water, Re~108

Nanoparticles, Re~10-7, 0.0000001

E. coli, Re~10-5
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 Direct numerical simulations of cough-generated airflow,
Re~9x103

The duration of the exhalation is 0.4 s with a peak velocity of 13 m/s. The
Reynolds number (based on the peak velocity and on the mouth average radius) is
about 9x103 and the resulting flow field is fully turbulent.

Rosti, M.E., Olivieri, S., Cavaiola, M. et al. Fluid dynamics of COVID-19 airborne infection suggests urgent data for a scientific
design of social distancing. Sci Rep 10, 22426 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80078-7 https://rdcu.be/cfY1B
1.3.4 Other Examples of Laminar/Turbulent
Flows
Example 4: Reynolds number

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 Science Laboratory: 2 x 2 Hours Semester

Assessed Laboratory (face to face):

• You need to take two laboratories, one sometime in the first half of semester
(either Week 3, 4, 5, or 6), the second sometime in the second half of semester
depending upon the session for which you signed up (for each of the two
occasions).
• The first laboratory will be assessed in-class.
• A formal laboratory report is required only for the second laboratory. Your
report must be submitted two weeks after you undertake the second
laboratory.
• The laboratory report submission must be done electronically through Turnitin
on or before the due date.
Effect of Viscosity

• What is viscosity?
– Resistance to flow.
– Can be thought of as producing friction (or shear stress) between “lumps” of fluids
as they pass by each other
– That makes the fluid “cling” to a rigid boundary in the flow fields
No-slip condition

V(x)= uw
Moving plate

D
y

• Taking viscosity into account allows a shear layer to be formed which has a
velocity profile

What is happening to the fluid in between these plates?

No-slip condition

Moving plate, uw

Fixed plate

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No-slip condition

V(x)= uw
Moving plate

D
Linear Velocity profile
y

• Fluid at boundary moves at same velocity as boundary

At lower plate 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥, 0 = 0 𝑣𝑣 𝑥𝑥, 0 = 0
No Slip Condition
At upper plate 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥, 𝐷𝐷 = 𝑈𝑈𝑤𝑤 𝑣𝑣 𝑥𝑥, 𝐷𝐷 = 0
No-slip condition
V(x)= uw
Moving plate

D
Linear Velocity profile
y

• Fluid at boundary moves at same velocity as boundary

At lower plate 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥, 0 = 0 𝑣𝑣 𝑥𝑥, 0 = 0
No Slip Condition
At upper plate 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥, 𝐷𝐷 = 𝑈𝑈𝑤𝑤 𝑣𝑣 𝑥𝑥, 𝐷𝐷 = 0

• Velocity must change from 0 to Uw going from bottom to Top

No-slip condition
V(x)= uw
Moving plate

D
Linear Velocity profile
y

• For many fluids, we observe that if D is small, Uw varies linearly with y-axis.

𝑈𝑈𝑤𝑤
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑤𝑤
𝑈𝑈𝑤𝑤(𝑦𝑦) = 𝑈𝑈𝑤𝑤(𝑦𝑦) 𝑈𝑈𝑤𝑤
𝐷𝐷 𝑈𝑈𝑤𝑤(𝑦𝑦)
Take ratio: =
𝑦𝑦 𝐷𝐷
𝐷𝐷 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑤𝑤
𝑦𝑦 𝑈𝑈𝑤𝑤(𝑦𝑦) =
𝐷𝐷
No-slip condition

V(x)= uw
Moving plate

D
Linear Velocity profile
y

Flow velocity:

There are shear forces in the flow.

How do we determine them?
Newton’s law of viscosity
V(x)= uw
Moving plate

D
Linear Velocity profile
y

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝜂𝜂
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓
Shear stress, 𝜏𝜏 = 𝐴𝐴
Newton’s law of viscosity

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝜂𝜂
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

If 𝜇𝜇 is constant: “Newtonian” Fluid

Newton’s law of viscosity

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝜂𝜂
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

If 𝜇𝜇 is constant: “Newtonian” Fluid

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
If 𝝁𝝁 = 𝒇𝒇 : “Non Newtonian” Fluid
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Newtonian Fluid

Newton’s law of viscosity

dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2) kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

Example 5 (Tutorial 1, Question 3)

Question 3: A hydroelastically operated bearing is schematically shown in Fig.

1. The top, load-carrying (load not shown), plate has dimensions 0.5 m by 0.5
m and slides over a film of lubricating oil of viscosity µ = 0.271 Ns/m2 that has
depth, d = 0.25 mm. The upper plate is moved at a constant speed of Uw = 3
mm/s.
(a) Assuming that the oil takes on a linear velocity profile when the upper plate
is moving, calculate the shear stress acting on the upper plate.
(b) Calculate the power required to keep the top plate moving. (This is the
frictional loss of the bearing.)

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[Ans. (a) 3.252 N/m2, (b) 0.00244 W]

Example 6 (Tutorial 1, Question 4)

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 Torque, T

 The concept of viscosity and velocity gradients can also be illustrated by

considering a fluid within the small gap between two concentric cylinders, as
shown in Fig. below:

The outer cylinder is fixed and the inner

cylinder is rotating.

Fig. 1.7 Fluid being sheared between cylinders

with a small gap: (a) the two cylinders;
Torque Notes for Question 4

A quantity that measures the ability of a force to rotate an object

around some axis.

Torque, T= Force X moment arm

T= Resistive force X moment arm
Resistive Force, F
T= Resistive force X moment arm
Resistive force, F= 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (outer cylinder)
= 𝜏𝜏 × 𝐴𝐴𝐿𝐿
= 𝜏𝜏 × 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟2 𝐷𝐷, 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝐷𝐷 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Shear stress, 𝜏𝜏 = 𝜇𝜇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
F= 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 × 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

Linear velocity profile u(y) ?

Tangential Velocity Formula

U=𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 =Tangential velocity

r= radius of circular path
𝜔𝜔 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
Moment arm
T= Resistive force X moment arm
Shortest distance from a force’s line of action to the axis of rotation
Moment arm is always perpendicular to the line of action and passes through the axis of
rotation
Notes for Question 4 (Summary)

• A torque is necessary to rotate the inner cylinder at constant

rotational speed 𝝎𝝎 while the outer cylinder remains stationary.

• This resistance to the rotation of the cylinder is due to

viscosity.
• The only stress that exists to resist the applied torque for
this simple flow is a shear stress, which is observed to
depend directly on the velocity gradient;
Homework #5

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Homework #6

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Homework #7

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Checklist #2 for Week 1:

□Example 4 (Re)
□Example 5 (Tutorial 1, Question 3)
□Example 6 (Tutorial 1, Question 6)
□Homework #5
□Homework #6
□Homework #7

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 Summary of Lecture 2
 Reynolds number
 Laminar and Turbulent Flows
 Effect of Viscosity *Shear stress, 𝜏𝜏
 Torque

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 Q&A
Thank you

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