Explain Construction and working of Francis Turbine with neat sketch.

The main parts of the Francis turbine are: 1) Penstock: It is the large pipe which conveys water from
the upstream of the reservoir to the turbine runner. 2) Spiral casing: It is a closed passage whose
cross sectional area gradually decreases along the flow direction. Area is maximum at the inlet and
nearly zero at the outlet. 3) Guide vanes: These vanes direct the water onto the runner at an angle
appropriate to the design. 4) Runner and runner blades: The driving force on the runner is both due
to impulse and reaction effect. The number if a runner blade usually varies between 16 to 24. 5)
Draft tube: It is gradually expanding tube which discharges the water passing through the runner to
the tail race. Working 1) It is inward mixed flow reaction turbine i.e. Water under the pressure
enters the runner from the guide vanes towards the centre in the radial direction and discharge out
axially. 2) It operates under the medium head and medium discharge. 3) water is brought down to
the turbine through the penstock and directed to the guide vanes which direct the water onto the
runner at an angle appropriate to the design. 4) In the Francis turbine runner is always full of water.
After doing the work the water is discharge to the trail race through the draft tubes

Discuss the factors considered for selection of pump

1) Pressure: Pump is ued to pressurize the fluid in system according to need of pressure we can
select pump as below
Types of pump Pressure range ( In bar)
External gear pump 300
Internal gear pump 350
Fixed vane pump 175
Variable vane pump 125
Screw pump 175
Axial piston type 700 More than 500 bar)
2) Speed of pump: if the speed of pump is increased beyond its rated speed then problems like
cavitations takes place. This problem directly affect on efficiency & working of hydraulic
system. 3) Flow of pressurized oil: Vol. of oil at output is measured in litre per min have
flow of oil deciding speed of actuators 4) Efficiency of pump: Selection of pump depends on
required efficiency like volumetric efficiency , mechanical efficiency, overall efficiency 5) Oil
compatibility: The meaning of compatibility is nothing but acceptance .each pump is
compatible to hy.oil but if used different oil, then pump will not give a good performance.
6) cost of pump: There are different varieties o pumps available in market according to
application we can choose it by economical aspect cost of pump & its spares should be less.

State any four faults in centrifugal pump and their remedies

Fault remedies

Pump fails to start pumping Reprime the pump ,Clean the impeller Reduce suction lift

Pump stops working Remove air by priming Reduces suction lift

Pump is not lifting water Plug leakage Replace the damaged or worn out parts

up to capacity
Pump has very low efficiency Reduce the speed Correct the direction of rotation of impeller
- REDUCE the discharge , Repair affected parts
Explain the Need of draft tube in reaction turbine .state the types of draft tube used in it
Draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing diameter which connects the exit of runner of turbine to
tail race. In case of reaction turbine , one part of available head is converted into K.E before entry to
runner and rest of energy is in the form of pressure energy. This pressure energy is gradually
converted into runner, thus the velocity leaving the runner is at high velocity. Draft converts K.E to
pressure head . also 1) To decrease the pressure at the runner exit to a value less than atmospheric
pressure and thereby increase the effective working head. ii) To recover a part of electric energy into
pressure head at the exit of draft tube. This enables easy discharge to atmosphere . Types of draft
tube: i. Conical draft tube. ii. Simple elbow draft tube. iii. Moody spreading draft tube. iv. Elbow draft
tube with circular cross section at inlet and rectangular at outlet.

Classification of the hydraulic turbines: According to the type of energy available at inlet
to the turbine 1)impulse turbine and 2) Reaction turbine According to direction of flow through
runner 1)tangential flow turbine 2) radial flow turbine 3) axial flow turbine 4) mixed flow turbine
According to the head available at inlet to the turbine 1) Low head turbine (2 m to 15 m) 2)Medium
head turbine (16 m to 70 m) 3)High head turbine (71 m and above) According to the specific speed
of the turbine 1)low specific speed 2)medium specific speed 3)High specific speed

