March 2022

A PROJECT REPORT
ON
“Circuit breaker based on password multi microcontroller
networking system”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF
DIPLOMA IN
ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
MUMBAI
SUBMITTED BY
Name Of Students Enrollment No.

1. Kamble Sahil Mahendra 1710510196

2. Yalmulkar Nitin Baban 1710510197
3. Lande Akash Kondu 1710510199
4. Chemate Sonali Rajendra 1810510008

GUIDED BY
Smt. Pathan J.J.
Government Polytechnic, Awasari (Kh)
2019-2020
 March 2022

“COIN INSERTION BASED MOBILE CHARGING SYSTEM”

Submitted by
Name Of Students Enrollment No.

1. Kamble Sahil Mahendra 1710510196

2. Yalmulkar Nitin Baban 1710510197
3. Lande Akash Kondu 1710510199
4. Chemate Sonali Rajendra 1810510008

In partial fulfillment of
Diploma in
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Guided by
Smt. Pathan J.J.

Government Polytechnic, Awasari (Kh)

Institute code-1051
2021 – 2022
 March 2022

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Coin Insertion Based
Mobile Charging System” was successfully completed by student of sixth
semester Diploma in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Dighe Atul Sambhaji
Borkar Prathmesh Balu
Bangar Sushant Manjaba
Revgade Abhishek Punjaram
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Diploma in
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering of Government
Polytechnic, Awasari (Kh.) work carried out during a period for academic
year 2021-2022 as per curriculum.

Smt. A. R. Bansode Dr. P. S. Sharma

Project Guide Head Of Department

Dr. D. R. Nandanwar
External Examiner Principal
 March 2022

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project done as final year project title “Coin Insertion Based
Mobile Charging System” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the Diploma in Electronics And Tele-communication Engineering.
We are really thankful to the Principal Dr. D. R. Nandanwar, and the
Head of Department Dr. P. S. Sharma, Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering Department, Government Polytechnic, Awasari (Kh.) for their
valuable guidance and assistance without which the accomplishment of the
project would have never been possible.
We also thank Smt. Pathan J. J. for guiding and giving this opportunity
to explore into the real world, realize the interrelation without which a project can
never progress. We are also grateful to parents, friends and all staff of
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Department, for providing
us relevant information, and support.

1. Dr. Sharma P.S.

2. Smt. Bansode A.R.
3. Smt. Devkule S.S.
4. Smt. Hande M.B.
 March 2022

ABSTRACT

Circuit breakers are an important safety feature in electrical systems, used

to protect against overloads and short circuits that can cause damage or even

fires. However, traditional circuit breakers have limitations in terms of remote

control and monitoring, making them difficult to integrate into modern smart

homes and buildings. This paper proposes a novel approach to circuit breaker

design that leverages multi microcontroller networking systems and password-

based authentication to enable remote control and monitoring of circuit breakers.

The proposed circuit breaker system consists of multiple microcontrollers that

communicate with each other over a network. The slave devices detects whether

the fault is happened in any line or not and informs to the central control unit.

The microcontrollers are connected to a central control unit, which manages the

phase lines.

Content
 March 2022

______________________________________________

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION….…………………………..….1
CHAPTER 2 -BLOCK DIAGRAM………………………………..3
2.1 Block Diagram …………………………………....………………4
2.2Component Used In Block Diagram…………......………………..5
2.3 Block Diagram Description………………………………….……6
CHAPTER 3 – Circuit Diagram…………………………......……..8
3.1 Circuit Diagram………………………..………………….………9
CHAPTER 4- INTRODUCTION OF ARDUINO…………………..10
4.1Introduction……………………………………………………..…11
4.2Pin Diagram………………………………………………………..17
4.3 Features……………………………………………..……………..19
CHAPTER 5 –HARDWARE DESCIPTION…………………..…..20
5.1 Power Supply………………………….........................………....21
5.2 Mobile Charger ……......…………………………………………..27
5.3 Relay Module .........……………………..…………………..…....30
5.4 Coin Sensor…….……………………………………………….…32
5.5 16*2 LCD……………………………………………….………...34
5.6 LED……….……………………………………………………....39
CHAPTER 6- PROGRAMMING………………………………...….41
6.1 Algorithm…………………………………………………….....…..42
6.2 Flowchart……………………………………………………….…..43
6.3Program……………..………….…………………………..……….44
CHAPTER 7 – RESULT, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
7.1 Result………………………………………………………………..52
7.2 Conclusions…………………………………………….…………...54
7.3 Future scope………………………………………….……………..54
 March 2022

CHAPTER 8 – REFERENCES…………………………….…….......55
8.1 Books……………………………………………………………….56
8.2 Websites……………………………………………….…………....56
CHAPTER 9 –APPENDIX………………………………………........57
List of Component with Price……………..…………………….…..….58
 March 2022

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A circuit breaker is a crucial component in electrical systems that protect against

overloading and short-circuiting. The conventional circuit breaker relies on a

 March 2022

mechanical switching mechanism that trips the circuit when the current exceeds a

certain level. However, with the advancement in technology, the conventional circuit

breaker has been replaced with an intelligent circuit breaker that incorporates a

microcontroller.

