Chemistry M

Chapter 1 Chemical Equilibrium

Section 1.1 What is Equilibrium?

(1) 1. Which of the following systems constitute steady state situations, and which are
at equilibrium? For each, a constant property is indicated.
a. An unopened bottle of sparkling water (a bottle containing CO 2 and water).
b. A Bunsen lit with a constant blue flame color.

(2)2.[G] As a closed system reaches equilibrium no macroscopic change can be

observed. Why is an equilibrium state referred to as “dynamic?”

Section 1.6 Predicting new equilibrium concentrations

(3) 3.

a. Predict what would happen to equilibrium concentrations of H 2 O(g) and H 2 (g)

respectively if the partial pressure of O 2 is increased by injecting more O 2 (g) into
the reaction chamber at 273°C.

H 2 O(g) ⇄ H 2 (g) + ½O 2 (g) ∆H = + 242 kJ

b. 2SO 3 (g) ⇆ 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)

After the equilibrium represented above is established, some pure SO 2 (g) is
injected into the reaction vessel at constant temperature. Which of the following
has a lower value compared to its value at the original equilibrium?

A. The total pressure in the reaction vessel

B. The amount of SO 3 (g) in the reaction vessel
C. The amount of O 2 (g) in the reaction vessel
D. The amount of SO 2 (g) in the reaction vessel

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c. The chromate and dichromate ions are set up in equilibrium as follows:

2CrO 4 2-(aq) + 2H+ (aq) ⇌ Cr 2 O 7 2-(aq) + H 2 O(l)

yellow orange

What happens in each of the following cases? Complete the table below

Change Equilibrium shifts to Color change Change to [Cr 2 O 7 2-]

Increase [H+]
Increase in [CrO 4 2-]
Decrease [H+]
Add NaOH
Add HCl

d. Predict what will happen to the equilibrium concentration of CO 2 (g) if some

CaCO 3 (s) is added to the system:

CaCO 3 (s) ⇆ CaO (s) + CO 2 (g)

e. Predict what would happen to equilibrium concentrations of H 2 O(g) and H 2 (g)

respectively if the pressure in the reaction chamber at 273°C is increased by adding
(unreactive) He(g).

H 2 O(g) ⇄ H 2 (g) + ½ O 2 (g) ∆H = + 242 kJ

f. The equilibrium system represented below is contained in a sealed, rigid vessel.

4HCl(g) + O 2 (g) ⇄ 2H 2 O (g) + 2Cl 2 (g) ∆Ho = −113 kJ.mol-1

Which of the following will decrease if the temperature of the mixture is raised?

• [HCl (g)]
• [O 2 (g)]
• [Cl 2 (g)]
• [HCl (g)] and [Cl 2 (g)]
• [O 2 (g)], [HCl (g)] and [Cl 2 (g)]

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g. Consider the following system: 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ⇆ 2SO 3 (g)

State the effect of adding a catalyst to the system on the position of equilibrium?
(4) 4. The “yield” can be defined as the amount of product formed by a reaction.
How can we increase the yield of ammonia production?
Ammonia is produced by combining nitrogen and hydrogen gases as follows:

N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g)  2NH 3 (g) ∆H= -92 kJ

(5) 5.[G] Consider the following equilibrium system.

Fe (aq) + SCN - (aq)  FeSCN 2+ (aq)
3+

Fill in the table to predict the effect of the given changes on the equilibrium
and the amount of FeSCN2+ produced.
Imposed change Equilibrium shifts [FeSCN2+]
3+
Removal of Fe
Addition of SCN-

(6) 6.[G] Fill in the table to determine the effect of increasing pressure on the given
equilibrium systems and the amount of product in each.

Equilibrium system Equilibrium Amount of product(s)

H 2 ( g ) + Cl2 ( g )  2 HCl ( g )
2 H 2 ( g ) + O2 (g)  2 H 2O( g )
2 NH 3 ( g )  3H 2 ( g ) + N 2 ( g )

(7) 7. [G] Use Le Chatelier’s Principle to predict the effect of an increase in

temperature on the given equilibrium systems and the equilibrium
concentrations of the products.

Equilibrium system Equilibrium [product]

2 SO2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) 2
 SO3 ( g ) + 192 kJ
N 2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) + 180.5 kJ     2
 NO ( g )
CO ( g ) + H 2O ( g )  CO2 ( g ) + H 2 ( g ) ∆H =
−27.6 kJ

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Section 1.7 Quantitative aspects of equilibrium

(8) 8. Find the value of a, b, and d in terms of c and x:

Cu(s) + 2Ag + (aq)  Cu 2+ (aq) + 2Ag(s)
Initial concentration cM -
Part that reacts x a
Equilibrium concentration b d

(9) 9. a. AgCl(s)  Ag + (aq) + Cl- (aq) K=1.7 ×10-10 at 25ο C

At equilibrium, calculate the [Ag+(aq)].
b. PbCl2 (s)  Pb 2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) K=1.6 ×10-5 at 25ο C
At equilibrium, calculate the [Pb2+(aq)].

(10) 10. [G] 2.0 moles of each H 2 and I 2 are injected into a rigid 2.0 dm3 container at
490oC and the following equilibrium was established:
H 2 (g) + I 2 (g)  2HI(g) K eq = 45.9 at 490ο C
Calculate the equilibrium concentration of each species when the system
reaches equilibrium.
(11)
11.[G] Consider the following reaction, at 490ºC, (K eq = 45.9)

H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g)

Initial concentrations 0.005M 0.004 M 0.01 M

At a certain instant in a reaction, the container is maintained at 490ºC, the

following concentrations were determined:
[HI] = 0.01 M
[H 2 ] = 0.005 M
[I 2 ] = 0.004 M

a. Is the system at equilibrium?

b. If not, which concentrations are increasing, and which are decreasing?

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Section 1.9 Factors which determine equilibrium

(12) 12. i. The decomposition of calcium carbonate is endothermic.

CaCO3 (s) + heat energy  CaO(s) + CO 2 (g)
Which of the following is true?
a. The tendency towards minimum energy favors the reactants.
b. The tendency towards maximum randomness favors the products.
c. At equilibrium, both reactants and products will be found.
d. Heating increases molecular motion; hence it tends to favor products.
e. More heating favors the formation of CaO.

ii. A certain amount of water is placed in a sealed container. The evaporation of

water is endothermic:
H 2 O(l) + heat energy  H 2 O(g)
Which is true?
a. The tendency towards minimum energy favors the reactants.
b. The tendency towards maximum randomness favors the products.
c. At equilibrium, both liquid and gaseous water will be found.
d. Heating increases molecular motion; hence it tends to favor products.
e. More heating favors the formation of H 2 O(g).
(13) 13. What are the two factors that drive a spontaneous reaction?

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(14) 14. [T] The graphs below show how the yield of product changes as pressure and
temperature varies.

