Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 03 Subject Code: 4310702

UNIT: 3
Decision Statements and Control Structure
 Decision Statements
 Conditional branching statements:

Simple if statement:

Syntax:
if (condition)
{
Statement (s)
}
If the given condition is true then the statements inside the body of “if” will be executed. If the condition
is false then the statements inside the body of “if” will be skipped.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int marks=45;
if( marks < 35 )
{
printf(“Student is fail”);
}
getch();
}

Prepared By: Department of Computer Engineering Page 1

Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 03 Subject Code: 4310702

If-else statement:
Syntax:

if(condition)
{
Statement 1;
}
else
{
Statement 2;
}

The if..else statement is executed in the following order:

1. first the condition is checked.

2. if condition is true the statement -1 is executed.
3. if condition is false the statement - 2 is executed.

True False
Condition?

Statement- 1 Statement- 2

Statement - X

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int marks=45;
if( marks < 35 )
{
printf(“Student is fail”);

Prepared By: Department of Computer Engineering Page 2

Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 03 Subject Code: 4310702

}
else
{
printf( “Student is pass” );
}
getch();
}

Nested If-else statement:

Nested If-else statement means if-else statement within another if-else statement.
Syntax:

if (condition1)
{
if (condition2)
stmt1;
else
stmt2;
}
else
{
if (condition3)
stmt3;
else
stmt4;
}

Prepared By: Department of Computer Engineering Page 3

Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 03 Subject Code: 4310702

Example:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main (){
int a,b,c;
printf("Enter the values of a,b,c: ");
scanf("%d,%d,%d",&a,&b,&c);
if((a>b)&&(a>c))
{
if(a>c)
{
printf("%d is the largest",a);
}
else
{
printf("%d is the largest",c);
}
}
else
{
if(b>c)
{
printf("%d is the largest",b);
}
Prepared By: Department of Computer Engineering Page 4
Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 03 Subject Code: 4310702

else
{
printf("%d is the largest",c);
}
}

if else if…ladder

It is used for multiple choice.

Syntax:

if(condition-1)
{
Statement - 1;
}
else if(condition-2)
{
Statement - 2;
}
else if(condition-3)
{
Statement - 3;
}
.
.
.
else if(condition-N)
{
Statement -N;
}
else
{
Default statement;
}

if-else-if ladder is executed in the following order:

1. First condition-1 is executed, if the condition-1 is true then the statement-1 is executed.
2. if the condition-1 is false then condion-2 is checked. If condition-2 is true then statement-2 is
executed.

Prepared By: Department of Computer Engineering Page 5

Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 03 Subject Code: 4310702

3. This procedure repeated until all the condition is checked. if all the condition became false then the
default statement is executed.

Flowchart:

True
Condition 1? Statement - 1

False

True
Condition 2? Statement - 2

True
Condition 3? Statement - 3

.
.

. True
Condition N? Statement - N

Default Statement

Example:

Prepared By: Department of Computer Engineering Page 6

Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 03 Subject Code: 4310702

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int no;
printf(“enter number\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&no);
if( no > 0 )
{
printf(“Number is Positive”);
}
else if (no < 0)
{
printf( “Number is Negative” );
}
else
{
printf( “Number is Zero” );
}
getch();
}

Switch statement:
 It is used to select one among multiple decisions.
 The switch statement is also known as multi-choice or multi decision statement.
 „switch‟ successively tests a value against a list of integers or character constant.
 When a match is found, the statement(s) associated with that value is executed.
 Break statement send the control to the next statement after switch statement.
 If the case not found then the statement associated with the default case is executed.
Syntax:

Prepared By: Department of Computer Engineering Page 7

Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 03 Subject Code: 4310702

switch(variable name or expression)

{
case label1:
statement(s) 1;
break;
case label2:
statement(s) 2;
break;
.
.
case label N:
statement(s) N;
break;
default :
default statement(s);
}

Example:
void main()
{
int a=2;
clrscr();

switch(a)
{

case 1:
printf(“One \n”);
break;
case 2:
printf(“Two”);
break;
case 3:
printf(“Three”);
break;
default:
printf(“Wrong choice”);

getch();
}

O/p: Two

Prepared By: Department of Computer Engineering Page 8

Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 03 Subject Code: 4310702

 Unconditional branching statement: goto

 The go to statement in the c programming is used to transfer the control unconditionally from one part of
the program to other part of the program.
 „c‟ language provide a unconditional branching mechanism called as go to statement.