The microcontroller-based circuit breaker has many advantages over the

traditional circuit breaker. It can perform various functions such as detecting

overloads, short-circuits, and ground faults, and can also provide remote monitoring

and control. These advanced features make the microcontroller-based circuit breaker

an ideal choice for modern electrical systems.

One such system is a password-based multi-microcontroller networking system,

which is used to control and monitor multiple circuits using a network of

microcontrollers. This system incorporates a password-based security mechanism that

allows only authorized users to access the circuits.

The password-based multi-microcontroller networking system is designed to

provide enhanced security, control, and monitoring of electrical systems. The system

consists of multiple microcontrollers that are connected to each other using a network.

Each microcontroller is responsible for controlling and monitoring one or more

circuits.
 March 2022

The system is designed to be user-friendly, and it can be operated using a simple

user interface. The user interface allows the user to enter the password to gain access

to the circuits. Once the user enters the password, they can control and monitor the

circuits from the user interface.

The password-based security mechanism ensures that only authorized users can

access the circuits. This is crucial in ensuring the safety and security of the electrical

system. Unauthorized access to the circuits can lead to overloading, short-circuiting,

and other safety hazards.

The password-based multi-microcontroller networking system also provides

remote monitoring and control. This means that the user can monitor and control the

circuits from a remote location using a computer or mobile device. This feature is

particularly useful in situations where the user is not present at the site of the electrical

system.

In addition to the password-based security mechanism and remote monitoring

and control, the system also incorporates other advanced features such as real-time

monitoring and fault detection. The system continuously monitors the circuits and

provides real-time alerts in case of any fault or abnormal behavior. This helps in

detecting and addressing issues before they escalate into a major problem.
 March 2022

The password-based multi-microcontroller networking system is designed to be

highly reliable and efficient. The use of microcontrollers ensures that the system can

perform multiple functions simultaneously without compromising on performance.

The system is also designed to be scalable, which means that it can be expanded to

include more circuits and microcontrollers as the need arises.

 March 2022

CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM :

 March 2022

2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

In this block diagram I will shows how to work the project in a simple

method. In this project the main part is controller that is 8051 microcontroller. I

will connect different peripherals to the 8051. In this we connect LCD display,
 March 2022

Relay Module, RF Transmitter & RF Receiver, Led, etc. This project is divide into

two devices one is control unit and another one is slave unit. Here slave unit is

used to detect the faults in transmission line and whenever the faults occurred it

will send alert message to the control unit via RF Transmitter circuit. Control unit

is basically a circuit of password based circuit breaker. Which will turn on or off

the particular transmission line as per the password entered by the user. Here one

of the advantage of our project is that whenever tha fault is occurred in

transmission line, the control unit will automatically turn off that particular line so

it will avoid any accident made by the fault. And that particular transmission line

will get turn on whenever the lineman enter correct password.

2.2 COMPONENT USED IN PROJECT:

1. AT89S52

2. DC Power Adapter

3. RF-Transmitter & Receiver

4. 16x2 LCD Display

5. LED

6. Capacitor

7. Header Strips

8. Relay module

9. Resistor
 March 2022

10.Connectors

11. Connecting wires

12. 4x3 Keypad

13.Copper Clad PCB

14.HT12D Decoder IC

15.HT12E Encoder IC
 March 2022

CHAPTER 3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 March 2022

3 .1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-

Fig.. Control Unit

Fig.. Slave Device

 March 2022

CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION TO 8051

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO AT89S52 Development Board:-

 March 2022

Fig: AT89S52 Board

The Atmel AT89S52 is an 8051 based Full Static CMOS controller with

Three-Level Program Memory Lock, 32 I/O lines, 3 Timers/Counters, 8

Interrupts Sources, Watchdog Timer, 2 DPTRs, 8K Flash Memory, 256 Bytes

On-chip RAM.

Development Board for AT89S52 is basically a memory board which is placed on

a single integrated circuit chip. It consists of memory, a processor, as well as

input-output interfaces.

Main Features:

 RS232 Tx, Rx interface with MAX232 IC on socket

 March 2022

 DIL40 ZIF Socket ( Zero Insertion Force) microcontroller socket - To

Reduce Microcontroller Damages

 Quartz crystal 11.0592Mhz

 Reset button

 Power plug-in jack

 Extension slot on every uC pin

 GND bus

 Vcc bus.