Which of the following reactions is represented in the graphs?

A. N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g)  2NH 3 (g) ∆H<0
B. 2SO3 (g)  2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ∆H>0
C. H 2 CO3 (aq)  H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) ∆H>0
D. N 2 (g) + O 2 (g)  2NO(g) ∆H<0
E. 2H 2 O(l)  O 2 (g) + 2H 2 (g) ΔH > 0

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Chapter 2 Solubility: A case of equilibrium

Section 2.1 Solubility: A case of equilibrium

(15) 1. Propose two methods for increasing the rate at which salt dissolves in water.
(16) 2. Given:

a. What is the solubility of potassium nitrate at 20ºC? at 50ºC?

b. By how much will the solubility of potassium nitrate increase, if the temperature
is increased from 20°C to 50°C?
c. What mass of potassium nitrate forms, if a saturated solution in 100 g of water is
cooled from 40ºC to 10ºC? from 60ºC to 20ºC?
d. What mass of water is needed to dissolve 50 g of potassium nitrate at 40ºC?
e. What mass of potassium sulfate will dissolve in 2 kg of water at 20ºC?

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Section 2.2 Aqueous solutions

(17) 3. Choose the correct answer and complete the following equation in each.
a. Glucose is (molecular / ionic) and it dissolves in water as such:
C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) →
b. NaCl is (molecular / ionic) and it dissolves in water as such:
NaCl(s) →
c. HCl gas is (molecular / ionic) and it dissolves in water as such:
HCl(g) →
(18) 4. If we mix the following solutions:
• state what will be observed
• give the chemical formula of the precipitate
• write a net ionic equation of the reaction occurring

a. Ba(NO 3 ) 2 and Na 2 SO 4
b. AgNO 3 and NaCl
c. Ba(NO 3 ) 2 and NaCl
d. Ca(NO 3 ) 2 and Na 2 CO 3
(19) 5. A solution is known to contain Pb(NO 3 ) 2 and Mg(NO 3 ) 2 . It is required to
remove the lead(II) ions from the solution without removing magnesium ions.
This can be done by adding just the right amount of
a. NaCl.
b. HNO 3 .
c. NH 3 .
(20) 6. What would be the weight of the precipitate formed when 100. mL of 0.500 M
NaCl is added to 50.0 mL of 0.100 M AgNO 3 ?

(21) 7. [G] Classify the following salts as soluble or slightly soluble:

a. all salts containing nitrates NO 3 -.
b. all salts of alkali metal ions.
c. group 2 metal carbonates.
d. chlorides of silver and lead.

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(22) 8.
[G] Given four separate test tubes labelled A, B, C, and D containing solutions
of four different potassium halides. A few milliliters of an aqueous solution of
silver nitrate were added to each of the test tubes and the following observations
were recorded.
Test tube Observation upon addition of few milliliters of AgNO 3 (aq)
A Formation of yellow precipitate
B Formation of white precipitate that turns to violet then to black when exposed
to light.
C Formation of creamy precipitate that darkens when exposed to light.
D No change

Give the chemical formula for the halide present in each of the given test
tubes.
(23) 9. [G] Fill in the table to identify the ion present in each solution after conducting
a flame test.

Solution Flame color Cation

A Yellow/orange
B Lilac/violet
C Crimson red

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(24) 10. [G] Seven different solutions each containing one of the cations: Cr3+, Ca2+,
Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Al3+, or Fe3+ were tested using sodium hydroxide or
ammonia. The observations were recorded in the table below.
Match these ions to the below observations.

Observation with solution tested Cation present in solution

Reddish-brown precipitate with sodium
hydroxide, does not dissolve in excess base.
Dirty-green precipitate with sodium
hydroxide, does not dissolve in excess base.
Blue precipitate with sodium hydroxide,
does not dissolve in excess sodium
hydroxide.
White precipitate with sodium hydroxide,
and no precipitate forms with ammonia.
White precipitate with ammonia, does not
re-dissolve in excess ammonia.
White precipitate with sodium hydroxide,
re-dissolve in excess ammonia.
Green precipitate with sodium hydroxide,
soluble in excess sodium hydroxide.

(25) 11. [G] Given the following cations. Ag+, Ca2+, Na+, Zn2+, Ba2+.
a. Which of the given ions form a white precipitate upon addition of an aqueous
solution of potassium sulfate, K 2 SO 4 ?
b. Which of the given ions forms a white precipitate upon addition of an
aqueous solution of sodium chloride, NaCl?
c. Which of the given ions forms a creamy precipitate upon addition of an
aqueous solution of potassium bromide, KBr?
(26) 12. [G] Given the following ions: SO 3 2-, SO 4 2-, CO 3 2-, NH 4 +, Al3+, NO 3 -.
a. Which of the given ions releases a gas that turns limewater milky upon
reacting with an acid?
b. Which of the given ions releases a pungent smell gas that turns moist red
litmus blue upon reacting with a base?
c. Which of the given ions releases a gas that turns moist red litmus to blue
when heated with aluminum powder and a base?
d. Which of the given ions releases a gas with a chocking odor upon addition
of an acid?

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Section 2.3 The equilibrium law

(27) 13. a. 0.0010 mol HCl and 1.0 × 10–6 mol of Pb(NO 3 ) 2 are mixed forming 2.0 L
solution. Will a precipitate form? K sp for PbCl 2 = 1.3 × 10–8.
b. Equal volumes of 0.020 M CaCl 2 and 0.00040 M Na 2 SO 4 are mixed. Will a
precipitate form? K sp for CaSO 4 = 2.4 × 10-4.
c. To 200 cm3 of 0.10 M HCl is added 300 cm3 of 0.20 M Pb(NO 3 ) 2 . Will a
precipitate form? K sp for PbCl 2 = 1.3 × 10-8

(28) 14. [G] a. Calculate the K sp of PbCl 2 , knowing that it has a solubility of 1.1 × 10-2
M at T°C in water.
b. Calculate the solubility of CuCl in water, knowing that its K sp is equal
to
3.2 × 10-7 at T°C.
(29) 15. [G] 300. cm3 of 0.200 M Mg(NO 3 ) 2 are added to 200. cm3 of 0.200 M NaOH.
Will a precipitate form? K sp of Mg(OH) 2 = 1.8 × 10-11

(30) 16. [T] Many insoluble salts can be prepared by precipitation reaction between
soluble salts.
All potassium salts and all nitrate salts are soluble.
a. A student adds a potassium sulfate, K 2 SO 4 , solution to a barium nitrate,
Ba(NO 3 ) 2 , solution. A white precipitate is formed.
i. What is the chemical formula of the white precipitate?
ii. Write the chemical equation for the reaction between potassium sulfate
and barium nitrate.
b. Another student adds potassium sulfate, K 2 CO 3 , solution to a silver nitrate,
AgNO 3 , solution. A white precipitate is also formed.
i. What is the chemical formula of the white precipitate?
ii. Write the net ionic equation of the reaction between potassium carbonate
and silver nitrate.
c. Barium nitrate solution produces a white precipitate with both carbonate
ions and sulfate ions.
Why acidified barium nitrate solution is used to distinguish between
carbonate ions and sulfate ions?