Explain water hammer phenomenon and state the remedies measures to avoid it.
Water hammer phenomenon: commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline
system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe. Water hammer (or hydraulic shock) is the
momentary increase in pressure inside a pipe caused by a sudden change of direction or velocity of
the liquid in the pipe. Water hammer can be particularly dangerous because the increase in pressure
can be severe enough to rupture a pipe or cause damage to equipment. Effects of water hammer
are as follows 1) Due to rise in pressure the pipe may burst. 2) Erosion of inside surface of pipe. 3)
Pressure drop in pipe Remedies for water hammer: 1) Controlling Velocity of flow. 2) Use of
appropriate length of pipe. 3) Elastic properties of pipes. 4) Provide surge tank before the valve on
main pipe line. 5) Provide bypass pipe near the valve. 6).Provide Air traps or stand pipes (open at the
top) to absorb the potentially damaging forces. caused by the moving water. 7) Use high strength
pipes. 8) Close the valve slowly

Explain the expression of force exerted by the impact of jet on an inclined fixed plate and
also draw in neat sketch for the same. Also find the work done. Let, d = diameter of jet
a = Area of jet = (π/4) d2 V = Velocity of jet before striking the plate Vsinθ = component of
velocity normal to plate m = mass of water striking the plate per sec in Kg. m= ρ a V
Fn = Normal force on the plate. Fn = mass of water X (velocity before impact in the direction
normal to plate - Velocity after impact in the direction normal to plate ) Fn = ρ a V (Vsinθ - 0)
= ρ a V2 sinθ Fx = Force in the direction of jet = Fn sinθ = ρ a V2 sin2 θ Fy = Force in the
direction normal to the jet = Fn cosθ = ρ a V2 sinθ x cosθ Work done = 0 …..since plate is
stationary

Name of turbine for given conditions: i. Impulse Turbine (Pelton Wheel Turbine) ii.
Reaction Turbine (Kaplan Turbine) iii. Francis Turbine iv. Modern Francis Turbine
velocity diagram for
symmetrical and moving
curved vane: • V1 = Velocity of the
jet (AB), while entering the vane, • V2 =
Velocity of the jet (EF), while leaving
the vane, • u1, u2 = Velocity of the
curved vane at inlet & outlet (AC, FG) •
α = Angle with the direction of motion
of the vane, at which the jet enters the
vane, • β = Angle with the direction of
motion of the vane, at which the jet
leaves the vane, • Vr1 = Relative
velocity of the jet and the vane (BC) at
entrance (it is the vertical difference
between V1 and u1) • Vr2 = Relative
velocity of the jet and the vane (EG) at
exit (it is the vertical difference
between V2 and u2) • Ɵ = Angle, which Vr1 makes with the direction of motion of the vane at inlet
(known as vane angle at inlet), • β = Angle, which Vr2 makes with the direction of motion of the
vane at outlet (known as vane angle at outlet), • Vw1 = Horizontal component of V1 (AD, equal to). It
is a component parallel to the direction of motion of the vane (known as velocity of whirl at inlet), •
Vw2 = Horizontal component of V2 (FH, equal to ). It is a component parallel to the direction of
motion of the vane (known as velocity of whirl at outlet), • Vf1 = Vertical component of V1 (BD,
equal to ). It is a component at right angles to the direction of motion of the vane (known as velocity
of flow at inlet), • Vf2 = Vertical component of V2 (EH, equal to ). It is a component at right angles to
the direction of motion of the vane (known as velocity of flow at outlet)

List various minor losses in fluid flow. Explain any one type with sketch and formula
List various minor losses :- a) Sudden expansion of pipe b) Sudden contraction of pipe c) Pipe fittings
d) Bend in pipe e) Loss of head at Entry. f) Loss of head at Exit

When V1, V2 are velocities on the two sides or the section at which sudden enlargement occurs. The
head loss resulting from pipe expansion may be greatly reduced by introducing gradual pipe
transition known as diffuser.

