Geographic ⮚Raster approach: cells

• geographia meaning “earth description”

• Characteristic of a particular region or location on the earth RASTER VECTOR
• Space is divided into an array of rectangular (usually • In a vector representation, all lines points by precisely
Information square) cells. straight lines. Polylines has been coined to describe a
•The structure of interrelationships between data and how data is collected, processed, used, and understood within an • Cells are called pixels curved line represented by a straight segment
application forms the context for data. • All detail variation within cell is lost connecting vertices
INFORMATION = DATA+ CONTEXT instead, a single value is given • Land survey points
• Satellite images • GPS observation data
System • Scanned aerial photographs, paper maps • Shapefiles (shp, shx, dbf)
• a group of related parts that move or work together • Digital aerial photographs

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM 4. People

 “a system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, • GIS users range from technical specialists who design and
What should People part of
analysis, modeling, and display of spatially referenced data for solving complex planning and management maintain the system to those who use it to help them
GIS do?
problems.” – Rhind (1989) perform their everyday work.
• Advocate use
 an association of people, machines, data, and procedures working together to collect, manage, and distribute • Can be classified into three categories:
• Develop Skills
information of importance to individuals or organizations. ▪ Viewers
• Users must be comfortable
 Spatial information ▪ General users
first in using GIS as Maps
 Links place/location, time, and attributes ▪ GIS specialists
 Information about places on the earth’s surface
 Knowledge about “what is where when” 5. Application
• GIS should be designed with the potential applications in mind.
• Applications to real world problem solving
FIVE COMPONENTS OF GIS • Process of transforming data to information
1. Hardware Example: Site Suitability Analysis to Identify Sites for Safe Housing using Geographic Information System
Consists of the computer system on which the GIS software will run
a) Computer
What is a Map?
b) Input Devices
An abstraction of reality for analyzing, storing, and communicating info about the locations, attributes, and
c) Output Devices
interrelationship of physical and such phenomena that distributed over the earth’s surface
2. Software
Characteristics of Maps
Provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information.
1. Drawn to scale
 A database management system
2. Symbolized
 A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools
3. Emphasize selected features
 Examples are ArcView, MapInfo, ARC/Info, AutoCAD, ArcMap, etc. 4. Have orientation
 Open Source: QGIS, SAGAGIS, GRASS 5. Lettered, titled, and labeled
3. Data
 The core of GIS
 May be geographic or tabular/attribute data Basic Content of Map
 GIS integrates data from many sources, of various forms (Roads, Land, Population, Utilities, Land Mines,
Hospitals, Refugee Camps, Wells, and Sanitation)
Kinds of Data Primary Content
Attribute data (Non-spatial or Aspatial – actual subject of the map or its main theme, i.e., land use, geology, topography
Spatial data
Data) Secondary Content
• Have spatial dimensions
• Usually organized in tables – includes grids, graticules and values of longitude and latitude around the maps sheet, i.e., administrative boundaries,
• Have a locations information in geographic space
• The data are often statistical roads, grid
• Usually translated into simple objects: points, lines, areas and grids
• No location information. Supportive Content
(pixels).
• Example: Barangay Name, PI - are the marginal information such as the title, scale, legend, location diagram, projection, explanatory text, north
• Example: Barangay Map, Land Parcels