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Chapter 3 Acids, Bases and Salts

Section 3.1 Electrolytes – strong or weak

(31) 1. [G] Calculate the [H+] and the [OH–] in a 0.010 M solution of LiOH at 25℃.

Section 3.2 Experimental introduction to acids and bases

(32) 2. Consider the following.

Aluminum oxide Al 2 O 3
Calcium oxide CaO
Carbon dioxide CO 2
Carbon monoxide CO
Magnesium oxide MgO
Sulfur dioxide SO 2

Which of the oxides listed above

i. can react with hydrochloric acid but not with aqueous sodium hydroxide?
ii. can react with aqueous sodium hydroxide but not with hydrochloric acid?
iii. can react with both hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide?
iv. cannot react with hydrochloric acid or aqueous sodium hydroxide?

(33) 3. [G] Fill in the table to identify each of the given oxides as acidic, basic, neutral,
or amphoteric.

Oxide Acid-base nature

MgO
CO 2
CuO
N2O
CO
ZnO
SO 2
Al 2 O 3
CaO

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Section 3.3 Salt

(34) 4.

Three methods are used for salt preparation

Method A: using a burette and an indicator.
Method B: mixing two solutions to obtain a salt by precipitation.
Method C: addition of an excess base or metal to a dilute acid then removing the
excess by filtration.
For the following salt preparations, choose method A, B or C and name any reagent
needed and complete or write the reactions.
i. The soluble salt zinc sulfate from the insoluble base zinc oxide.
Method:
Reagent:
Word equation:
ii. The soluble salt potassium chloride from the soluble base, potassium hydroxide.
Method:
Reagent:
Equation ……+……→ KCl(aq) + H 2 O(l)
iii. The insoluble salt lead(II) iodide from the soluble salt lead(II) nitrate.
Method:
Reagent:
Equation: Pb2+(aq) +……→……

Section 3.5 Acid-base titrations

(35) 5. Suppose that 0.098 mol of solid NaOH is added to 0.100 L of 1.00 M HCl.
a. How many more moles of HCl are present in the solution than moles of
NaOH?
b. From the excess number of moles and the volume, calculate the concentration
of excess H+(aq).
c. Calculate the concentration of OH–(aq) at equilibrium.
(36) 6. 200 mL of 1.00 M NaOH is added to 200 mL of 1.00 M HCl. Calculate the final
[H+] and [OH–].

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(37) 7.[G]

a. Calculate the [H+] and the [OH–] in a 0.010 M solution of HCl.

b. Calculate the [H+] and the [OH–] in a solution of 0.40 g of NaOH dissolved in
10.0 cm3 of solution.
(38) 8.[G] If the pH of a solution is 5.00, what is [H+]? Is the solution acidic or basic?

Section 3.6 Strengths of acids

(39) 9. Determine the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution containing 0.10 M

benzoic acid, C 6 H 5 COOH, and 0.10 M sodium benzoate, C 6 H 5 COONa.
K a = 6.4 × 10–5
(40) 10. [G] Classify the following solutions as acidic, basic or neutral.
a. a solution of pH = 5
b. a solution of pH = 8
c. a solution of pH = 7

Section 3.7 Some common acids and bases

(41) 11. Write the reaction between:

a. HCl(g) and water.
b. HNO 3 and water.
c. H 2 SO 4 and water. Show both steps of dissociation.
d. CH 3 COOH(aq) and water.
e. H 3 PO 4 and water. Show the three steps of dissociation.
f. Where more than one proton may be released, in which step is the acid
strongest? Weakest?

Section 3.9 Adding strong acid and bases to salts

(42) 12. Complete the equations:

a. CaO(s) + H 2 O(l)
b. SO 3 (g) + H 2 O(l)
c. CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l)
d. SO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l)
e. K 2 O(s) + H 2 O(l)
f. Na 2 O(s) + H 2 O(l)

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(43) 13. Write down the complete acid-base equations of the following:
a. Neutralization of an acid and a base
b. Carbonate ion in water
c. Sodium carbonate with a strong acid (net ionic reaction)
d. Ammonium ion in water
e. Strong base and ammonium salt
f. CaO(s) + 2H+(aq)
g. SO 3 (g) + NaOH(aq) (net ionic reaction)
(44) 14. If 23.0 g of formic acid, HCOOH, are dissolved in 10.0 L of water at 20°C, the
[H+] is found to be 3.0 × 10–3 M. Calculate K a .
(45) 15. A chemist dissolved 25.0 g of CH 3 COOH in enough water to make 1.00 L of
solution. What is the concentration of this acetic acid solution? What is the
concentration of H+(aq)? K a for CH 3 COOH = 1.8×10-5
(46) 16. Calculate the [H+] and [OH–] in a solution whose:
a. pH = 5.0
b. pH = 8.0
c. pH = 7.0
d. Are the above solutions acidic, basic or neutral?
(47) 17. Potassium nitrate is a salt that dissolves in water in an endothermic process.
What happens to the temperature and pH of the water in which it is dissolved?
(48) 18. [G] A solution of concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCl, is added to an aqueous
solution of sodium carbonate, Na 2 CO 3 .
a. What is the expected observation?
b. Give the net ionic equation for the reaction.
(49) 19. [G] What is [OH–] in a solution whose pH is 8? Is the solution acidic or basic?

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(50) 20. [T] An oxide X reacts with both potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid.
Which of the following is true about X?

A. X is an acidic oxide.
B. X is a basic oxide.
C. X is an amphoteric oxide.
D. X is a neutral oxide.
E. none of the above.
(51) 21.[T]
a. A student titrates an aqueous sulfuric acid solution using 25 cm3 of 0.050 M
solution calcium hydroxide and few drops of an acid-base indicator.
The volume of sulfuric acid needed to react completely with the calcium
hydroxide solution is 12.5 cm3.

The equation of the reaction is shown:

H 2 SO 4 (aq) + Ca(OH) 2 (aq)  CaSO 4 (s) + 2H 2 O(l)

What is the concentration of sulfuric acid solution?

• Calculate the number of moles of calcium hydroxide.
• Calculate the number of moles of sulfuric acid to react completely with
calcium hydroxide.
• Calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid solution.

b. After titration is done, the final solution in the beaker contains solid calcium
sulfate, water, and some dissolved acid-base indicator.