 Four mounting holes 3,3 mm (0,13")

I/O Features:

 ISP Programming Supported (Usbasp Programmer Supported)

 89v51RD2 Flasher through RS232 using Flash magic Software

 On board Regulated Power Supply 5v,12v supplies

 Easy to test with Burg Connectors wires

 An RS232 Serial Port

 DC Power Supply Connector (12v Ac or Dc)

4 LED array

2 Interrupt Switches
 March 2022

4. 2 PIN DIAGRAM:-

Fig: Pin diagram of AT89S52

 Pin Descriptions:-
 ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte

of the address during accesses to external memory. ALE is emitted at a

constant rate of 1/6 of the oscillator frequency, for external timing or

clocking purposes, even when there are no accesses to external memory.

 March 2022

(However, one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data

Memory.) This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during EPROM

programming.

 PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external Program

Memory. When the device is executing out of external Program Memory,

PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle (except that two PSEN

activations are skipped during accesses to external Data Memory). PSEN is

not activated when the device is executing out of internal Program Memory.

 EA/VPP: When EA is held high the CPU executes out of internal Program

Memory (unless the Program Counter exceeds 0FFFH in the 80C51).

Holding EA low forces the CPU to execute out of external memory

regardless of the Program Counter value. In the 80C31, EA must be

externally wired low. In the EPROM devices, this pin also receives the

programming supply voltage (VPP) during EPROM programming.

 XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier.

 XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

 Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional port. As an open drain

output port, it can sink eight LS TTL loads. Port 0 pins that have 1s written

to them float, and in that state will function as high impedance inputs. Port 0

is also the multiplexed low-order address and data bus during accesses to

external memory. In this application it uses strong internal pullups when

 March 2022

emitting 1s. Port 0 emits code bytes during program verification. In this

application, external pullups are required.

 Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. Port 1

pins that have 1s written to them are pulled high by the internal pullups, and

in that state can be used as inputs. As inputs, port 1 pins that are externally

being pulled low will source current because of the internal pullups.

 Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. Port 2

emits the high-order address byte during accesses to external memory that

use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses the strong internal pullups

when emitting 1s.

 Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. It also

serves the functions of various special features of the 80C51 Family as

follows:

 Port Pin Alternate Function

o P3.0 RxD (serial input port)

o P3.1 TxD (serial output port)

o P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)

o P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)

o P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)

o P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)

o P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)

 March 2022

o P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)

 VCC: Supply voltage

 VSS: Circuit ground potential

4.3 FEATURES:-
 Compatible with MCS-51 Products
 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
 Three-level Program Memory Lock
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Eight Interrupt Sources
 Programmable Serial Channel
 Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
 40-pin PDIP
 March 2022

CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
 March 2022

5.1 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT:-

Fig: Block diagram of Power Supply

Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

 Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

 Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.

 Smoothing - smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.

 Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

Bridge rectifier:

A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available
in special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave
Rectifier because it uses the entire AC wave (both positive and negative sections).

1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when
conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as shown in the diagram
below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can pass and the
 March 2022

maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at least three times the
supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand the peak voltages

Smoothing:

Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across

the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying
DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying
DC (dotted line) and the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly
near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the
output.

Voltage regulator:

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or
variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass.
Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most
regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload
protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Below is the circuit diagram of
power supply which gives output of 5V, as only that much is required for
microcontroller. Its circuit diagram and designing calculation are given below.

Fig: Circuit diagram of 12V Power Supply

 March 2022

The +12 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7812 voltage
regulator IC. This IC contains all the circuitry needed to accept any input voltage
from 15 to 24 volts and produce a steady +12 volt output, accurate to within 5%
(0.25 volt). It also contains current-limiting circuitry and thermal overload
protection, so that the IC won't be damaged in case of excessive load current; it
will reduce its output voltage instead.

The advantage of a bridge rectifier is you don’t need a center tap on the
secondary of the transformer. A further but significant advantage is that the ripple
frequency at the output is twice the line frequency (i.e. 50Hz) and makes filtering
somewhat easier.

The use of capacitor c1 and c2 is to make signal ripple free. The capacitor
used before the regulator is to make ac signal ripple free and then later which we
are using is for safety, if incase there is a ripple left after regulating, then c2nwill
remove it.

We require 12V at the o/p of the regulator.

The drop out voltage of the regulator is 2V As per the data sheet)

Vdc = 12+2 = 14V

So at the regulator input, the voltage applied should be of 14V.

According to the formula,

Vdc = 2Vm/Pi

Assuming there is no ripple Capacitor from

Vm= Vdc .pi/2

 March 2022

=12 x 3.14)/2

=18.84V

Vm= 18.84V

During one cycle, two diodes are conducting

Drop out voltage of one diode = 0.7V

Drop out voltage of two diode = 1.4V

Vim = Vm+ 1.4V

=18.84+1.4= 20.24V

Vim=20.24V

Vrms = Vim/sqrt(2)

= 20.24/sqrt(2)

= 14.31V

Vrms = 14.31V

So we select transformer of 15V.

Similarly

Im=Idc x pi/2

Im=700m x 3.14/2

= 1.099A.