Explain water hammer phenomenon and state the remedies measures to avoid it.
Water hammer phenomenon: commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline
system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe. Water hammer (or hydraulic shock) is the
momentary increase in pressure inside a pipe caused by a sudden change of direction or velocity of
the liquid in the pipe. Water hammer can be particularly dangerous because the increase in pressure
can be severe enough to rupture a pipe or cause damage to equipment. Effects of water hammer
are as follows 1) Due to rise in pressure the pipe may burst. 2) Erosion of inside surface of pipe. 3)
Pressure drop in pipe Remedies for water hammer: 1) Controlling Velocity of flow. 2) Use of
appropriate length of pipe. 3) Elastic properties of pipes. 4) Provide surge tank before the valve on
main pipe line. 5) Provide bypass pipe near the valve. 6).Provide Air traps or stand pipes (open at the
top) to absorb the potentially damaging forces. caused by the moving water. 7) Use high strength
pipes. 8) Close the valve slowly.
Compare i) Steady and uniform flow ii) Laminar and turbulent flow Steady flow:- The flow
is said to be steady when the flow characteristics, such as velocity, pressure, density and
temperature do not change with time. Water flowing through a tap at a constant rate is an example
of steady flow. Uniform flow:- The flow in which velocity at a given time does not change with
respect to space (length of direction of flow) is called as uniform flow. This term is generally applied
to flow in channels. Laminar flow:- The flow in which each liquid particle has definite path and path
of individual particles do not cross each other is called as laminar flow. e.g. Movement of blood in
human body, the flow of thick oil through a small tube. Turbulent flow:- Flow in which each liquid
particle does not have a definite path and the path of individual particles also cross each other is
called as turbulent flow. e.g. The flow of river at the time of flood is turbulent flow.

Explain Bernoulli’s theorem with neat sketch. State its two important assumptions.
This theorem states that whenever there is continuous flow of liquid the total energy at every
section remains same provided that there is no any addition or loss of energy. P/W + V2 /2g + Z =
constant Where, P/W = Pressure energy V2 /2g = Kinetic energy Z = Potential energy
Let us consider a conduit having 2-sections. Now, By using Bernoulli’s Theorem, Total head at
section 1 = Total head at section 2 P1/W + V1 2 /2g + Z1 = P2/W + V2 2 /2g + Z2

Assumptions:. The fluid is ideal. 2. The flow is steady & continuous. 3. The flow is incompressible. 4.
Velocity is uniform over the cross section. 5. The flow is irrotational.

Explain the terms involved in Darcy’s equation, Chezy’s equation for frictional loss, also
show that for given total head H, the power transmitted through a pipeline connected to a
reservoir is maximum when the loss of head due to friction hf = H/3 (Minor losses can be
neglected Darcy’s equation Where, hf = Head loss due to friction (m) f = Darcy’s coefficient of
friction L = Length of pipe (m) V = Velocity of flowing fluid
(m/s) Q = Discharge through pipe (m3 /s) d = Diameter
of pipe (m) g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2 )

Chezy’s equation Where, V = velocity of water in pipe m = hydraulic mean depth

=A/P = d/4 i = loss of head per unit length = hf/L C =Chezy’s constant

Power Transmitted Through a Pipe Power = W x Q x ( H - hf ) For Maximum Power

Transmission Power = W x Q x ( H – H/3) Where, W = Specific Weight of fluid (N/m3 ) Q = Volume
flow rate (m3 /s) H = Head of fluid available at inlet of pipe (m) hf = Head loss due to friction (m)

Orifice Meter or orifice Plate: It is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid
through a pipe. It is Cheaper device as compared to venturimeter. It also works on the same
principle as that of venturimeter. It consist of flat circular plate which has a cirxular sharp edged hole
called orifice, which is concentric with the pipe. The orifice diameter is kept generally 0.5 times the
diameter of the pipe, though it may vry from 0.4 to 0.8 times the pipe diameter. A differential
manometer is connected at section (1) , which is at a distance of about 1.5 to 2.0 times the pipe
diameter upstream from the orifice plate, and at section (2), which is at a distance of about half the
diameter of the orifice on the downstream side from the orifice plate.
A jet moving with a velocity of V m/s is made to strike a stationary i) flat plate normally ii)
flat inclined at an angle θ iii)symmertical curved vane at centre with tip angle θ In which
case the force exerted by the jet is maximum? Justify with suitable sketch and formula.
Force excerted by jet on flate plate normally =ρAV2 ii) Force excerted by jet on flate plate inclined at
an angle θ= ρAV2 sinθ iii) Force Excerted by jet on symmetrical curved vane at centre with tip angle
θ F= ρAV2 (1+cosθ) Force excerted by jet on symmetrical curved vane at centre with tip angle θ is
maximum. Justification: • Force excerted by jet on symmetrical curved vane at centre with tip
angle θ is maximum. • Because it contains (1+cosθ) term and as θ varies between to (1+cosθ)90 0
cosθ is positive and (1+cosθ) is always greater than 1. • Hence Force excerted by jet on symmetrical
curved vane at centre with tip angle θ is maximum.

