DEVELOPMENTAL

MILESTONES
Facilitator
Miss Ayesha
BSN/ RN
Nursing Lecturer
Developmental stages
according to Erikson
Prenatal period----- from
conception to birth

Infancy----from birth to age 2

Early childhood----ages 2 to 6

Middle childhood, ages 6 to 12

Adolescence, ages 12 to 19

Early adulthood, ages 19 to 40

Developmental stages
according to Erikson

Early adulthood, ages 19 to 40

Middle adulthood, ages 40 to 60

Late adulthood or old age, ages

60 and beyond
 Physical Cognitive
Development Development

DEVELOPMENTAL
MILESTONES
Emotional Social
development Development
 INFANCY (BIRTH TO ABOUT 2 YEARS)
• makes considerable gains in height and weight
• begins teething
• develops sensory discrimination (odor—after 2 days of Birth, color &
Physical form----within 3 months)
• and begins to walk (13-15 months)and talk (12 – 18 months).

• Integrate knowledge from different sounds.

• Make sophisticated inferences about an objects shape, size and color.
• Group similar objects into simple category.
Cognitive • By eight or nine months of age, the memory abilities of infants have
improved.

• expression of temperament
• specific emotions emerge ( joy, distress, surprise, interest and
Emotional sadness)

• Social Smile.
• Dependence on caregiver
Social • Self Awareness and self understanding.
CRISES

• ACCORDING TO ERIKSON, CRISIS OF THIS STAGE ARE

“TRUST VS MISTRUST”
• IS MY WORLD PREDICTABLE AND SUPPORTIVE?
• RECEIVING CARE IS BASIC CRISIS.
• FAILURE TO DEVELOP TRUST MAY RESULT IN
WITHDRAWAL OR DEPRESSION IN ADULTHOOD.
 EARLY CHILDHOOD ( 2-6 YEARS)

• With adequate nutrition, child grow 8 cm and add nearly 2 kg annually

• Changes in body proportions, strength and coordination
• throw a ball, ride a tricycle, draw with a crayon.
Physical • Brain motor areas growth.

• Preschoolers constantly ask “why?”

• they often remember only the features of an experience that capture their
attention
Cognitive • Preschoolers are adept at solving practical problems
• Language developed more grammatically.

• child’s emotional repertoire broadens to include self-referential emotions

such as pride, guilt, shame, and embarrassment, empathy, sympathy
• Awareness of being a boy or a girl is also an important facet of developing
Emotional identity

• Cooperate more with others.

• Use words for expressions instead of screaming and grabbing.
Social • Becomes more independent in daily activities.
CRISES
• AS THEY ARE GROWING AND STARTING TO WALK, THE YOUNGEST
CHILDREN ARE PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE IN CRISIS SITUATIONS.
THEY ARE AT RISK OF PHYSICAL HARM, AS WELL AS
PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA.

• ACCORDING TO ERIKSON, CRISES IS “AUTONOMY VS SHAME OR

DOUBT”.
• IF THEY ARE NOT HANDLED WELL, THEY REMAIN IN SELF DOUBTS
THAT THEY CAN’T DO ANY THING.
 MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (7-11 YEARS)
• children grow more slowly and gradually during middle childhood.
• well nourished gain about 6.cm in height and 1.8 to 2.3 kg in weight annually.
• Muscular growth and better coordination enable children to ride a bicycle, run faster
Physical and for longer distances, Participate in organized sports, write neatly with a pencil,
learn to sew and acquire other skills.

• children begin formal education at age six or seven.

• Children become capable of reasoning logically and systematically
• A grasp of logical principles helps older children readily understand science, math, and
many other subjects, They can concentrate better, and longer, than before
Cognitive • Reading and mathematical ability advance along with vocabulary and grammatical
skills

• Self-conscious emotions ,more governed by personal responsibility.

• Explain emotions by using internal states
Emotional • Motivated by self esteem and peer approval

• Children begin to develop a more complex, balanced self-image in middle childhood.

• view themselves as unique people with distinct strengths and weaknesses in their
different roles of family member, student, teammate and friend.
Social • they move in different social worlds
• Peer relationship becomes more richer.
CRISES

• ACCORDING TO ERIK ERIKSON, THE CRISIS THAT OCCURS DURING

MIDDLE CHILDHOOD IS THE INDUSTRY VERSUS INFERIORITY
CRISIS.

• CHANCES OF INJURY ARE GREATER IN THIS STAGE.

• TRUE USAGE OF TIME AND TAKING A GOOD INITIATIVE IS ALSO A
BIG CHALLENGE.