Irms= Im/sqrt(2)

= 1.099A/sqrt(2)

` = 777.11mA

Irms = 777.11mA

So we select the transformer of current rating 1A.

 March 2022

Considering the above transformer rating,

We take the transformer of 0-15V/1A

TRANFORMER – 0-15V/1A Stepdown transformer.

2. Rectifier Design:

PIV of diode = Vm = 12.39V

Im= 628mA

BRIDGE RECTIFIER –

So, we select the bridge IC of 1Ampere rating.

R = Vdc/Idc

= 15 / 400m

= 37.5Ohms.

Vr = 2(Vim – Vdc)

= 2(20.24 – 12)

= 8.24V

C = Vdc/ (FxRxVr)

= 12/ (100x17.5x8.24)

= 832.17uF

So for Safe working we select capacitor of 1000uF

C1 = 1000uF / 35V Electrolytic Capacitor.

C2 = 0.1uF Ceramic Capacitor.

So the power supply made from the above mentioned components gives the
output of 12V.
 March 2022

5.2 RF Transmitter and Receiver :-

In many projects, we use RF modules to transmitting and receiving the data

because it has a high volume of applications than IR. RF transceiver module will

always work in a pair that is it needs a Transmitter and Receiver to send and

receive the data. A transmitter can only send information and a Receiver and can

only receive it, so data can send from one end to another and not the other way

around.

The Transmitter module consists of three pins namely Vcc, Din and ground as

shown above. The Vcc pin has a wide range input voltage from 3V to 12V. The
 March 2022

transmitter consumes a minimum current of 9mA and can go as high as 40mA

during transmission. The center pin is the data pin to transmite the signal. This

signal modulated using the ASK and then sent on air at a frequency of 433MHz. 

RF  receiver module has four pins namely Vcc, Dout, Linear out and Ground as

shown above. The Vcc pin should be powered with a regulated 5V supply. The

operating current of this module is less than 5.5mA. The pins Dout and Linear out

is shorted together to receive the 433Mhz signal from air. This signal is then

demodulated to get the data and sent out through the data pin.
 March 2022

5.3 LED:-

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light

when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine
with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required
for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.[5] White light is
obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor
on the semiconductor device.

Fig: Light Emitting Diode

WORKING PRINCIPLE:-
A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n
junction diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied
to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence,
and the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.
 March 2022

Fig: Working Principle of LED

FEATURES:

 Energy Saving:- The LEDs are extremely efficient low energy light sources.
 Light gains:- In 2005 the white LEDs reached outputs of over 30 lumens /
Watt and coloured versions 50 lumens / Watt.
 Long operational life:- up to 50,000 hours.
 Compact light source:- no other lamp possesses such small dimensions for a
comparative light output.
 No radiation:- the LEDs do not emit ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR)
radiation.
 Durable lamps:- The LEDs are durable against impact and vibration.
 Dimmable LEDs:- the LEDs can be dimmed.
 Coloured lamps:- Coloured light can be produced effectively – over 16
million colours.
 March 2022

5.4 RELAY MODULE

A power relay module is an electrical switch that is operated by an

electromagnet. The electromagnet is activated by a separate low-power signal

from a micro controller. When activated, the electromagnet pulls to either open or

close an electrical circuit.

A simple relay consists of wire coil wrapped around a soft iron core, or

solenoid, an iron yoke that delivers a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a

movable iron armature and one or more sets of contacts. The movable armature is
 March 2022

hinged to the yoke and linked to one or more set of the moving contacts. Held in

place by a spring, the armature leaves a gap in the magnetic circuit when the relay

is de-energized. While in this position, one of the two sets of contacts is closed

while the other set remains open.

When electrical current is passed through a coil, it generates a magnetic

field that in turn activates the armature. This movement of the movable contacts

makes or breaks a connection with the fixed contact. When the relay is de-

energized, the sets of contacts that were closed, open and breaks the connection

and vice versa if the contacts were open. When switching off the current to the

coil, the armature is returned, by force, to its relaxed position. This force is

usually provided by a spring, but gravity can also be used in certain applications.

Most power relays are manufactured to operate in a quick manner.

For distribution of power in high current applications, GEP Power

Products is the industry leader in high power relay module design and

manufacturing.

Rated up to 70 amps, GEP’s power relay modules are designed for

seamless integration in high power distribution applications. The convenient

integral mounting brackets provide easy installation and accessibility. With

endless options such as terminal position assurance available for wire retention,
 March 2022

GEP Power Products’ power distribution solutions and off-road industry

knowledge are second to none.

5.5 DC ADAPTER

DC power supplies are power supplies which produce an output DC

voltage. Power supplies are devices that deliver electric power to one or several

loads. They generate the output power by converting an input signal into an

output signal (in this case, a DC output).