Two major categories of spatial data representation in GIS: raster and vector. orientation,
⮚Vector approach: points, lines, and polygons
Parts of a Map METADATA
1. Map Window  Metadata is the term used to describe the summary information of a set of data or “data about data”
 Contain the primary and secondary content Example:
 The map window shall occupy the largest area of the map. -A library catalogue contains information (metadata) about publications(data)
Why is METADATA important?
2. Map Title  The data user needs metadata to determine whether or not a particular data set exists and to decide whether or
 Defines the information and the purpose of the map. not the data is appropriate for use. Proper metadata should describe who, what, when, where, why, and how
 Includes the geographical area, the most important administrative and/or political subdivision or other features about all aspects of a GIS data set.\\
presented Understanding Datums, Projections, and Coordinate Systems
 Example: Geologic Map, Urban Land Use Map, Topographic Map
Mapping Principles Geoid – gives the closest fit of the true shape of the earth
2. Map Legend
Datum: Ellipsoid/Spheroid – closest basic geometric model that approximates the
 Column of symbols (as reflected in map) and their descriptions. Projection: shape of the Earth.
 It provides explanation and classification of map elements. Coordinate System:  Size – semi-major (a) and semi-minor axis (b)
 Shape – flattening (f)
3. Grid DATUM
 A reference system made of straight lines intersecting one another at right angles  Reference for measuring locations on the Earth
 Represents information as an array of equally sized square cells arranged in rows and columns.  Uses a reference ellipsoid
 Defines the origin and orientation of the lines of latitude and longitude
4. Scale Geodetic Datum - A geodetic datum is a reference for spatial measurements that specifies exactly the orientation and
 the relationship between a distance on the map and the true distance on the ground measured in the same unit. origins of the lines of latitude and longitude relative to the ellipsoid.
Ex. 1:10,000 It is primarily defined by the following:
 Small (e.g., 1:250,000) vs. large (e.g., 1:10,000)  Size and shape of the reference ellipsoid
 There must be only one scale for the map Ways to show the map scale  Position, orientation, and scale of the datum
 Graphic scale is a line or with the distance represented by the length of the line/bar marked on the ends of the
line/bar (also called scale bar) TYPES OF DATUM BASED ON LOCATION OF ORIGIN
 Fractional scale like 1:5,000 or 1:1,000,000 Regional/Local datum
Geocentric/Global datum
 Verbal/Descriptive scale is a statement such as 1 inch=100 fee  Best approximation of the size and shape of
 Best approximation of the size and shape of the
Earth as a whole, but less accurate when used for a particular region in surface, in the Earth’s
5. Source of Data, Date and Author surface but less accurate when used for a
specific regions undertakings which
 Source of information and its date or the date of the survey or period covered different region
 Useful in projects or have global application
 Name of the author/producer of the map
 Used by GPS
6. North Orientation
 Provides the user the proper perspective in interpreting the information on the map.
 Usually maps have indications on the direction of North for orientation PROJECTION
 Transforms 3D Earth to 2D map
7. Projection and Datum  Uses a developable surface to project from 3D to 2D
 Projection and Datum used in creating the Map  Cannot preserve all of the properties of map features
 It is important to ensure that the datum of a dataset matches with the datum setting of your Map Projection - is the process of transforming the Earth’s threedimensional surface to a twodimensional map while
workspace/mapping environment and with other data sets being used. maintaining its existing spatial relationships.

