Explanation.

DRMM REPORT
In this chapter, we will know the different potential hazards of earthquakes for us to be
knowledgeable about it and for us to be calm safe and survive in case this takes place
as we are all living in the Philippines and we are primarily exposed to earthquakes and
other phenomena that are hazardous as we are geographically located in the pacific
ring of fire thus, we need to know these things.
What is an earthquake hazard?
The term "earthquake hazard" refers to everything related to an earthquake that may
have an impact on people's daily lives. Surface faulting, ground shaking, landslides,
ground rupture, liquefaction, tectonic deformation, tsunamis.

What is an earthquake?
An earthquake is an intense shaking of Earth’s surface. Earthquake is a feeble shaking
to a violent trembling of the ground which is produced by a sudden displacement of
rocks or any rock materials below the earth's surface.

Why do earthquakes happen?

Earthquakes are caused by the movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates. Earthquakes
occur where the earth’s plates meet along plate boundaries For example, as two plates
move towards each other, one can be pushed down under the other, into the mantle. If
this plate gets stuck, it causes a lot of pressure on surrounding rocks. When this
pressure is released, the stored energy is released producing shock waves like ripples
on a pond. These are called seismic waves. When the energy reaches the surface of
the Earth, they shake the ground and anything on it. This is an earthquake.

Types of earthquakes.
1. Tectonic earthquake
generated by sudden displacement along faults in the solid and rigid layer of the
earth. Most earthquakes are tectonic earthquakes, which happen when the
large, thin plates of the Earth's crust and upper mantle become stuck as they
move past one another. They lock together, and pressure builds up. When they
finally release, earthquakes occur.

The strongest earthquake in the Philippines happened on 08/16/1976 in the region

Mindanao with a magnitude of 8.0 on the Richter scale. The shifting of tectonic plates in
a depth of 7 km resulted in 1200 deaths. The earthquake also triggered a tsunami with
further victims and destructions.
 2. Volcanic
A volcanic earthquake is typically much smaller than a tectonic earthquake and
results from tectonic forces that occur in conjunction with volcanic activity.
volcanic earthquake which is induced by the rising of the lava or Magma beneath
active volcanoes

July 5, 2021 the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology said, days after the
volcano emit kilometer-high plume of magma and steam.Taal has recorded 17
earthquakes in the past 24 hours including a 45-minute tremor.

Ways of describing the strength of an earthquake

There are two ways by which we can measure the strength of an earthquake:
magnitude and intensity.

Intensity
Intensity on the other hand, is the strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by
people in a certain locality. It is a numerical rating based on the relative effects to
people, objects, environment, and structures in the surrounding
The intensity is generally higher near the epicenter. It is represented by Roman
Numerals (e.g. II, IV, IX). In the Philippines, the intensity of an earthquake is determined
using the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS).
Magnitude
Magnitude is proportional to the energy released by an earthquake at the focus. It is
calculated from earthquakes recorded by an instrument called seismograph. It is
represented by Arabic Numbers (e.g. 4.8, 9.0)..
Seismograph
A seismometer is an instrument that responds to ground noises and shaking such as
caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. They are usually combined
with a timing device and a recording device to form a seismograph.
What You Should Do During An Earthquake
Should rush out of a building during an earthquake?
No, during the 1933 Long Beach, California earthquake, two-thirds of the people killed
were crushed by falling masonry as they rushed out of a building during the shaking.
What you should do:

Here are the potential earthquake hazards that we all must be aware of.
 first is what we have experienced is the ground shaking
GROUND SHAKING (6:38)
The second primary earthquake hazard, ground shaking, is the result of rapid ground
acceleration. Ground shaking depends on the geologic makeup of the ground how long
the earthquake took place and it depends on your location and how near you are to the
area of the epicenter.

 Saturday 29/April/2017

A huge earthquake of a 7.2-magnitude on the Richter Scale struck off the coast of
Mindanao in the Philippines on Saturday, causing hazardous waves within 300km of the
area. The earthquake was about 57 km southwest of Sarangani province, the
southernmost part of Mindanao, the biggest island in the south of the archipelago
nation. There were no immediate reports of destruction or casualties, but witnesses said
the quake was very strong and shook the ground and walls. The Philippines Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology (Philvolcs) said no tsunami warning was issued after the
quake.

The Philippines is on the geologically active Pacific Ring of Fire and experiences
frequent earthquakes, particularly in the south.

How Earthquake Vibrations are Generated?

Most natural earthquakes are caused by sudden slippage along fault zone. A fault is a
fracture on which one body of rock slides past another. the breaking of the rock is going
to cause vibrations that transmit out.
So, we've just seen that vibrations are going to be generated by cracking intact rock just
like when we take an intact stick and snap it. When we take an intact rock and crack it, it
generates vibrations, but we can also generate vibrations when a preexisting fracture or
a preexisting fault undergoes a renewed episode of sliding. 
Fault is a fracture or crack where two rock blocks slide past one to another. If this
movement may occur rapidly, it can be causes earthquake.
Types of fault.
 A normal fault appears to be that the suspended wall moves downward .
 A reverse fault, which the hanging wall moves upward relative to the foot wall.
 A strike-slip fault is a generally vertical fault where the two sides pass horizontally
past each other.
GROUND RuPTURE ( 6;19)

Ground rupture  it is a deformation of the ground. An earthquake can push and

pull the ground, tearing the surface and pushing the ground apart and upward.
These are known as “surface ruptures.” A surface rupture may occur suddenly
during an earthquake, or it can happen more slowly—in either case, surface
ruptures often happen along preexisting faults.

Liquefaction
The soil behaves like a quicksand that has lost its strength to hold and support objects
on top of it. Structure on the ground will sink. This hazard is difficult to detect early on
because the surface of the soil event of the layer several meters below it may appear to
be solid bedrock. Liquefaction occurring beneath buildings and other structures can
cause major damage during earthquakes.

For example, thirty-two years after a 7.7-magnitude earthquake shook the coastal city of
Dagupan in Pangasinan.
All of a sudden, you see the entire city under water, full of soil. Buildings sank, some of
them tilted. they can’t use the roads and there was no power supply, One of the two
bridges spanning the Pantal River collapsed and the market building crashed.
The earthquake, which struck at 4:26 p.m. on July 16, 1990, triggered liquefaction, a
phenomenon where loosely packed, underground watery sediments spurted like
geysers after an intense shaking.
How Does Liquefaction Occur??

 When the ground shakes, some areas especially those made of wet fine sand
are subjected to liquefaction
 This results in increased pore pressure between grains. Once pressure exceeds
the weight of overlying material, water is released and cause the sediment grains
to separate as they are pushed apart.

Types of Soil Liquefaction

Flow Liquefaction
Flow failure is the rapid movement of liquefied soil and overlying layers down more
steeply inclined slopes
Lateral Spreading
Damage to many bridges due to earthquake-induced liquefaction has resulted from
lateral spreading of gently sloping ground towards river channels.
Ground oscillation
liquefied soil oscillate back and forth and up and down on top of an underlying liquefied
layer during an earthquake.
Loss of bearing
capacity results from the loss of soil strength associated with the increase in pore water
pressures and softening of the soil occurring during partial or full liquefaction.