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Describe how to extract dry sample of solid calcium sulfate from the solution.
Write the process including all key steps.

c. The student conducted the following tests on the products of the reaction
between sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate.
Describe the student’s observation in each test.
i. Flame test on the solution.
ii. Passing gas released in lime water.
iii. Addition of aqueous solution of barium nitrate.

d. Dilute sulfuric acid reacts with metals, metal oxides and bases.
Write chemical equations for the reaction of dilute sulfuric acid with each of
the following:
i. magnesium.
ii. sodium oxide
iii. potassium hydroxide
(52) 22. [T]
A student conducts an acid-base titration to determine the concentration of a
sodium hydroxide solution using a 0.1 M hydrochloric solution. He is
provided with the following apparatus.

a. Name the items that the student needs to perform the titration.
b. The student adds few drops of an acid-base indicator to 20 cm3 of sodium
hydroxide and titrates the mixture with the hydrochloric acid solution.
i. Why is it necessary to add an acid-base indicator before starting the
titration?
ii. The student makes two reading to determine the volume of the hydrochloric
acid needed to neutralize completely the sodium hydroxide solution. The
initial reading he made before starting the titration is 10 cm3 and the final
reading at the end of the titration is 23 cm3.
What is the volume of hydrochloric acid used to completely neutralize 20
cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution?
c. The student repeats the same experiment using the same materials. He
discards the content of the final solution from the flask and refills it directly
with another 20 cm3 of the same sodium hydroxide.
What did the student do wrong in this procedure? Describe the correct
procedure.

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(53) 23. [T] Plan an experiment to find the concentration of an aqueous solution of
sulfuric acid provided with dilute solution of sodium hydroxide of known
concentration and common laboratory apparatus.

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Chapter 4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Section 4.2 Half-reactions, oxidation, and reduction

(54) 1. [G] Which of the following equations is an oxidation-reduction (redox)

reaction?
a. CuCO 3 → CuO + CO 2
b. ZnO + 2HCl → ZnCl 2 + H 2 O
c. 2Cu + O 2 → 2CuO
d. Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2

Section 4.3 Electrochemical cells

(55) 2. These elements are listed in decreasing tendency to lose electrons.

Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e–
H 2 (g) → 2H+(aq) + 2e–
Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
Ag(s) → Ag+(aq) + e–

Which of these reactions below takes place spontaneously?

a. Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq) → Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)
b. Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
c. Cu(s) + 2H+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + H 2 (g)
d. H 2 (g) + Cu2+(aq) → Cu(s)+ 2H+(aq)
e. 2Ag(s) + 2H+(aq) → 2Ag+(aq) + H 2 (g)
f. Zn(s) + 2Ag(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag+(aq)
(56) 3. A zinc rod is placed in a 1.0 M zinc nitrate solution. A copper strip is placed in a
1.0 M copper nitrate solution. The two half-cells are connected by a salt bridge
and, externally, by a voltmeter. The voltmeter reads 1.10 V, and it shows that
copper is the positive terminal of the cell.
a. Which electrode is at the cathode?
b. Write the equation of the half-reaction that takes place at the cathode.
c. Which electrode at is the anode?
d. Write the equation of the half-reaction that takes place at the anode.
e. In what direction does the current pass in the solution?
f. How much energy is released by the cell when 2.0 C pass by any point in the
circuit?

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(57) 4. [G] Given below a schematic diagram of a simple cell.

Knowing that magnesium is more reactive than copper,

a. what is the direction of the current in the external circuit?
b. what is the direction of the electron flow in the external circuit?

Section 4.5 Electromotive force of a cell

(58) 5. Using the table of standard reduction half-cell potentials, answer the following:
a. What would happen if an aluminum spoon is used to stir Fe(NO 3 ) 2 solution?
b. What would happen if an iron spoon is used to stir an AlCl 3 solution?
c. Can a 1.00 M Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 solution be stored in a container made of nickel
metal? Explain your answer.
(59) 6. A half-cell consisting of a cadmium rod dipped into a 1.0 M Cd(NO 3 ) 2 solution
is connected with a standard hydrogen half-cell. The cell voltage is 0.40 volt and
the platinum electrode in the hydrogen half-cell is the cathode. Determine E° for
the reaction:
Cd → Cd2+ + 2e–
(60) 7. a. Predict the Eº net for the cell made up of the standard half-cells of zinc and
silver.
b. How does the current flow in the outside circuit?
c. Which electrode is the cathode?
d. Which electrode gains weight?
e. When this electrode gains 0.0010 mol, how many grams would the other
electrode have lost in weigh.

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(61) 8. [G] Predict the E° net for the cell made up of the standard half-cells of copper and
bromine. Given:
Cu → Cu2+ + 2e- Eº = -0.34 V
2Br¯ → Br 2 + 2e- Eº = -1.06 V

Section 4.6 Oxidation numbers-an electron bookkeeping device

(62) 9. When copper metal is placed in a dilute solution of nitric acid, bubbles of NO
gas are produced. The solution turns blue, indicating that Cu2+ is forming. Write
a balanced equation, showing all steps.
(63) 10. [G] Find the oxidation number for each element in following species.
a. NH 3
b. H 2 CO 3
c. I 2
d. MnO 4 –
e. Cr 2 O 7 2-

Section 4.7 Electrolysis

(64) 11. [G] Electrolysis of molten lead bromide, PbBr 2 , is conducted using the
below apparatus.

a. Write the half-reaction that takes place at the negative electrode

(cathode).
b.Write the half-reaction that takes place at the positive electrode (anode).
c. Write the chemical equation for the electrolysis of molten lead bromide.

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Section 4.8 Applications of electrochemical cells and electrolysis

(65)12. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is electrolyzed using the apparatus below.

a. Label on the diagram the position of the electrodes.

b. What are the two observations when the circuit is switched on?
c. Give the name of the product at the positive electrode.
d. Give a test used to identify the product formed at the positive electrode.
(66) 13. Which of the following produces H 2 (g) and O 2 (g) during electrolysis?

a. concentrated KI
b. concentrated CuI 2
c. molten NaOH
d. dilute CuSO 4
e. dilute K 2 SO 4
(67) 14. An iron spoon is to be plated with copper metal. Write the two half-reactions
occurring at each electrode.

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(68) 15. Which of the following apparatus could be used to electroplate an iron nail
with nickel?

(69) 16. [G] Hydrogen fuel cells may be used to replace combustion engines in cars.
a. Give the reactants involved in the reaction occurring inside a hydrogen fuel
cell.
b. Give the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs in a hydrogen fuel
cell.
(70) 17. [T] Given the following standard reduction potentials:

Reduction half reaction Eº (V)

Au3+ + 3e-  Au +1.50
Ag+ + e-  Ag +0.80
Cu2+ + 2e-  Cu +0.34
Zn2+ + 2e-  Zn -0.76
Mg2+ + 2e-  Mg -2.37

Which of the following pairs of metals would produce the largest voltage?