8. Reservations, Explanatory notes, Disclaimer Main Classes of Map Projection

 Added for the purposes of further clarification, interpretation, and evaluation the contents of the maps. Planar/Azimuthal Projection –
 Beneficial for finding direction from any point on the Earth using the central point as a reference but distorted at
the edges polar
 Useful for navigation
 Commonly used in regions
Conical Projection –
 Relatively accurate along some parallel somewhere between the equator and a pole but distorted in other PRS92 - is a unified reference system for surveys and mapping as provided for by EO No. 45, series of 1993.
regions REFERENCE ELLIPSOID – Clark 1866 Spheroid Model
 Best suited for use as regional maps, specifically regions that are primarily West-East in dimension (e.g., USA), REFERENCE DATUM – LUZON 1911
but rarely for a complete world map MAP PROJECTION – Transverse Mercator
 Commonly used in temperate regions COORDINATE SYSTEM – Universal Transverse Mercator
Types of Based on the Property Preserved
Equal-Area - Preserves the size of the areas of the Conformal - Preserves the shape of the map BASEMAPPING
features features
What is Base map?
Equidistant - Preserves scale and distance in any Gnomonic - Preserves direction from the projection - A base map displays the fundamental data sets such as municipal and barangay boundaries, roads, rivers, and
direction from a point or in one direction from a center of the map. creeks, etc.
line - A user should be able to relate roads, landmarks and all other places and features found in the base map to the
Transverse Mercator mental pictures he sees when a user looks at a map
- The content of a base map depends on the user of the map and its intended use
Cylindrical - Ideal for areas that are elongated in Conformal - Preserves the shape of the map - The base map establishes the geometrical and orientational reference for the viewer of a thematic map. It
the North-South direction features provides context for additional maps to be overlaid in it, which provides references for analysis.
Thematic Map - A thematic map shows the spatial distribution of one or more specific data themes for selected
Coordinate System geographic areas.
 System of coordinates used to describe locations
 Incorporates the concepts of datums and projections Base Map Features
 Can either be geographic (GCS) or projected (PCS) Administrative – Provincial Boundary -Municipal Boundary - Barangay Boundary - Municipal Water Boundary
Coordinates is a set of numbers that determines the location of a point in a space of a given dimension. Natural – shoreline – river – stream – creek – dam – lake – sea – natural landmarks
Man Made – road (national, municipal, barangay (Trail)) – railway – airport – seaport/harbor
Names – name of surrounding provinces (if applicable) – name of surrounding Municipality – name of barangay – name of
Two Types of Coordinates
major roads, river, lake, Dam, and Bay
1.Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)
 Answers the question: “Where exactly on Earth is the data located?”
 Includes a datum, a prime meridian, and an angular unit Base map Elements
 Coordinates: • Latitude: 0° to 90° • Longitude: 0° to 180°
2.Projected Coordinate System (PCS) Legend Reservation Author
 Answers the question: “How do I draw the Earth’s surface on the map?” Title
 Includes a GCS, a projection, and a linear unit
le
 Coordinates: • Northings (N or Y): meters • Eastings (E or X): meters Graticules and
Index Map window Tick Marks Date of Printing
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
 UTM is a global plane coordinate grid system named after the Transverse Mercator projection North Arrow, scale,
datum, and Projection Map Window
 It is divided into 60 longitudinal zones, each with 6-degrees of longitude in width, and has its own central
meridian.
 Zones above the equator use the designation “N” while those below the equator are labelled as “S”.
 Its origin lies at the intersection of the equator and the central meridian of each zone. Preparing a Base Map
What is a LUDIP Base Map?
Philippine Transverse Mercator (PTM) (Land Use Development and Infrastructure Plan)
 PTM is system designed specifically Philippines and primarily used a local plane coordinate grid for - It serves as a template for different mapping requirements where all other thematic maps may be overlaid for
the for surveying political boundaries. analysis. Thus, it shall aid the planners in coming up with the LUDIP.
 It divides the Philippines into five (5) longitudinal zones that are 2 degrees wide. - is important for the mapmaker and the target custodians of these data to understand the procedural steps in the
production of base maps, the hierarchy of the sources of data and some understanding about the data.
 e. Map view or Map Canvas – displays the maps that are visible in the Layers Panel, including its symbology, labels,
STEPS IN PREPARING A GIS BASEMAP FOR CLUP and other features.
The following steps show the generic procedure in the preparation of a GIS Base Map showing the various datasets which f. Status Bar – shows general information about the Map View such as the map scale and coordinates of the cursor
the agency should acquire. location.
Data may be in two forms, the Technical Description, and the Paper Map.
1. Technical Description (approved political boundary survey, etc.) The capture of data from the technical description SOME LAYER PROPERTIES
involves a more direct step of encoding the numerical data into the computer that is then converted to points or shapes.  Information – provides information from provider embedded in such as but not limited Name, Path…
2. Paper Maps (ex. Topographic maps, boundary index maps, etc.) The capture of data from paper maps involves three  Source – contains the layer information, such as Layer name, Source/Location, and current CRS of the Layer. The
steps: layer name could be edited here.
Scanning Georeferencing Digitizing  Symbology – the layer can be labeled here
 Labels – layer can be labeled here
 Fields – this is where you can add and delete a column or field of the layer’s attribute table and perform
calculations, such as areas of the Polygon layer.
HIERARCHY OF SECONDARY DATA AND SOURCES  Joins – used to join the Layer’s Attribute Table with tables in “dbf” or “csv” format to perform some analysis.

GEOREFERENCING – refers to the process of the relating the internal coordinates system of a spatial data with a
known coordinate system in the real world. We can assign a geographic coordinate system (GCS) to a layer which defines
the location of a point on the Earth’s surface.
 LUZON 1911 its ESPG ID is ESPG 4253
Note: ESPG is a standard code published and assigned by the European Survey Petroleum Group to different ellipsoids,
datums, projections, and coordinate systems.