 March 2022

Features:-

 Excellent Quality

 Short Circuit, Over Voltage & Over Current Protection

 Incredibly Low Fault Rates

 No Minimum Load

 This power supply is a regulated Center Positive power supply

 It's plug design is for Indian power socket so, no plug converter is required

 Compact size & light weight

 High Reliability

 Regulated Stable Voltage

 Good quality SMPS Based Adapter

 Stabilized Output, low ripple & low interference

 Single Output Voltage

 High Efficiency & low energy consumption

Specifications:-

 Input - 100-240 VAC 50/60Hz  

 Category - Switch Mode Power Adaptor (SMPS)

 Output Type - DC
 March 2022

 Output - 12Volts 2Amp

5.6 LCD DISPLAY

 The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic

display module used in an extensive range of applications like various

circuits & devices like mobile phones, calculators, computers, TV sets, etc.

These displays are mainly preferred for multi-segment light-emitting

diodes and seven segments. The main benefits of using this module are

inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there are no

limitations for displaying custom characters, special and even animations,

etc.
 March 2022

 Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect

the GND terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.

 Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used

to connect the supply pin of the power source.

 Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the

display, used to connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.

 Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or

data register, used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0

or 1(0 = data mode, and 1 = command mode).

 Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read

or writes operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get

either 0 or 1 (0 = Write Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).

 Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute

Read/Write process, and it is connected to the microcontroller unit &

constantly held high.

 Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display.

These pins are connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire

mode. In 4-wire mode, only four pins are connected to the microcontroller

unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-wire mode, 8-pins are connected to

microcontroller unit like 0 to 7.

 Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V

 Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.

 March 2022

 Features of LCD16x2

 The features of this LCD mainly include the following.

 The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V

 It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.

 The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight

 Every character can be built with a 5×8 pixel box

 The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers

 Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit

 These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight

 It displays a few custom generated characters

 Registers of LCD

 A 16×2 LCD has two registers like data register and command register.

The RS (register select) is mainly used to change from one register to

another. When the register set is ‘0’, then it is known as command register.

Similarly, when the register set is ‘1’, then it is known as data register.

 Command Register

 The main function of the command register is to store the instructions of

command which are given to the display. So that predefined tasks can be

performed such as clearing the display, initializing, set the cursor place,

and display control. Here commands processing can occur within the

register.
 March 2022

 Data Register

 The main function of the data register is to store the information which is to

be exhibited on the LCD screen. Here, the ASCII value of the character is

the information which is to be exhibited on the screen of LCD. Whenever

we send the information to LCD, it transmits to the data register, and then

the process will be starting there. When register set =1, then the data

register will be selected.

 16×2 LCD Commands

 The commands of LCD 16X2 include the following.

 For Hex Code-01, the LCD command will be the clear LCD screen

 For Hex Code-02, the LCD command will be returning home

 For Hex Code-04, the LCD command will be decrement cursor

 For Hex Code-06, the LCD command will be Increment cursor

 For Hex Code-05, the LCD command will be Shift display right

 For Hex Code-07, the LCD command will be Shift display left

 For Hex Code-08, the LCD command will be Display off, cursor off

 For Hex Code-0A, the LCD command will be cursor on and display off

 For Hex Code-0C, the LCD command will be cursor off, display on

 For Hex Code-0E, the LCD command will be cursor blinking, Display on

 For Hex Code-0F, the LCD command will be cursor blinking, Display on

 For Hex Code-10, the LCD command will be Shift cursor position to left
 March 2022

 For Hex Code-14, the LCD command will be Shift cursor position to the

right

 For Hex Code-18, the LCD command will be Shift the entire display to the

left

 For Hex Code-1C, the LCD command will be Shift the entire display to the

right

 For Hex Code-80, the LCD command will be Force cursor to the beginning

( 1st line)

 For Hex Code-C0, the LCD command will be Force cursor to the

beginning ( 2nd line)

 For Hex Code-38, the LCD command will be 2 lines and 5×7 matrix

5.7 4x3 Keypad

 March 2022

This DC 12V 4×3 Matrix 12 keys Membrane Switch Keypad is high-quality soft
touch feeling button keypad with 100 million life-stroke lifespans and good
resistance to environmental conditions. This DC 12V 4×3 Key Matrix Membrane
Switch Keypad is a high-quality product at very low cost for your application
needs. This 12-button keypad provides a useful human interface component for
microcontroller projects. Convenient adhesive backing provides a simple way to
mount the keypad in a variety of applications.

The Keypad 4×3 features a total of 12 buttons in Matrix form. This is a

membrane keypad with no moving parts. A female 7-pin berg connector is require
for interfacing it with your microcontroller circuits.