A. silver and copper

B. magnesium and gold
C. zinc and copper
D. zinc and magnesium
E. gold and copper

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(71) 18. [T] Which of the following electrolytic cells forms gases at both of its inert
electrodes?
A. Cell 1: aqueous sodium iodide
B. Cell 2: aqueous copper(II) sulfate
C. Cell 3: aqueous sodium chloride
D. Cell 4: molten sodium chloride
E. Cell 5: molten potassium iodide
(72) 19. [T] Which of the following represent(s) a reduction change?
1. Fe → Fe 2+
2. H 2 O 2 → H 2 O
3. Cr2 O 24− → Cr2 O72−

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 1 only
D. 2 only
E. 2 and 3 only

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(73) 20. [T]

a. A student assembled the following electrochemical cell.

i. What is the direction of electron flow in this electrochemical cell?

ii. The student replaced the iron electrode with a silver electrode. The
voltmeter reading changed. Describe the change and explain why this
change occurred.
iii. When the student replaced the zinc electrode with a copper electrode, the
voltmeter gave a negative reading. Explain why.

b. A student conducts electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solution of sodium

chloride using the following apparatus.

i. Which particles allows the flow of the electric current in the sodium
chloride solution?
ii. Give two reasons for the use of graphite as the electrodes.
iii. What is the gas produced at the anode?
iv. Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the anode.
Include state symbols.
v. A blue litmus paper is dipped in the remaining solution after electrolysis
is over.
Does the blue litmus paper change color? Explain why.

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(74) 21. [T]

Electrolysis is used to break down ionic compounds.
a. A student conducts an electrolysis for a concentrated solution of copper(II)
chloride.

i. Why is it recommended to use inert electrodes in electrolysis?

ii. A solid deposit is observed at the negative electrode. Identify this solid.
iii. Write the ionic half equation for the reaction occurring at the negative
electrode.
iv. A fizzing is observed at the positive electrode. Identify the gas released
and explain how it forms.
v. Identify the species that is reduced in the solution undergoing electrolysis.

b. A student wants to electroplate an iron rod with chromium.

i. At which electrode the student should place the chromium rod?
ii. Suggest a suitable electrolyte for this electrolysis?
iii. Write the ionic half equation occurring at the negative electrode.
iv. At which electrode oxidation occurs?
v. Give a reason why chromium is used in electroplating.

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(75) 22. [T]

A student conducts electrolysis on dilute solution of sodium chloride
using the apparatus shown below.

a. Gas X makes a pop sound when tested with a lighted splint.

Identify gas X.
b. Suggest a test for oxygen gas. Include result of the test in your answer.
c. Suggest a material to be used as an electrode and give one reason why
it is suitable.

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(76) 23.
[T]
The below apparatus is used to break down molten lead bromide.

a. What is the process shown in the figure called?

b. What are the expected observations on the positive electrode (anode) and on the
negative electrode (cathode)?
c. A Bunsen burner is used to melt solid lead bromide. How can the student adjust
the Bunsen burner to give the hottest flame?
d. Why is it recommended to use graphite electrodes in the above apparatus?
e. When replacing molten lead bromide with an aqueous solution of lead bromide
in the above apparatus, hydrogen gas is produced at the negative electrode and
bromine gas is produced at the positive electrode.
i. Suggest a test for hydrogen gas. Include observation.
ii. How can you identify bromine gas?
f. Lead bromide is classified as hazardous chemical. Suggest a safety precaution
when dealing with lead bromide.

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 Chemistry M

(77) 24. [T]

A student conducted two redox titration experiments to investigate the reaction
between aqueous solution of potassium manganate(VII) and two aqueous
solutions of iron(II) sulfate, solution R and solution T, of different
concentrations.

Experiment 1
A 50 cm3 burette was filled with potassium manganate(VII) solution to the 0.0
cm3 mark.
25 cm3 of solution R were measured using a pipette and poured into a conical
flask.
Potassium manganate(VII) solution was added to the flask while shaking it
until a pale pink color appears.

a. The burette showed the following measurement.

i. Record the final burette reading.

ii. Calculate the volume of potassium manganate(VII) solution used in cm3.

Experiment 2
25 cm3 of solution T was measured using a measuring cylinder and
experiment 1 was repeated. But this time the burette was not filled to the 0.0
cm3 mark.

b. The initial and final readings of the burette are shown.

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 Chemistry M

i. Record the final reading in cm3.

ii. Calculate the volume of potassium manganate(VII) solution used in
cm3.
c. Which solution is more concentrated solution R or solution T? Explain
d. i. If in experiment 2, the student used 50 cm3 of solution T, instead of 25
cm3, calculate the volume of potassium manganate(VII) needed to reach
the end point.
ii. What issue will the student face when titrating 50 cm3 of solution T?

e. Another student conducted the same experiments using a measuring

cylinder to measure 25 cm3 of solutions R and T instead of a pipette.
How would his results differ from that of the student who used the
measuring cylinder?

f. How can the student reach more reliable results in this experiment?

g. Indicators are used in most titrations to determine when the end point is
reached. Why no indicator was used in this titration?

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 Chemistry M

Chapter 5 Stoichiometry

Section 5.1 Solving problems

(78) 1. [G] When 4.00 mol of Fe react with excess chlorine gas, what mass of FeCl 3
will be produced?
[Fe = 56.0; Cl = 35.5]

Section 5.2 Excess and yield

(79) 2. Potassium carbonate, K 2 CO 3 , reacts with hydrochloric acid, HCl, to produce

carbon dioxide, CO 2 , water, H 2 O, and potassium chloride, KCl. What volume of
carbon dioxide, at RTP, will be produced when 0.552 g of potassium carbonate
react with 0.632 g of hydrochloric acid? [K = 39.0; C; = 12.0; O = 16.0; H =
1.00; Cl = 35.5], V M = 24 dm3 mol-1.