TRANSFORMATION TYPE
 Linear – algorithm translation and uniform scaling of the target image, it doesn’t allow rotation, and other
transformations. Not recommended in dealing scanned maps and images. Needs at least 2 ground control points
(GCP) to transform the image
 Helmert – transformation performs translation, scaling and rotation. More applicable for good quality maps. At
least 2 GCPs
 Polynomial 1 – ensures straight lines will remain straight. It requires at least 3 GCPs to be georeferenced the
layer
DATA CAPTURING – TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION/Coordinates  Polynomial 2 and Polynomial 3 – algorithm consider curvature in the transformation. Straight lines may curve.
Technical Descriptions of boundaries may be in the form of Line Bearing or Coordinate (Geographic or Grid). Data in this At least 6 GCPs
form may come from items 1, 2, or 3 of the Hierarchy of Secondary Data Type and Sources. These may be actual survey  Thin Plate Spline (TPS) -uses multiple local polynomials to fit the target image to the selected GCPs. It requires
data for the boundaries or the ground coordinates for the boundary monuments. 10 GCPs
 Projection – ensures that straight lines will remain straight but does not guarantee that parallel will remain
parallel. At least 4 GCPs
DATA CAPTURING – PAPER MAPS 
This procedure refers to paper maps with plotted administrative boundaries from sources listed as items 4, 5, 6, and 8 of
Table 2. They are the plotted paper maps of the boundaries from surveys.
Resampling Method
 Nearest Neighbor – simplest and fastest resampling technique. It uses the value of the closest pixel to determine
its new value in the output raster.
BASIC PARTS OF QGIS INTERFERENCE  Linear, Cubic Spine, and Lanczos – compute new pixel values of the output raster using various polynomial
a. Menu Bar – displays standard hierarchical menus containing various QGIS tools and functions. interpolation techniques.
b. Toolbars – contain most of the functions that can be found in the menu bar.
c. Browser Panel – may use for browsing, searching, inspecting, copying and loading QGIS resources such as REPROJECTING A GEOREFERENCE RASTER LAYER
datasets, project files, and Python scripts. Reprojection – process of converting the coordinates of the layer from geographic coordinate system to a projected
d. Layer Panel or Map Legend – displays a list of all the loaded datasets in the QGIS project and provides tools that coordinate system
may be used to manage these layers.
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 51N – often used as a coordinate system when creating maps of areas within  Map Information – includes the datum, coordinate system, and projection, data sources, explanation notes and
the country, except for some areas that belong to Zone 50N as Palawan. disclaimers.

Creating a New Vector Layer

Vector uses geometric primitives to represents various real-world features in a map

 Point Features – use single pair of coordinates to define its location
 Line Features – consist of interconnected points and uses an ordered set of coordinates to define its location.
 Polygon Features – consist of interconnected lines that are enclosed to form an area.

DIGITIZING – is a data capture technique that involves tracing various features in the raster layer to convert it into
digital vector format

Snapping – makes the work easier by having the cursor automatically align with an existing point

Advanced Digitizing tools not mentioned above to efficiently digitize and modify existing vector database
Move Feature – tool allows users to drag a vector feature to its new position
Rotate Feature – tool allows users to rotate a vector feature at a desired angle
Simplify Feature – allows users to reduce the number of nodes and vertices of a vector feature, provided that its geometry
will remain valid
Add Part – allows users to digitize an additional portion to a selected vector feature without creating new record on the
attribute table
Delete Part – allows users to delete parts from multi-features
Delete Ring tool – allows users to delete rings within an existing polygon
Split Features – tool allows users to split a vector feature into two or more new independent parts
Split Parts – allows users to split the parts of a multi-part vector feature to increase its number of parts
Merge Selected Features – tool allows users to merge the geometries if selected vector features into one

SYMBOLOGY – defined as the application of different graphical techniques to represent geographic features on a map

Creating a Base Map Layout Template

 Map Subject – refers to the topic of the map. It should have proper symbology and labels to be easily
understood and interpreted by the viewer.
 Map Title – includes the topic of the map, geographical area, and temporal information.
 Scale – represents the relationship between the distance on the map and the distance on the ground. It can be In
the form of a representative fraction or a graphical scale
 North Arrow – indicates the orientation of the map. It gives the viewer the proper perspective in interpreting the
information contained on the map
 Legend – shows the symbols used on the map and the geographic features or quantities that it represents.
 Grids/Graticules – consists of a network of parallels and meridians on the globe projected onto the map
 Border – consists of a set of lines enclosing the main content of the map. It often contains the numerical (lat &
long) represented by grid line
 Locator Map – is a smaller secondary map that is shown with the primary map. It is often added on the map to
show the approximation location of the map content within a longer geographical area.
- Inset map – shows a close-up or zoomed-in version of smaller areas in the primary map to provide additional
details
- Index map – serves as a graphic aid that provides users information about the relationship between sheets of a
map series, their coverage, and availability.