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Lecture 4 - Spring 2021-22 PDF

Here are the key steps and results for this sample problem: (a) Work done (W) = -PΔV = - (1.01x105 Pa)(1.671 m3 - 1.00x10-3 m3) = -1.69x105 J (b) Heat (Q) transferred = ΔEint + W = ΔHvaporation = 2.26x106 J (from tables) (c) Change in internal energy (ΔEint) = Q - W = 2.26x106 J + 1.69x105 J = 2.43x106 J The process is boiling or vaporization of water at constant pressure and temperature. The work

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79 views9 pages

Lecture 4 - Spring 2021-22 PDF

Here are the key steps and results for this sample problem: (a) Work done (W) = -PΔV = - (1.01x105 Pa)(1.671 m3 - 1.00x10-3 m3) = -1.69x105 J (b) Heat (Q) transferred = ΔEint + W = ΔHvaporation = 2.26x106 J (from tables) (c) Change in internal energy (ΔEint) = Q - W = 2.26x106 J + 1.69x105 J = 2.43x106 J The process is boiling or vaporization of water at constant pressure and temperature. The work

Uploaded by

Dipto Paul
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 4

Chapter 18: Temperature, heat and the first law of thermodynamics

18.5 Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics


1. Adiabatic processes : An adiabatic process is one that
occurs so rapidly or occurs in a system that is so well
insulated that no transfer of energy as heat occurs
between the system and its environment .

Q=0
1st law of thermodynamics, ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W = 0 - W

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = - W (adiabatic process).

➢ This tells us that if work is done by the system (when a system


expands adiabatically), that is, if W is positive, the internal
energy of the system decreases by the amount of work.

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = - (+W) = - W

➢ Conversely, if work is done on the system (when a system


is compressed adiabatically (that is, if W is negative), the internal
energy of the system increases by that amount.
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = - (-W) = +W
2. Constant-volume processes (Isochoric Processes) : If the
volume of a system is held constant, that system can do no work.

W = p∆V = = p(V-V) = p(0) = 0

1st law of thermodynamics, ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W = Q - 0

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q (constant-volume process).

➢ Thus, if heat is absorbed by a system (that is, if Q is positive),


the internal energy of the system increases.

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = +Q

➢Conversely, if heat is lost during the process (that is, if Q is


negative), the internal energy of the system decreases.

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = - Q
3. Cyclical processes: There are processes in which, after
certain interchanges of heat and work, the system is restored
to its initial state. In that case, no intrinsic property of the
system—including its internal energy—can possibly change.

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Ef – Ei = Ef - Ef = 0 [Ei = Ef]

1st law of thermodynamics, ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W

0=Q-W

Q=W (cyclical process).

Thus, the net work done during the process must exactly
equal the net amount of energy transferred as heat; the store
of internal energy of the system remains unchanged.
4. Free expansions: These are adiabatic processes in
which no transfer of heat occurs between the system and its
environment and no work is done on or by the system .

Q=W=0

1st law of thermodynamics, ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W = 0 – 0 = 0

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0 (free expansion).


46. Suppose 200 J of work is done on a system and 70.0 cal
is extracted from the system as heat. In the sense of the first
law of thermodynamics, what are the values (including
algebraic signs) of (a) W, (b) Q, and (c) ΔEint .
Solution:

(a) The work done is negative since work done on the system.

W = - 200 J

(b) Energy is extracted from the system,

Q = - 70 cal = - 70(4.2) J = - 294 J [1 cal = 4.2 J]

(c) Internal energy change,

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W = - 294 – (- 200) = - 294 + 200 = - 94 J


48. As a gas is held within a closed chamber, it passes through the cycle
shown in Fig. Determine the energy transferred by the system as heat
during constant-pressure process CA if the energy added as heat QAB
during constant-volume process AB is 20.0 J, no energy is transferred as
heat during adiabatic process BC, and the net work done during the cycle
is 15.0 J.
Solution: First law of thermodynamics,
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W
For a cyclical process,
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = E – E = 0
0=Q–W
Q = W
QAB + QBC + QCA = W
+20 + 0 + QCA = +15
QCA = - 5 J
Sample Problem 18.05: First law of thermodynamics: work, heat, internal
energy change
Let 1.00 kg of liquid water at 1000C be converted to steam at
1000C by boiling at standard atmospheric pressure (which is
1.00 atm or 1.01X105 Pa) in the arrangement of Fig. 18-17.
The volume of that water changes from an initial value of
1.00X10-3 m3 as a liquid to 1.671 m3 as steam.
(a) How much work is done by the system during this
process?
(b) How much energy is transferred as heat during the
process?
(c) What is the change in the system’s internal energy during
the process?

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