(80) 3. [G] Hydrogen gas, H 2 , reacts with carbon monoxide gas, CO, to produce
methanol, CH 3 OH, as shown in the following reaction.
2H 2 + CO → CH 3 OH
When 0.50 tons of H 2 gas reacts completely with CO gas, the amount of
methanol produced was 3.0 tons. Calculate the percentage yield. [H = 1.00; C
= 12.0; O = 16.0]

Section 5.3 The manufacture of sulfuric acid

(81) 4. Sulfuric acid, H 2 SO 4 , can be produced from sulfur, S 8 , according to the

following chemical equation.
S8 ( s ) + 12O 2 ( g ) + 8H 2 O ( l ) →  8H 2SO 4 (l)
How many kilograms of H 2 SO 4 can be produced from 8.00 kg of S 8 ? [H = 1.00;
S = 32.0; O = 16.0]
(82) 5. According to the equation below, how much heat is produced by burning 16.0 g
of sulfur? [S = 32.0]
S 8 (s) + 8O 2 (g) → 8SO 2 (g) ΔH = – 297 kJ/mol SO 2
(83) 6. According to the equation below, what mass of S 8 produces 1.00 mol of
SO 2 (g)? [S = 32.0]
S 8 (s) + 8O 2 (g) → 8SO 2 (g)

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(84) 7. Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen gas to form sulfur trioxide as shown in the
following chemical equation. 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) → 2SO3 (g)
What volume of SO 2 (g) at STP will produce 8.00 g of SO 3 (g)? [S = 32.0; O =
16.0], V M = 22.4 dm3 mol-1.
(85) 8. What volume of air at STP should react with SO 2 (g) to produce 1.0 mol of
SO 3 (g)? V M = 22.4 dm3 mol-1.
(86) 9. Sulfur dioxide is produced from combustion of sulfur as shown in the following
chemical equation.
S8 ( s ) + 8O 2 ( g ) →  8SO 2 (g )
a. What mass of sulfur will produce 200 mol of pure SO 2 ? [S = 32.0]
b. What volume will 200 mol of pure SO 2 gas occupy at 273°C and 2.00 atm?
R = 22.4 / 273 dm3.atm/K.mol.
(87) 10. Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen gas present in air to form sulfur trioxide as
shown in the following chemical equation. 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) → 2SO3 (g)
What volume of air at 25°C and 1.00 atm will react with 200 mol of pure SO 2
at the same conditions, to produce SO 3 ? R = 0.082 dm3 atm/K mol.

(88) 11. Concentrated H 2 SO 4 is 98% pure. How many moles are found in 50 g of this
solution?
(89) 12. Concentrated H 2 SO 4 is 98% pure. Its density is 1.84 g/cm3. How many moles
are found in 100 cm3 of this acid?
(90) 13. Find the molar concentration of commercial hydrochloric acid if it is 36.5% by
mass is pure and has a density of 1.20 g/cm3.
(91) 14. [G] a. What volume of commercial sulfuric acid is needed to prepare 1.00 L of
1.00 M sulfuric acid?
[Commercial sulfuric acid has a concentration of 18.4 M]
b. If we take 50. mL out of a 0.60 M NaCl solution and add to it 50. mL
of distilled water, what will the concentration of the solution become?
Assume volumes to be additive.

Section 5.4 Chemical properties of sulfuric acid

(92) 15. Carbon is oxidized by sulfuric acid as shown in the following chemical
equation.
C + 2H 2SO 4 → CO 2 + 2H 2 O + 2SO 2
What volume of concentrated sulfuric acid (18.4 M) would be consumed to
oxidize 24 g of carbon?

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(93) 16. Sulfuric acid, H 2 SO 4 , is neutralized by potassium hydroxide, KOH.

What volume of 0.50 M H 2 SO 4 is needed to neutralize 40. mL of 0.50 M
KOH?
(94) 17. The metal zinc, Zn, reacts with acid to release hydrogen gas, H 2 .
What volume of hydrogen gas would be produced at room temperature and
pressure when 3.27 g of Zn react completely with excess sulfuric acid? [Zn =
65], V M = 24 dm3 mol-1

Section 5.5 Other types of problems

(95) 18. A sample of 4.40 g of an organic compound, C x H y O z , is burned. The only

products of burning are CO 2 and H 2 O. The mass of water vapor produced was
3.60 g and the mass of carbon dioxide produced was 8.80 g. Determine the
empirical formula of the compound. [C = 12.0; H = 1.00; O = 16.0]

(96) 19. [G] The empirical formula of a compound is CH 2 O. If the molar mass of the
compound is 60 g/mol, what is its molecular formula?
[C = 12.0; H = 1.00; O = 16.0]
(97) 20. [G] A hydrocarbon is 75 percent by mass carbon. Find its empirical (simplest)
formula.
[C = 12.0; H = 1.00]

(98) 21.
[T]
During a lab session, students were asked to prepare hydrated magnesium sulfate
by adding an excess of dilute sulfuric acid to magnesium oxide.
Each student was handed a different mass of magnesium oxide.

MgO 
excess H 2SO4
→ MgSO 4 .7H 2 O
= =
M f 40.3 M f 120.4
At the end of the experiment, each student dried and weighed the crystals obtained.
Which student produced the highest percentage yield of hydrated magnesium
sulfate?

mass of magnesium mass of crystals

oxide used / g produced / g
A 5.0 9.5
B 10.0 24.0
C 16.0 35.8
D 24.0 46.6
E 36.0 56.7

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(99) 22. [T]

Ammonium sulfate, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 is used as fertilizer.
It is produced from ammonia and sulfuric acid as shown in the chemical
equation.
2NH 3 + H 2SO 4 → (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4
Calculate the maximum mass of ammonium sulfate produced from 680 g of
ammonia, NH 3 , using the following steps.
The relative formula mass of ammonia M r = 17.

i. Calculate the moles of NH 3 in 680 g.

ii. Deduce the number of moles of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .
iii. Calculate the M r of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .
M r of (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 =
iv. Calculate the maximum mass of ammonium sulfate produced.
(100) 23. [T]
a. The relative atomic mass of an atom is given by comparing the mass of that
atom against a standard atom.
i. What is the symbol of the standard atom? Include its mass number.
ii. Ammonia has relative molecular mass, M r of 17 and lithium fluoride has
a relative formula mass, M r of 26.
A student claims that the term ‘relative molecular mass’ can be used for
both compounds, ammonia and lithium fluoride.
Do you agree with him? Explain your reasoning.
b. A 0.174 g of gas X has a volume of 72 cm3 at room temperature and
pressure.
i. How many moles of gas X in 72 cm3? V M = 24 dm3 mol-1.
ii. What is the relative molecular mass of gas X?
iii. It is found that gas X is a hydrocarbon of empirical formula C 2 H 5 .
Find the chemical formula of gas X. Show your work. [C = 12.0; H = 1.00]
c. A 12 g of an oxide of iron is produced from burning 8.4 g of iron.
Calculate the empirical of this oxide of iron. [Fe = 56.0; O = 16.0]
d. Another oxide of iron has the empirical formula of Fe 3 O 4 .
One molecule of this oxide of iron contains six atoms of iron.
Deduce the molecular formula of the oxide.

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(101) 24. [T]

a. Hydrogen gas is an essential chemical in many industries. It is usually
produced by reacting methane gas with steam.
CH 4 (g) + 2H 2 O(g) 
catalyst
→ CO 2 (g) + 4H 2 (g)
i. Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced at room temperature and
pressure if 1.2 dm3 of methane is consumed. Show your work.
ii. Another method to obtain hydrogen gas is by dehydrogenation an alkane.
The dehydrogenation of ethane is represented in the following equation.