Bourdon tube pressure gauge and state its advantages.

These give more
accurate results. •
Bourdon tube
cost low. •
Bourdon tube are
simple in
construction. •
They can be
modified to give
electrical outputs.
• They are safe
even for high
pressure
measurement. •
Accuracy is high
especially at high
pressures.

Static head: The sum of suction head & delivery head is known as static head.
Manometric head: It is the total head that pump is required to develop. This include all losses.
This is equal to difference between pressure head at inlet & outlet of pump.

State the need of surge tank in hydroelectric power plant

• It is the tank provided in the path of penstock to avoid pulsating discharge at inlet of turbines.

• To reduce effect of water hammer surge tanks are provided.

• During flow of water from reservoir to turbine through penstock pressure surges are created to
compensate these surges surge tank is provided.
Write Chezy’s equation for frictional losses and list all the terms involved in it.

Where; V = velocity of water in pipe, m = hydraulic mean depth =A/P = d/4 I = loss
of head per unit length, C = Chezy’s constant

List out the various measuring devices used for measuring fluid pressure The
Barometer, Piezometer or Pressure Tube, Manometers, The Bourdon Gauge The Diaphragm
Pressure Gauge, Micro Manometer (U-Tube with Enlarged Ends)

Hydraulic gradient line : Hydraulic gradient line is basically defined as the line which will give
the sum of pressure head and datum head or potential head of a fluid flowing through a pipe
with respect to some reference line.

Total Energy Line Total energy line is basically defined as the line which will give the sum of
pressure head, potential head and kinetic head of a fluid flowing through a pipe with respect to
some reference line.

For laminar flowi) The frictional resistance is proportional to velocity of flow. ii) The
frictional resistance is independent of iii) The frictional resistance is proportional to the surface
area in contact iv) The frictional resistance is varies with changes in temperature

Draft tube: The draft tube is a conduit which connects the runner exit to the tail race where
the water is being finally discharged from the turbine. The primary function of the draft tube is
to reduce the velocity of the discharged water to minimize the loss of kinetic energy at the
outlet. Different types of Draft Tubes i. Simple Elbow Draft Tube. ii. Elbow with varying
cross section. iii. Moody Spreading Draft Tube. iv. Conical Diffuser or Divergent Draft Tube

(i)Net Positive Suction Head or NPSH for pumps: It can be defined as the difference
between liquid pressure at pump suction and liquid vapor pressure, expressed in terms of height
of liquid column. Suction head is the term used to describe liquid pressure at pump suction in
terms of height of liquid column.

(ii) Cavitation: It is a phenomenon in which rapid changes of pressure in a liquid lead to the
formation of small vapor-filled cavities, in places where the pressure is relatively low. When
subjected to higher pressure, these cavities, called "bubbles" or "voids", collapse and can
generate an intense shock wave

Methods of priming. The pumps can be primed by any of the following methods.
1.Manually 2.With vacuum pump 3.With jet pump 4.With separator

An orifice plate: It is a thin plate with a hole in it, which is usually placed in a pipe. When a
fluid (whether liquid or gaseous) passes through the orifice, its pressure builds up slightly
upstream of the orifice but as the fluid is forced to converge to pass through the hole, the
velocity increases and the fluid pressure decreases. A little downstream of the orifice the flow
reaches its point of maximum convergence, the vena contracta where the velocity reaches its
maximum and the pressure reaches its minimum. Beyond that, the flow expands, the velocity
falls and the pressure increases.
Explain Pitot Tube • A pitot tube is the simple device used for measuring the velocity of the
flow at the required point in a pipe or a stream. It is also called as impact tube or stagnation
tube. It is based on the principle that if the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero, the pressure
is increased due to conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy. • In its simple form, a pitot
tube consists of a transparent glass tube bent through 900 and with ends unsealed. Diameter of
tube is larger enough to neglect capillary effects. One leg called as the body is inserted into the
flow at upstream and aligned with the direction of flow whereas the other leg, called as stem, is
vertical and open to atmosphere. The liquid is raise in the tube due to changes in energy. The
velocity is determined by measuring the rise in the tube. Consider a section 1 and 2 at a same
level just in front of inlet of the tube Apply Bernoulli’s equation P1/ γ + V1 2 / 2g + Z1 = P2 / γ +
V2 2 / 2g + Z2 Z1 = Z2 as they are at same level V2 = 0 because flow of particle is comes to
rest at point 2. h = rise in tube H = head of pressure at h + H = stagnation head
Substitute above value in Bernoulli’s H + V1 2 / 2g = h + H h = V1 2 / 2g V1 = √2gh Actual
velocity V = Cv V theoretical V = Cv √2gh Where Cv = Coefficient of velocity