Features:

 Ultra-thin design & adhesive backing provides easy integration to any

project
 Excellent price-performance ratio
 Easy communication with any microcontroller
 5 pins 2.54mm pitch connector, 4×3 type 12 keys.
 Sticker can peel off for adhesive mounting.
 Used widely in industrial and home electronic equipments, instrument,
etc.
 This allows a microcontroller to ‘scan’ the 7 output pins to see which of
the 12 buttons is being pressed.
 March 2022

CHAPTER 6
PROGRAMMING
 March 2022

6.1 ALGORITHM:

A. Control unit algorithm

1) Start

2) Initialize lcd display and keypad

3) If password is correct, particular load will be turn on and off

4) If the fault alert is received from slave device, control unit will turn off that

particular load

5) Display status of all loads

6) End

B. Slave device algorithm

1) Start

2) Initialize peripherals

3) If fault is detected turn on the indicator

4) Send alert to the control unit

 March 2022

5) End

6.2 FLOW CHART:

A. Control Unit Flow Chart
 March 2022

B. Slave Unit Flow Chart

 March 2022

6.3 PROGRAM:

C. Code for control Unit

 March 2022

// Control Board

#include <reg51.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

// connected pins
// keypad rows
sbit keyrow1 = P0 ^ 0;
sbit keyrow2 = P0 ^ 1;
sbit keyrow3 = P0 ^ 2;
sbit keyrow4 = P0 ^ 3;
//keypad column
sbit keycolumn1 = P0 ^ 4;
sbit keycolumn2 = P0 ^ 5;
sbit keycolumn3 = P0 ^ 6;

// relay pins
sbit relay_r = P1 ^ 0;
sbit relay_y = P1 ^ 1;
sbit relay_b = P1 ^ 2;

// signal pins
sbit d_out3 = P3^2;
sbit d_out2 = P3^3;
sbit d_out1 = P3^4;

// relay flags
int r_relay = 0;
int y_relay = 0;
int b_relay = 0;

// lcd pins
sbit rs = P1 ^ 5;
sbit rw = P1 ^ 4;
sbit en = P1 ^ 3;
 March 2022

// switch pin
sbit sw = P1 ^ 6;

//functions
void lcdcmd(unsigned char);
void lcddat(unsigned char);
void lcddisplay(unsigned char *q);
char keypad();
void check();
void delay(unsigned int);

//passwords
unsigned char pin1[] = {"131"};
unsigned char pin2[] = {"464"};
unsigned char pin3[] = {"797"};
unsigned char pin4[] = {"313"};
unsigned char pin5[] = {"646"};
unsigned char pin6[] = {"979"};
unsigned char Epin[3];

// main function
void main()
{

lcdcmd(0x0F); //decimal value: 15

lcdcmd(0x38); //decimal value: 56
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1

P3=0xFF;
relay_r=0;
relay_y=0;
relay_b=0;

lcdcmd(0x80); //decimal value: 128

lcddisplay("PASSWORD BASED");
lcdcmd(0xc0); //decimal value: 192
lcddisplay("CIRCUIT BREAKER");
 March 2022

delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01);

while (1)
{
if(sw==0)
{
unsigned int i = 0;
lcdcmd(0x80); //decimal value: 128
lcddisplay("ENTER PIN NUMBER");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0xc0); //decimal value: 192
while (i!=3)
{
Epin[i] = keypad();
delay(1000);
i++;
}
check();
}

if(relay_r == 0 && d_out1 == 1)

{
relay_r=1;
r_relay=1;
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x81);
lcddisplay("Alert! Fault in");
lcdcmd(0xC1);
lcddisplay("R Line");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01);
}

if(relay_y == 0 && d_out2 == 1)

{
relay_y=1;
y_relay=1;
 March 2022

lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x81);
lcddisplay("Alert! Fault in");
lcdcmd(0xC1);
lcddisplay("Y Line");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01);
}

if(relay_b == 0 && d_out3 == 1)

{
relay_b=1;
b_relay=1;
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x81);
lcddisplay("Alert! Fault in");
lcdcmd(0xC1);
lcddisplay("B Line");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01);
}

lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x81);
lcddisplay(" R Y B ");
if(r_relay==1)
{
lcdcmd(0xC4);
lcddisplay("F");
}
else
{
lcdcmd(0xC4);
lcddisplay("NF");
}

if(y_relay==1)
 March 2022

{
lcdcmd(0xC8);
lcddisplay("F");
}
else
{
lcdcmd(0xC8);
lcddisplay("NF");
}

if(b_relay==1)
{
lcdcmd(0xCC);
lcddisplay("F");
}
else
{
lcdcmd(0xCC);
lcddisplay("NF");
}

delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01);
}
}

//delay function
void delay(unsigned int j)
{
int a, b;
for (a = 0; a < j; a++)
{
for (b = 0; b < 10; b++)
;
}
}
 March 2022

// lcd commands functions

void lcdcmd(unsigned char A)
{
P2 = A;
rs = 0;
rw = 0;
en = 1;
delay(1000);
en = 0;
}

//lcd data function

void lcddat(unsigned char i)
{
P2 = i;
rs = 1;
rw = 0;
en = 1;
delay(1000);
en = 0;
}