Syntax:

goto label ;

 Here , label is the label to the statement to which go to transfer control.

 Label must be a valid identifier.

 There are two possible use of goto statement.

1. Forward Reference
2. Backward Reference

Forward reference Backward reference

goto label; Label:

…………. Statement;

…………. ………

Label: ………..

Statement; Goto label;

Target statement comes after the goto. Target statement comes before the goto.

 Control Statements:
When we want to repeatedly run a particular statement until a particular condition is met, then in that case we
use Loop Statements.

There are three types of loop statements in C language:

 While loop

 Do while loop

 For loop

While loop:

Prepared By: Department of Computer Engineering Page 9

Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 03 Subject Code: 4310702

 It is entry control loop.

 In the while loop, first the condition is checked and if the condition is true then the statement inside the
while loop is run.
 As soon as the condition is False, the control is moved out of the while loop, and another statement is
executed.
 At first time, condition is false, then body is not executed.

Syntax:

while (Condition)
{
Statements;
}

Example:
i =1;

while (i < = 10)

{
printf( “% d \n ” , i );
i = i+1;
}

Do-While loop:

 It is exit control loop.

 In do-while loop, first body is executed and then condition is checked and if the condition is true, then
again body of the loop will be executed, otherwise next statement after the loop will be executed.
 At first time, condition is false, at least once the body is executed.

Syntax:

do
{
// statements inside the loop
}
While (condition);

Example:

i =1;
do
{
Prepared By: Department of Computer Engineering Page 10
Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 03 Subject Code: 4310702

printf( “% d \n ” , i );
i = i+1;
} while (i < = 10);

For loop :
 In For Loop, we write both the initialization and control condition of the variable together inside
the parentheses “()”.
 If the condition of For Loop is true, then the statement inside it is run, or else the statement is not
run.
Syntax:

for (Initialization ; Condition ; Increment or decrement)

{
body of the loop;
}
 Initialization: The control variable is initialized in the initialization expression. It executes only once.
 Condition: The condition statement checks the value of the control variable. If the condition statement
is true, the body of the loop is executed.
 Increment/Decrement: The increment/decrement of the control variable is done in this part. After the
incrementing/decrementing the value of control variable, it is tested using condition if condition is true
than again the body of loop is executed and this process is repeated until the condition become false.
Flowchart:

Initialization

False

Condition?

True
Increment/
Decrement Body

Example: Print 1 to 5 numbers using for loop.

Prepared By: Department of Computer Engineering Page 11

Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 03 Subject Code: 4310702

for(i = 1; i < =5 ; i++)

{
printf(“ %d \n “, i ) ;
}

Nested for loop:

Nested for loop means for loop within another for loop.

Syntax:

for (Initialization; condition; increment ) {

for (Initialization; condition; increment ) {

statement(s);
}
statement(s);
}

Example:

for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("%d",i);
}
printf("\n");
}

 Break and continue statements:

Break statement:
 It terminates the loop or switch statement and transfers execution to the statement immediately
following the loop or switch.
 Keyword used is "break".
 Break from loop:

for( ; ; )
{
for( ; ; )
{
Prepared By: Department of Computer Engineering Page 12
Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 03 Subject Code: 4310702

if(condition)
break;
}
--------------------
}

Example;
for(i=1; i<=5 ; i++)
{
if(i==3)
break;
printf("%d\n",i);
}

Output: 1 2

Continue statements :
 It causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and starts the next iteration.
 Keyword used is "continue".

for( ; ; )
{

--------------
if( condition)
continue;
------------

Example:

Print 1 to 5 number except 3.

for( i=1 ; i <= 5 ; i++)

{
if ( i ==3)
continue;
printf(“%d ” ,i);
}
Output: 1 2 4 5

Prepared By: Department of Computer Engineering Page 13