Interpret the type of flow (Laminar / Turbulent) i. Laminar Flow ii. Turbulent Flow iii.
Laminar Flow iv. Turbulent Flow

Water hammer phenomenon: commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end
of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe. To reduce / avoid water
hammer effect following things are used. 1. Provide surge tank before the valve on main pipe
line. 2. Provide bypass pipe near the valve. 3. Provide Air traps or stand pipes (open at the top)
to absorb the potentially damaging forces caused by the moving water. 4. Use high strength
pipes. 5. Close the valve slowly.

Layout of Hydroelectric Power Plant:

Function of all elements of Hydroelectric Power Plant i) Dam (Reservoir):- It is water
reservoir generally constructed over the river it contains lot of potential energy. ii) Penstock: -
Pipes of large diameters called penstock, which carries water under high pressure from storage
reservoir to the turbines. iii) Turbines:- These are the wheels on which number of vanes are
fitted and converts hydraulic energy of water into rotary mechanical energy. iv) Tail race:- It is
the channel which carries water away from turbines after the water has worked on turbines. v)
Surge tank:-It is the tank provided in the path of penstock to avoid pulsating discharge at inlet of
turbines and to avoid water hammer effect.

Name of turbine for given conditions: i. Impulse Turbine (Pelton Wheel Turbine) ii. Reaction
Turbine (Kaplan Turbine) iii. Francis Turbine iv. Modern Francis Turbine

Submersible Pump: Definition: A submersible pump is a device which has a hermetically

sealed motor closecoupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to
be pumped. Application: Irrigation, drinking water supply Jet Pump: Definition: Jet pumps
are a class of liquid-handling device whereby a motive fluid is passed through an orifice or nozzle
to increase its velocity. Application: Feed water to boiler, chemical processing industries, fuel
storage industries, pumping of hazardous liquids an
Define kinematic viscosity A quantity representing the dynamic viscosity of a fluid per
unit density. The ratio of dynamic viscosity to its density

State Bernoulli’s theorem. The theorem states, in effect, that the total mechanical energy
of the flowing fluid, comprising the energy associated with fluid pressure, the gravitational
potential energy of elevation, and the kinetic energy of fluid motion, remains constant.
Bernoulli’s theorem is the principle of energy conservation for ideal fluids in steady, or
streamline, flow and is the basis for many engineering applications. p/w+v2 /2g+z = constant
where p/w = Pressure energy, v 2 /2g = kinetic energy, Z = datum energy

Types of draft tube1.conical draft tube 2.Simple elbow draft tube 3.Elbow draft tube with
circular inlet and rectangular outlet 4.Moody’s spreading draft tube

Define fluid pressure intensity and pressure head. Fluid pressure intensity:
Whenever a liquid such as water, oil, etc is contained in the vessel, it exerts force at all points on
the sides and bottom of container. This force per unit area is called intensity of pressure.
Pressure head: The vertical height or free surface above any point in a liquid at rest or height of
equivalent liquid column. h = P / ϼg = P / w
Explain the expression of force exerted by the impact of jet on an inclined fixed plate and
also draw in neat sketch for the same. Also find the work done.
Let, d = diameter of jet

a = Area of jet = (π/4) d2

V = Velocity of jet before

striking the plate

Vsinθ = component of
velocity normal to plate

m = mass of water striking

the plate per sec in Kg.

m= ρ a V

Fn = Normal force on the

plate.