The table below gives the bond energies. Calculate the energy change for a
reaction to produce one mole of hydrogen gas by following the steps
shown.
bond C-H C-C H-H C=C
bond energy in kJ/mol 413 348 436 614

• Calculate energy needed to break bonds.

• Calculate energy released when bonds are formed.
• Calculate energy change of the reaction.
b. Hydrogen gas, H 2 , reacts with nitrogen gas, N 2 , to form ammonia, NH 3 .
i. What is the process for making ammonia called?
ii. Write the chemical equation of this process. Use the sign to indicate the
reaction is reversible.
iii. Why high pressure and low temperature are recommended in the
process of making ammonia? Explain your answer.
c. Ammonia is used to produce fertilizer ammonium phosphate by reacting
with phosphoric acid.
i. Why the reaction is classified as a neutralization reaction?
ii. Write a chemical equation of the reaction between ammonia and
phosphoric acid.
d. Aqueous solution of ammonia is used to test metal cations.
i. A red-brown precipitate is formed upon the addition of an ammonia
solution to an unknown solution. Identify the ion present in the unknown
solution.
ii. Copper(II) ions form a pale blue precipitate when aqueous solution of
ammonia is added. Write the net ionic equation of the reaction between
aqueous ammonia solution and copper(II) ions.
iii. What is the effect of adding excess solution of aqueous ammonia solution
to the solution of Cu2+?

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(102) 25.[T]
Acids are classified as strong acids or weak acids. Nitric acid, HNO 3 , is an
example of a strong acid while methanoic acid, known as formic acid,
HCOOH, is an example of a weak acid.
a. Both acids release H+ when dissolved in water.
i. Give a difference between strong acids and weak acids.
ii. Compare the conductivity of 100 mL of a 0.10 M aqueous solution of
nitric acid to that of an aqueous solution of formic acid of the same
volume and concentration.
b. A student dips equal masses of magnesium lumps into two separate beakers.
The two beakers contain two different acids of the same volume and
concentration. The first beaker contains an aqueous solution of nitric acid
while the second one contains an aqueous solution of formic acid.
A gas is released in both containers.
i. In which container the magnesium lumps take more time to dissolve?
ii. Knowing that the two experiments occur at rtp, compare the volumes of
hydrogen gas released from each beaker? Explain.
c. Nitric acid reacts with insoluble copper(II) oxide to produce copper(II)
nitrate and water.
2HNO 3 + CuO  Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + H 2 O
Find the mass of copper(II) oxide needed to react completely with 150.0
cm3 of 0.500 M nitric acid following the given steps.
• Calculate the number of moles of nitric acid present in 150.0 cm3 of 0.500
M nitric acid.
• Calculate the number of moles of copper(II) oxide which would react with
150.0 cm3 of 0.500 M nitric acid.
• Calculate the relative formula mass of copper(II) oxide. [Cu = 64.0; O =
16.0]
• Calculate the mass of copper(II) oxide that would react completely with
150.0 cm3 of 0.500 M nitric acid.
d. A student wants to prepare copper(II) nitrate salt crystals by adding to 50.0
cm3 of 0.500 M nitric acid an excess of copper(II) oxide. After the reaction
is complete, the student filters the resulting mixture and rinses the residue.
i. What is the composition of the residue?
ii. Why is the residue rinsed?
iii. The student wants to obtain crystals of copper(II) nitrate from the
filtrate. Name a process to extract pure crystals of the salt from its
solution.
e. A student mixes an aqueous solution of copper(II) nitrate with an aqueous
solution of sodium hydroxide to produce copper(II) hydroxide.
i. What is the type of this reaction?
ii. What is the student’s observation? Include any color change.
iii. Write chemical equation for the reaction. Include state symbols.

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Chapter 7 Electrons and the periodic table

Section 7.4 Quantum mechanics

(103) 1. Starting from which shell may the following orbitals be present?
a. the s orbital
b. the p orbital
c. the d orbital
d. the f orbital
(104) 2. a. State the Pauli exclusion Principle.
b. What is the maximum number of electrons that can be present in the
following orbitals:

Orbital Number of electrons present

3p x
all the 3d orbitals
all the 5f orbitals
2d
one of 4d
one of 1f

(105) 3.[G] What is the maximum number of orbitals and electrons that can be found in
the second shell?

Section 7.5 Many-electrons atoms

(106) 4. Write the electronic configuration of the following atoms:

11 Na, 15 P, 19 K, 21 Sc, 24 Cr, and 29 Cu.

(107) 5. Write the electronic configurations of the following ions:

2- + 2+ 3- 2+ 2+
8 O , 11 Na , 12 Mg , 7 N , 26 Fe , and 29 Cu .

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(108) 6. Use the Periodic Table to help write the formula of the following compounds or
ions.

Compound or ion Formula Compound or ion Formula

Barium Oxide Barium chloride
Boron oxide Aluminum nitride
Aluminum fluoride Aluminum ion
Sodium sulfide Sulfide ion
Calcium nitride Nitride ion
Potassium oxide Phosphide ion
Chloride ion Calcium ion

(109) 7. [G] Write the electron configuration of the following atoms: 3 Li, 15 P.

Section 7.6 Ionization energy and the periodic table

(110) 8. Write the equations to illustrate the first and the second ionization energies of
sodium.
(111) 9. a. Why is the 1st ionization energy of sodium less than that of lithium?
b. Why is the 1st ionization energy of sodium less than that of magnesium?
(112) 10. The first five ionization energies of an element are given below, in arbitrary
energy units: 200, 500, 1200, 7000, 14000.
Which group do you expect the element to belong to?
(113) 11. a. The second ionization energy of any atom is always larger than its first.
Why?
b. The second ionization energy of sodium is around 9 times larger than its
first, while the third is only around 1.5 times larger than its second. Suggest
why this is so.
(114) 12. Element A forms a compound with potassium of formula K 2 A.Which of the
following electronic configurations is for A: 1s22s22p63s23p2 or
1s22s22p63s23p4?
(115) 13. Element X has a high tendency to form positive ions of 1+ charge, while
element Y has a high tendency to form positive ions of 2+ charge. Which of
the following electronic configurations is for X and which is for Y:
1s22s22p63s2 or 1s22s22p63s1?

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(116) 14. [T] The table below shows Bohr’s model for three particles A, B and C.

A B

a. Give the reason why

i. particle C is a negative ion.
ii. A, B and C are particles of the same element?
iii. A and B are isotopes of the same element.
iv. A is a nonmetal.

b. i. Use the periodic table to identify A. Write its atomic symbol.

ii. Write the atomic symbol for particle C.

c. An atom X has 16 electrons.

What is the electronic structure of X?

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 Chemistry M

Chapter 8 Molecules in the gas phase

Section 8.1 The hydrogen molecule

(117) 1. [G] Describe the bond formation of an H 2 molecule.