• IF IT IS NOT ACHIEVED, THE CHILD DOES NOT TAKE INITIATIVE.

 ADOLESCENCE (12-19 YEARS)
• Dramatic changes in physical stature and features are associated with the
onset of pubescence.
• Growth hormone produces a rapid growth spurts.
• Attainment of sexual maturity in \ girls is marked by the onset of
Physical menstruation and in boys by the production of semen.
• The appearance of secondary Sex characteristics.

• The ability to understand complex problems develops gradually.

• adolescence is the beginning of the stage of formal operational thought,
Cognitive which may be characterized as thinking that involves deductive logic.

• Adolescence is the period of emotional stress due to marked physiological

changes.
Emotional

• each adolescent shares a unique task: to develop from a dependent to an

independent person who relates to others in a human and well-socialized
Social fashion.
CRISES

• A GREAT CHALLENGE OF THIS STAGE IS EMOTIONAL STRESS.

• EMOTIONAL STRESS IS DUE TO MARKED PHYSICAL CHANGES.
• ACCORDING TO ERICKSON, CRISIS ARE “INDUSTRIOUSNESS VS
INFERIORITY”.
 EARLY ADULTHOOD (20-40 YEARS)
• Physical growth is almost complete at this stage but the aging process do begins.
• Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory acuity and heart action and out put are all at or near
their peaks through the mid twenties and then declines slowly through the mid thirties.
• Many men and women do experience considerable weight gain during early adulthood and some
Physical men undergo significant hair loss.
• aging process is very slow.

• It is the peak stage of cognitive development.

• Biological intelligence develops to its optimum stage in early Adulthood.
• Thinking decision making ability and moral development are on its peak.
Cognitive • Creativity does not decline with age.

• emotional experience is high with the work area stress.

• They feel attachment with family also.
• Emotional’ experience and expression is normal but the control is more than the adolescent period.
Emotional

• Married life and work start.

• Family is established.
• Network of social contacts develop and spread with time.
Social • Interaction takes place with large number of people and casual friends.
CRISES

• ACCORDING TO ERIKSON, AGES 20-40 YEARS FACE CRISIS: “ IDENTITY VS. ROLE
CONFUSION”

• DUE TO EMERGING RELATIONSHIPS, THIS AGE IS EMOTIONALLY CHALLENGING.

• NEW JOB, WORK AREA PROBLEMS ARE ALSO A SOCIAL CHALLENGE.
 MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
• Age related changes appears strongly.
(40- 60 YEARS)
• Heart functioning is affected greatly
• Graying of hair, wrinkled face, dryness of skin.
Physical • Both sexes experience the climacteric ( menopause in women, reduced
testosterone in male).
• Memory ability do suffer somewhat in this stage because of aging.
• However, long term memory is not affected.
• Biological intelligence remains constant with a slight decline in it
Cognitive • Crystal intelligence continuously rises till the death
• Person but declining in physical strength can slow down the learning speed.

• Period of contentment and satisfaction

• Job stability, financial success, end of child rearing & good health can all
Emotional contribute to emotional satisfaction.

• Grand parent role.

• Marital status strengthen
Social • Friend ship emerge.
CRISES

• ERIKSON THEORY STATES THAT THIS IS THE STAGE OF

GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION.

• FINANCIAL INSTABILITY, RELATIONSHIP INSTABILITY IS THE

SOURCE OF EMOTIONAL INSTABILITY.
 LATE ADULTHOOD
• a variety of physiological changes may occur, including some degree of atrophy of the brain and a
decrease in the rate of neural processes
• he respiratory and circulatory systems are less efficient
• Musculoskeletal mass diminishes
Physical • There is also decreased sensitivity in all of the sensory modalities, including olfaction, taste, touch,
hearing, and vision.

• Intellectual changes
• Dementias are usually responsible for cognitive defects seen in older people.
Cognitive

• Five basic reactions: Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Emotional

• Socially isolated mostly

Social
CRISES
• THIS TIME IT IS IMPORTANT TO FIND MEANING AND SATISFACTION IN LIFE
RATHER THAN TO BECOME BITTER AND DISILLUSIONED, THAT IS, TO RESOLVE
THE CONFLICT OF INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR.

• THEY FEEL DEPENDENT ON OTHERS FOR THEIR SMALL ROUTINE WORKS.

• DUE TO WEAKNESS, CHANCES OF INJURY ARE MORE.
• REDUCED IMMUNITY MAY CAUSES HEALTH CHALLENGES.
• EMOTIONAL DISTRESS DUE TO THOUGHT OF DEATH.
THANK
YOU