Fn = mass of water X (velocity before impact in the direction normal to plate - Velocity after
impact in the direction normal to plate )

Fn = ρ a V (Vsinθ - 0) = ρ a V2 sinθ

Fx = Force in the direction of jet = Fn sinθ = ρ a V2 sin2 θ

Fy = Force in the direction normal to the jet = Fn cosθ = ρ a V2 sinθ x cosθ /2

Work done = 0 …..since plate is stationary

Specific gravity: It is the ratio of specific weight of fluid to the specific weight of water/air.
No unit. OR It is the ratio of mass density of fluid to the mass density of water/air. ii)Mass
density: It is the ratio of mass of fluid to the volume of fluid iii)Surface tension: The property of
the fluid which enables it to resist tensile stresss is called surface tension. iv) Specific volume: It
is defined as the ratio of volume to unit mass

Explain working principal, construction of pitot tube. How pitot tube is used for
measuring local velocity of flowing fluid?
Pitot tube- It is used for measuring
velocity of flow of fluid flowing
through the channel Construction:- It
consists of a glass tube, bent at right
angle as shown in figure. The diameter
of glass tube is large enough to nullify
the effect of capillary action. The tube
dipped vertically in the flowing fluid
with its lower end which is bent at 900
, facing the flow & other open end
projecting above fluid surface.
Dynamic viscosity is the force needed by a fluid to overcome its own internal molecular
friction so that the fluid will flow. In other words, dynamic viscosity is defined as the tangential
force per unit area needed to move the fluid in one horizontal plane with respect to other plane
with a unit velocity while the fluid's molecules maintain a unit distance apart. Dynamic viscosity
is directly proportional to the shear stress and has the SI units of N s/m2 (Newton second per
square meter) kinematic viscosity-A measure used in fluid flow studies, usually expressed as the
dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the fluid.

Steady Flow: Velocity, pressure and other properties of fluid flow can be functions of time
(apart from being functions of space). If a flow is such that the properties at every point in the
flow do not depend upon time, it is called a steady flow.

Unsteady or non-steady flow: is one where the properties do depend on time. It is

needless to say that any start up process is unsteady

NPSH- The margin of pressure over vapor pressure, at the pump suction nozzle, is Net Positive
Suction Head (NPSH). NPSH is the difference between suction pressure (stagnation) and vapor
pressure. In equation form: NPSH = Ps - Pvap Where: NPSH = NPSH available from the system, at
the pump inlet, with the pump running Ps = Stagnation suction pressure, at the pump inlet, with
the pump running

1)Atmospheric pressure: sometimes also called barometric pressure is the pressure within
the atmosphere of Earth (or that of another planet). The standard atmosphere is a unit of
pressure defined as 1013.25 mbar (101325 Pa), equivalent to 760 mm Hg atm unit is roughly
equivalent to the mean sea-level atmospheric pressure on Earth, that is, the Earth's atmospheric
pressure at sea level is approximately 1 atm.

2)Gauge pressure: is zero-referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal to absolute

pressure minus atmospheric pressure.

3)Absolute pressure: is zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, using an absolute scale,

so it is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.

4)Vacuum pressure:-vacuum pressure is the difference between the atmospheric pressure

and the absolute pressure. Pressure(vac) = pressure(atm) - pressure(abs)

Derive an expression for discharge through venturimeter.:- : Venturimeter is a

device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe. It consists of three
parts: • A short converging
part • Throat • Diverging
part Let d1 = diameter at
the inlet (section 1) P1 =
pressure at section 1 V1 =
velocity at section 1 A1=
area at section1 d2, P2,
V2, A2 are the
corresponding values at
the throat (section 2)
Applying Bernoulli,s Theorem at section 1 & 2 and neglecting losses.
 Differentiate between Francis & Kaplan turbine (any eight point)

Give classification of hydraulic turbine & their application.