Section 8.3 Simple covalent bonding

(118) 2. [G] Give the electron dot diagram for each of the following chemical species.
a. H 2
b. HF
c. H 2 S
d. NH 3
e. CH 4
f. NaI
g. MgCl 2

Section 8.4 Hybridized orbitals

(119) 3. a. State the type of hybrid orbitals, the shape, and the (approximate) measure of
the bond angles present in the following molecules.
BeCl 2 , BCl 3 , CH 4 , H 2 O, NH 3 .
b. Sketch the 3-D shape of CH 4 and NH 3 .

(120) 4. [G] Define a dative (coordinate) covalent bond.

Section 8.5 Polarity

(121) 5. Consider the following: BeCl 2 , BCl 3 , CH 4 , H 2 O, NH 3

a. Which of the molecules above has polar bonds?

b. Which of the molecules above is polar?

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Section 8.6 Double bonds

(122) 6. Draw the electron dot diagram for O 2 molecule.
(123) 7. a. Draw the electron dot diagram for CO 2 molecule.
b. What is the shape of the CO 2 molecule?
c. Does it have polar bonds?
d. Is it a polar molecule?

(124) 8. [T]
Arrangement and movement of particles in solid, liquid or gas are explained by
the kinetic theory.

a. At room temperature, chlorine exists in the gas state.

i. Give the Lewis dot structure of a chlorine molecule.
ii. Compare the movement and arrangement of chlorine molecules in the solid
state to those in the gas state.
iii. The pressure inside a sealed container containing chlorine gas increases
with temperature.
Use the kinetic molecular theory to explain the relation between the
pressure of a gas and its temperature.

b. The following table provides the rate of diffusion of chlorine and hydrogen
chloride at 25°C.

Gas Rate of diffusion in

cm3/min
Chlorine 0.63
Hydrogen 0.87
chloride

i. Why hydrogen chloride diffuses faster than chlorine?

ii. If temperature is increased both gases diffuse faster. Why?
iii. Compare the rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide gas to that of chlorine
and that of hydrogen chloride.

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 Chemistry M

Chapter 9 Bonding in solids and liquids

Section 9.1 The elements

(125) 1. Specify the major intermolecular forces that exist in a crystal of each of the
following elements: H 2 , He, O 2 , C, Na, P 4 , and S 8 .
(126) 2. Explain the following observation: Sulfur melts at a much lower temperature
than graphite.
(127) 3. Explain why phosphorous is a brittle element while diamond is hard.
(128) 4. Explain the following observations:
Sulfur is a non-conductor element while sodium is a conductor of heat and
electricity.
(129) 5. Explain why silver is a shiny element.
(130) 6. Explain why sulfur is brittle while copper is ductile and malleable.
(131) 7. [G] Give four general properties of metals.

Section 9.2 Forces between particles in compounds

(132) 8. Explain why the boiling points of the halogens increase down the group.

(133) 9. a. Germanium has a similar structure to that of diamond. Describe the structure
of germanium.
b. Silicon dioxide SiO 2 has a similar structure to that of diamond. Describe the
structure of silicon dioxide. You may use a diagram if necessary.

(134) 10. Specify the major intermolecular forces that exist in a crystal of each of the
following compounds: CH 4 , HCl, CO 2 , NH 3 , HF, NaCl, and SiO 2 .

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 Chemistry M

(135) 11. Magnesium reacts with chlorine to form magnesium chloride. In the lattice of
magnesium chloride, the ratio of magnesium ions to chloride ions is 1:2.
Explain the term ‘lattice’.

(136) 12. Describe the structure of solid CO 2 , I 2 , KCl, diamond, H 2 O, Li, SiO 2 and Xe.
Are they made of ions, giant structures or separate molecules?

Substance Type of solid Particles making up the lattice

CO 2
I2
KCl
Diamond
H2O
Li
Xe
SiO 2

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 Chemistry M

(137) 13. The following table is a list of the electron distribution for atoms of certain
elements.

Element Electron distribution

A 2, 5
B 2, 8, 4
C 2, 8, 8, 2
D 2, 8, 18, 8
E 2, 8, 18, 8, 1
F 2, 8, 18, 18, 7

a. From the above list, choose an element that:

i. is a noble gas.
ii. is a soft metal with a low density.
iii. can form a covalent compound with element A.
iv. has a giant molecular structure similar to diamond.
v. can form a negative ion of the type X3–.

b. Elements C and F form an ionic compound.

Draw a diagram that represents the formula of this compound, the
arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion and the
charge on the ions.
Use x to represent an electron from atom C.
Use • to represent an electron from atom F.

c. Draw a diagram representing the arrangement of valency electrons in the

molecule of nitrogen trichloride.
Use • to represent an electron from chlorine atom.
Use x to represent an electron from nitrogen atom.
(138) 14. Explain why an aqueous solution of sugar is a non-electrolyte, while that of
NaCl is a good electrolyte.

(139) 15. Explain the following observations:

a. CO 2 is a gas at room conditions, while CS 2 is a liquid.
b. H 2 S is a gas at room conditions while H 2 O is a liquid.
(140) 16. Ether, CH 3 – O – CH 3 is a gas at room conditions, while ethanol, C 2 H 5 –O–H
boils at 78°C.
Suggest a reason for the difference in boiling points of the two chemicals.

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(141) 17. a. Explain why CH 4 has a lower boiling point than C 2 H 4 .

b. Which has a higher boiling point HF or HCl? Why?
(142) 18. Explain why solid NaCl is a non-conductor of electricity, while when melted
it becomes a good electrolyte.

(143) 19.[G] Describe the structure of a network solid and give 2 examples on such
solids.

(144) 20. [T] Which of the following is not a common property for both diamonds and
silica?

A. They both form giant covalent structures.

B. They are hard substances.
C. They both have relatively high melting point.
D. Each of their atoms is surrounded by four covalent bonds.
E. They both have a cage-like structure.

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 Chemistry M

(145) 21. [T]

The table shows examples on macromolecules, covalent compounds, metals,
and ionic compounds with some of their properties.

Substance Melting Boiling electrical electrical Solubility

point / point / °C conductivity conductivity in water
°C when solid when liquid
A 801 1413 non-conductor good conductor Soluble
B 825 1339 non-conductor good conductor Insoluble
C -95 69 non-conductor non-conductor Insoluble
D -78.4 -56.6 non-conductor non-conductor Soluble
E 1083 2562 good conductor good conductor Insoluble
F 1710 2230 non-conductor non-conductor Insoluble

a. Which substance is a metal?

b. i. Which substances are ionic compounds?
ii. Explain your answer.
c. Which substance conducts electricity in aqueous solution?
d. Which substance is a gas at room temperature?
e. Which substance is a liquid at room temperature?
f. i. Which of the given substances is a network solid?
ii. A student suggests that the network solid in the above table is graphite.
Do you agree with him? Explain your reasoning.

| Level M | 46