//lcd display charecters function

void lcddisplay(unsigned char *q)
{
int k;
for (k = 0; q[k] != '\0'; k++)
{
lcddat(q[k]);
}
delay(10000);
}

// assign keypad character value function

char keypad()
{
int x = 0;
 March 2022

while (x == 0)
{
// assign values for first row
keyrow1 = 0;
keyrow2 = 1;
keyrow3 = 1;
keyrow4 = 1;
if (keycolumn1 == 0)
{
lcddat('*');
delay(1000);
x = 1;
return '1';
}
if (keycolumn2 == 0)
{
lcddat('*');
delay(1000);
x = 1;
return '2';
}
if (keycolumn3 == 0)
{
lcddat('*');
delay(1000);
x = 1;
return '3';
}
// assign values for second row
keyrow1 = 1;
keyrow2 = 0;
keyrow3 = 1;
keyrow4 = 1;

if (keycolumn1 == 0)
{
 March 2022

lcddat('*');
delay(1000);
x = 1;
return '4';
}
if (keycolumn2 == 0)
{
lcddat('*');
delay(1000);
x = 1;
return '5';
}
if (keycolumn3 == 0)
{
lcddat('*');
delay(1000);
x = 1;
return '6';
}

// assign values for third row

keyrow1 = 1;
keyrow2 = 1;
keyrow3 = 0;
keyrow4 = 1;
if (keycolumn1 == 0)
{
lcddat('*');
delay(1000);
x = 1;
return '7';
}
if (keycolumn2 == 0)
{
lcddat('*');
delay(1000);
x = 1;
 March 2022

return '8';
}
if (keycolumn3 == 0)
{
lcddat('*');
delay(1000);
x = 1;
return '9';
}

// assign values for forth row

keyrow1 = 1;
keyrow2 = 1;
keyrow3 = 1;
keyrow4 = 0;

if (keycolumn1 == 0)
{
lcddat('*');
delay(1000);
x = 1;
return '*';
}
if (keycolumn2 == 0)
{
lcddat('*');
delay(1000);
x = 1;
return '0';
}
if (keycolumn3 == 0)
{
lcddat('*');
delay(1000);
x = 1;
return '#';
}
 March 2022

// password check function and turn on particular load

void check()
{
// compare the input value with the assign password value
if (pin1[0] == Epin[0] && pin1[1] == Epin[1] && pin1[2] == Epin[2])
{
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
lcdcmd(0x81); //decimal value: 129
// show pin is correct
lcddisplay("PIN CORRECT");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01);
// relay r off
relay_r=1;
lcddisplay("Load R is OFF");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
}
else if (pin2[0] == Epin[0] && pin2[1] == Epin[1] && pin2[2] ==
Epin[2])
{
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
lcdcmd(0x81); //decimal value: 129
// show pin is correct
lcddisplay("PIN CORRECT");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01);
// relay y off
relay_y=1;
lcddisplay("Load Y is OFF");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
}
 March 2022

else if (pin3[0] == Epin[0] && pin3[1] == Epin[1] && pin3[2] ==

Epin[2])
{
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
lcdcmd(0x81); //decimal value: 129
// show pin is correct
lcddisplay("PIN CORRECT");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01);
// relay b off
relay_b=1;
lcddisplay("Load B is OFF");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
}
else if (pin4[0] == Epin[0] && pin4[1] == Epin[1] && pin4[2] ==
Epin[2])
{
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
lcdcmd(0x81); //decimal value: 129
// show pin is correct
lcddisplay("PIN CORRECT");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01);
// relay r on
relay_r=0;
r_relay=0;
lcddisplay("Load R is ON");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
}
else if (pin5[0] == Epin[0] && pin5[1] == Epin[1] && pin5[2] ==
Epin[2])
{
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
lcdcmd(0x81); //decimal value: 129
// show pin is correct
 March 2022

lcddisplay("PIN CORRECT");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01);
// relay y on
relay_y=0;
y_relay=0;
lcddisplay("Load Y is ON");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
}
else if (pin6[0] == Epin[0] && pin6[1] == Epin[1] && pin6[2] ==
Epin[2])
{
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
lcdcmd(0x81); //decimal value: 129
// show pin is correct
lcddisplay("PIN CORRECT");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01);
// relay b on
relay_b=0;
b_relay=0;
lcddisplay("Load B is ON");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
}
else
{
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
lcdcmd(0x80); //decimal value: 128
lcddisplay("WRONG PIN");
delay(1000);
lcdcmd(0x01); //decimal value: 1
}
}

// end
 March 2022

D. Code for slave unit

#include <reg51.h>

//Input Load Pins

sbit Rin = P1^0;
sbit Yin = P1^1;
sbit Bin = P1^2;

//LED Indication Pins

sbit RL = P3^0;
sbit YL = P3^1;
sbit BL = P3^2;