According to the type of energy available at inlet to the turbine 1) Impulse turbine
(only K.E. available at inlet) eg. Pelton wheel turbine 2) Reaction turbine (only KE. & Pressure energy
available at inlet) eg. Francis, Kaplan turbine

II. According to the head available at inlet to the turbine 1) Low head turbine (less
than 60 m) eg. Kaplan turbine 2) Medium head turbine (60 m to 250 m) eg. Francis turbine 3) High
head turbine (above 250 m) eg. Pelton wheel turbine

III. According to the specific speed of the turbine 1) Low specific speed (less than 60)
eg. Pelton wheel turbine 2) Medium specific speed (60 to 400) eg. Francis turbine 3) High specific
speed (greater than 400) eg. Kaplan turbine

IV. According to direction of flow through runner 1) Tangential flow turbine 2) Radial
flow turbine 3) Axial flow turbine 4) Mixed flow turbine

State laws of fluid friction for laminar flow. (any four) i) The frictional resistance is
proportional to velocity of flow. ii) The frictional resistance is independent of pressure. iii) The
frictional resistance is proportional to the surface area in contact iv) The frictional resistance is varies
with changes in temperature v) The frictional resistance is independent of the nature of surface of
contact
a) Define density: It is defined as mass per volume. Specific gravity: it is the ratio of mass
density or specific weight of fluid to the mass density or specific weight of ideal fluid.

b) Define fluid pressure intensity: it is force per unit area. Pressure head: It is the pressure
exerted by a liquid and can also be expressed as the height of equivalent liquid column or vertical
height or the free surface above any point in a liquid at rest.

c) State the Bernoulli’s theorem Total energy per unit weight of an ideal fluid and
incompressible fluid at any point during flow remains constant. Therefore Total energy per unit
weight = p/w + v 2 /2g + Z = constant

d) State the types of fluid flow 1) steady and unsteady flow 2) uniform and non uniform flow 3)
laminar and turbulent flow 4) compressible and incompressible flow 5) rotational and irrigational
flow

Describe continuity equation It is based on law of conservation of mass according to which

the mass can neither be created nor destroyed. For a fluid flowing through a pipe of variable cross
section, the quantity of fluid passing per second is constant at all sections. This is known as
continuity equation. Q= A1V1=A2V2= constant

Define slip It is the difference between theoretical discharge and actual discharge. Negative slip:
Actual discharge of a reciprocating pump is more than the theoretical discharge. In such cases the
coefficient of discharge will be more than unity, and the corresponding slip is known as negative slip
of the pump.

Classify the hydraulic turbines According to the type of energy available at inlet to the turbine 1)
impulse turbine and 2) Reaction turbine According to direction of flow through runner 1) tangential
flow turbine 2) radial flow turbine 3) axial flow turbine 4) mixed flow turbine According to the head
available at inlet to the turbine 1) Low head turbine (2 m to 15 m)

Define in connection with centrifugal pump: i. Manometric Efficiency ii. Mechanical

Efficiency iii. Overall efficiency iv. Net positive suction head. Answer: i. Manometric Efficiency: The
ratio of the manometric head to the head imparted by the impeller to the water is known as
manometric efficiency. Mathematically it is written as, ηman = manometric head / head imparted by
impeller to water. ii. Mechanical Efficiency: The ratio of the power available at the impeller to the
power at the shaft of the centrifugal pump is known as mechanical efficiency. Mathematically it is
written as, ηm = power at the impeller / power at the shaft iii. Overall efficiency: It is defined as ratio
of power output of the pump to the power input to the pump. The power output of the pump in KW.
Mathematically it is written as,

Define: I. Viscosity: Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers resistance to the
movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid. SI unit of viscosity: Ns/m2 II.
Kinematic Viscosity: Kinematic Viscosity is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity
and density of fluid. Mathematically, v = viscosity/ density v = µ ÷ ϼ
Explain construction
and working of
Venturimeter.
Converging part: It is that
portion of the venturi where the
fluid gets converges. Throat: It is
the portion that lies in between
the converging and diverging part
of the venturi. The cross section
of the throat is much less than the cross section of the converging and diverging parts. As the fluid
enters in the throat, its velocity increases and pressure decreases. Diverging part: It is the portion of
the venturimeter (venturi) where the fluid gets diverges. Working The venturimeter is used to
measure the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through the pipes. Two cross section, first at the inlet and
the second one is at the throat. The difference in the pressure heads of these two sections is used to
calculate the rate of flow through venturimeter.As the water enters at the inlet section i.e. in the
converging part it converges and reaches to the throat.The throat has the uniform cross section area
and least cross section area in the venturimeter. As the water enters in the throat its velocity gets
increases and due to increase in the velocity the pressure drops to the minimum.Now there is a
pressure difference of the fluid at the two sections. At the section 1(i.e. at the inlet) the pressure of
the fluid is maximum and the velocity is minimum. And at the section 2 (at the throat) the velocity of
the fluid is maximum and the pressure is minimum.The pressure difference at the two section can be
seen in the manometer attached at both the section.This pressure difference is used to calculate the
rate flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe

Specific gravity: It is defined as the ratio of density of liquid to density of water or specific
weight of liquid to specific weight of water.

Specific volume: It is defined as the ratio of volume to unit mass.

Cavitation:-The phenomenon in which the vapour bubbles are formed when vapour pressure of
liquid (Water) falls below atmospheric pressure. The subsequent collapsing of vapour bubbles in
high pressure region of centrifugal pump creates high stresses on metallic body of impeller, casing
this produces cavities on such surfaces. Cavitation reduces efficiency of pumps. Prevention
Methods:- i) The design of pump should be such that the pressure of flowing liquid in any part of
turbine should not be allowed to fall below vapour pressure of liquid. ii) The special materials or
coatings such as aluminum, bronze and stainless steel should be used as a cavitation resistant

Multistage of centrifugal pumps:- If the centrifugal pump consists of two or more impellers then
pump is called multistage of centrifugal pump. The impellers are mounted on the same shaft or on
the different shafts.

1)Multistage centrifugal pump for High Head (Pumps are in Series):- To develop a high head, the
numbers of impellers are mounted in series or on the same shaft.

2) Multistage centrifugal pump for High Discharge (Pumps are in Parallel) :-To obtain high discharge
pumps should be connected in parallel .
Functions of Draft tube: 1. It enables the turbine to be placed above the tail race, so that the
turbine may be inspected property. 2. to convert the kinetic energy (v12) of the water, exhausted by
the runner into pressure energy tube.

Types of Draft tube: a) Conical draft tubes b) Simple Elbow draft tubes c) Moody spreading
tube d) Draft tube with circular inlet and rectangular outlet Explanation:- a) In a Conical type, the
diameter of the tube gradually
increases from the outlet of the runner
to the channel. These are commonly
used in Francis turbine. b) In elbow
type, the bend of the draft tube is
generally increases from the outlet of
the runner to the channel. c) Moody
spreading tube is best suited for inward
and outward flow turbines, having
helical flow which is due to velocity of
whirl at outlet of the runner. d) Draft
tube with circular inlet and rectangular
outlet is used in Kaplan turbine. Efficiency of elbow draft tube is as large as 60%-70%.

Explain with sketch

hydraulic Gradiant Line
and Total energy line.
Hydraulic Gradient Line: If
pressure head s(p/w) of a
liquid flowing in a pipe be
plotted as vertical ordinates on
the centre line of the pipe,
then the line joining the tops of
such ordinates is known as
hydraulic gradient line. Total
energy line: If the sum of pressure heads & velocity heads (p/w + v2 /2g) of a liquid flowing in a pipe
be plotted as vertical ordinates on the centre line of the pipe, then the joining the tops of such
ordinates is known as Total energy line. The Total energy line lies over the hydraulic gradient by an
amount equal to the velocity heads as shown in figure.

Classify hydraulic turbines. g According to types of energy available at inlet of the

turbine: i. Impulse turbine ii. Reaction turbine According to direction of flow through runner: i.
Tangential flow turbine ii. Radial flow turbine iii. Axial flow turbine iv. Mixed flow turbine According
to head available at inlet of the turbine: i. Low head turbine (02 m -15 m) ii. Medium head
turbine (16 m -70 m) iii. High head turbine (71m - above) According to specific speed of the turbine:
i. Low specific speed ii. Medium specific speed iii. High specific speed

Define total pressure and centre of pressure. e Total pressure: Total pressure exerted by the
liquid on immersed surface. Centre of pressure: The resultant pressure on an immersed surface will
act some point below the centre of gravity of the immersed surface and towards the lower edge of
the figure. The point through which this resultant pressure acts is known as Centre of pressure.
\
State any four f functions of air vessels in reciprocating pump. i. To obtain uniform discharge. ii.
To maintain uniform rate of flow of liquid in suction and delivery pipes. iii. It reduces the work
required to drive the pump due to reduction in accelerating heads and friction losses. iv. The pump
can used at higher speeds without the fear of flow separation caused by reduced acceleration heads.