//Signal Pins
sbit R_Data = P2^2;
sbit Y_Data = P2^1;
sbit B_Data = P2^0;

void delay(unsigned int a)

{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0; i<a; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<1024; j++);
}
}

int main()
{
P1=0xFF;
P3=0x00;
P2=0x00;

R_Data=0;
Y_Data=0;
 March 2022

B_Data=0;
RL=1;
YL=1;
BL=1;
while(1)
{
if(Rin==1)
{
RL=0;
R_Data=1;
}
else
{
RL=1;
R_Data=0;
}

if(Yin==1)
{
YL=0;
Y_Data=1;
}
else
{
YL=1;
Y_Data=0;
}

if(Bin==1)
{
BL=0;
B_Data=1;
}
else
{
BL=1;
B_Data=0;
}
 March 2022

delay(200);
}
}
 March 2022

CHAPTER 7
RESULT, CONCLUSION AND
FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 RESULT:

This project is helpful for the substations to monitor and control transmission

lines. The proposed system will turn on or off the transmission lines by using

passwords. Also our system have a feature to detect the faults in the transmission

line. Suppose the faults is occurred in any transmission line will be automatically

off by our system. And it will again restart whenever the lineman enters correct

password.
 March 2022

7.2 CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, the password-based multi-microcontroller networking system

is a modern and advanced electrical system that provides enhanced security, control,

and monitoring of circuits. The system incorporates a password-based security

mechanism that ensures only authorized users can access the circuits.

It also provides remote monitoring and control, real-time monitoring, and fault

detection, making it an ideal choice for modern electrical systems. With the ever-

increasing demand for advanced electrical systems, the password-based multi-

microcontroller networking system is set to become the future of circuit breakers.

7.3 FUTURE SCOPE:

 March 2022

The Circuit Breaker based on password multi microcontroller networking system

is an advanced electrical system that provides enhanced security, control, and
monitoring of circuits. The system is designed to be highly reliable and efficient,
and it incorporates a password-based security mechanism that ensures only
authorized users can access the circuits. With the ever-increasing demand for
advanced electrical systems, the Circuit Breaker based on password multi
microcontroller networking system has a bright future. One of the most
significant future scopes of the Circuit Breaker based on password multi
microcontroller networking system is its integration with the Internet of Things
(IoT). IoT is a rapidly growing technology that enables devices to communicate
with each other and share data over the internet. The integration of the Circuit
Breaker based on password multi microcontroller networking system with IoT
will enable users to control and monitor circuits from anywhere in the world
using their smartphones, tablets, or computers. This will make the system more
convenient and user-friendly. Another future scope of the Circuit Breaker based
on password multi microcontroller networking system is its integration with
Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI is a rapidly growing technology that enables
machines to learn from data and make decisions based on that data. The
integration of the Circuit Breaker based on password multi microcontroller
networking system with AI will enable the system to detect faults and
abnormalities in the circuits and take corrective action automatically. This will
make the system more efficient and reduce the need for human intervention.
March 2022
 March 2022

CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES

8.1 References:
[1] “The Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi
and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Pearson Education.
[2] http://www.irdindia.in/journal_ijaeee/pdf/vol5_iss6/5.pdf
[3] Electric Line Man Safety using Micro Controller with GSM Module IJSRD -
International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4, Issue
01, 2016.
 March 2022

[4] Electric Line Man Safety System with OTP Based Circuit Breaker IJRET:
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology Volume:
04 Special Issue: 03 | INCEPTION-2015.
 March 2022

CHAPTER 9
APPENDIX

LIST OF COMPONENTS WITH PRICE:

SR. COMPONENT SPECIFICATION UNIT QUANTITY COST

NO. PRIZE
 March 2022

1 AT89S52 8051 family 130 2 260

2 Dc Jack - 10 1 10

3 DC Power 12v 2Amp 245 1 245

Adapter
4 RF Tx & Rx - 300 1 300

5 Capacitor 10uF/25v 5 2 10

6 Resistors 330Ω 3 14 42

7 Diode 1N4007 5 3 15

8 LED 3.3V/20mA 3 14 42

9 Connector - 10 3 30

10 Connecting - 25 1 meter 25
Wires
11 Header Strips Male/female 15 5 75

12 BC547 - 5 3 15
Transistor
14 LCD display 16*2 180 1 180

15 Switch - 5 3 15

16 Relay module 5v 30 3 90

17 Resistor 4.7K 3 3 9

18 Screw terminal 2 pin 10 3 30

19 Copper clad - 60 3 180

PCB
20 HT12D & Decoder & Encoder 60 2 120
HT12E IC IC
21 4x4 Keypad - 100 1 100
 March 2022

22 Crystal 11.0592MHz 10 2 20
Oscillator
23 capacitor 22pf 3 2 6

24 Pull up resistor 10k 20 1 20

25 resistor 10k 3 3 9

26 3D prints - 200 2 400

- TOTAL - - - 2158