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Fits and Limits

Interchangeability of parts is important for economic production and maintenance of machines. Parts must fit together properly while allowing for some variation in actual sizes. Limits of size specify the maximum and minimum permissible sizes for dimensions. Fits between parts include clearance fits, interference fits, and transition fits depending on the allowance between the shaft and hole sizes. Proper surface finish is also essential for part quality and interchangeability.

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Abdulai Wako
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270 views

Fits and Limits

Interchangeability of parts is important for economic production and maintenance of machines. Parts must fit together properly while allowing for some variation in actual sizes. Limits of size specify the maximum and minimum permissible sizes for dimensions. Fits between parts include clearance fits, interference fits, and transition fits depending on the allowance between the shaft and hole sizes. Proper surface finish is also essential for part quality and interchangeability.

Uploaded by

Abdulai Wako
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY I LECTURE NOTES 2021 Uganda Technical College Kyema

8.3 INTERCHANGEABILITY
The dimensions of mating parts are generally controlled to have a proper fitting of matching
parts for its optimal functional requirement. Providing dimensions on components or parts is
the job of a product designer. Interchangeability of the parts is, therefore, a major pre-
requisite for economic production, operation and maintenance of machinery mechanism and
instruments. It is therefore very much possible to interchange spare parts in various
machines, tractors, motor cars, machines tools, airplanes and many, others so that they can
be dismantled for replacement of parts in service conditions in the field, and also in many
local workshops with least possible loss of time. In order to produce interchangeable or
identical parts, the components of interchangeable system and the various terms related with
inter-changeability of the mating parts should be understood clearly by the product
designing, manufacturing and product inspecting staff working in industries.
8.3.1 Size
It expresses the numerical value of a length in a particular unit on the part. The basic size of
a part is its nominal dimension from where all variations are generally made. It is determined
by the part designer from its functional requirements to meet the specified objective. The
other term used with respect to a part is the nominal size. The nominal size is the size of the
part specified in the drawing as a matter of convenience. It is used primarily for the purpose
of identification of a component and is never used in the precision measurement of parts. A
rigid attitude towards the maintenance of a basic size of the part may increase the
manufacturing cost and a little variation in dimension is accepted resulting in a size, which is
different from the basic size of the part. This is called the actual size. The actual size of a
dimension or part is its measured size. An actual size of a ready part will, therefore, always
deviate from one specified in the drawing, i.e. from the nominal or basic size of the part.
Whereas the difference between the basic size and actual size must not exceed from a certain
limit otherwise it will interfere with the interchangeability of mating components during
assembly or sub assembly of parts.
8.3.2 Limits of Size
Limits of size are two extreme permissible sizes between which the actual size exists. The
maximum limit for a dimension is the largest permissible size, while the minimum limit for a
dimension is the smallest permissible size. The maximum or minimum sizes represented by
tolerances are called the limits. The basic sizes deviation and tolerances for both shaft and
hole are illustrated in Fig.8.1.

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PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY I LECTURE NOTES 2021 Uganda Technical College Kyema

Fig. 8.1 Basic size deviation and tolerances for both shaft and hole
8.3.3 Zero Line and Deviation
In graphical representation of limits, straight line to which the deviations are of zero
deviation and the represented of zero deviation are referred. The zero line is also known as
line of zero deviation is generally drawn as horizontal line and the positive deviations are
shown above this line and the negative deviations below it. The algebraic difference between
the actual or maximum size and the corresponding the basic size is called deviation. The
deviations from the basic dimensions at the boundaries of the tolerance zone are called upper
and lower deviations as depicted in Fig. 8.2.

Fig. 8.2 Upper and lower deviations for both shaft and hole

8.3.4 Upper Deviation


It is the algebraic difference between the two maximum limit of any size of the part and the
corresponding basic size.
8.3.5 Lower Deviation
It is the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of any size of the part and the
corresponding basic size.
8.3.6 Mean Deviation
It is the arithmetical mean between the upper and lower deviations of any size of the part.
8.3.7 Fundamental Deviation
It is the one of the deviations, which is conventionally chosen to define the position of
tolerance zone in relation to the zero line. The deviation of the tolerance band on shaft or
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PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY I LECTURE NOTES 2021 Uganda Technical College Kyema
hole away from the basic size is called the fundamental deviation.
It is shown in Fig. 8.3. The zero line shown is the line of zero deviation and represents the
basic size. A zero line is a straight line to which the deviations are referred. For conventions,
the zero line is drawn horizontally. The positive deviations are shown above and the negative
deviations are shown below it.

Fig. 8.3 Fundamental deviation

8.4 FITS
8.4.1 Allowance
In a specific type of fit, the difference between hole size and shaft size is called allowance.
Allowance is used to explain the difference between clearance fit and interference fit.
Positive allowance specifies the clearance fit whereas negative allowance in a fit specifies
the interference or force fit. The relationship existing between two parts, shaft and hole,
which are to be assembled, with respect to the difference in their sizes before assembly is
called a fit. When the parts are assembled into sub-assembly units and sub assembly units
are assembled into full assembly, the mating surfaces of different components are joined
together for proper functional requirement. One of them may fit into the other in form of
joint or fit. The fit may be with suitable degree of tightness and freedom for required relative
movement between mating parts for specific functional requirements of the fit. The
classification of fits is given in Fig.8.4.

Fig. 8.4 General tree classification of fits


Components are assembled to perform a specific function. The characteristic of the
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PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY I LECTURE NOTES 2021 Uganda Technical College Kyema
assembly is determined by the fit. Fit is the general term used to signify the relative degree
of tightness or looseness of assembled parts, which decides the relative movement between
mating parts. Particular type of fit results from the difference in the sizes of mating parts.
Fig. 8.5 shows the various types of fits. Two parts can fit each other in three ways, viz.

Fig. 8.5 Graphical representation of types of fits


8.4.2 Clearance Fit
Clearance fit is one in which two assembled parts are always free to move relative to each
other in the assembly. In the clearance fit, the largest permitted shaft diameter is smaller than
the diameter of the smallest hole. The difference between the size of hole and the size of
shaft is defined as clearance. Clearance fits have limits of size prescribed so that a clearance
always results in a positive allowance, or air space is left between mating parts. The parts
can be assembled by hand. Clearance fit is of two kinds namely sliding and running fits.
Examples of clearance fit are door hinges, wheel and axle, shaft and bearing, etc. used in the
assembly of parts.
8.4.3 Interference Fit
In the interference fit, mating parts in sub assembly or main assembly are joined tightly
together and no relative motion is possible. The minimum permitted diameter of the shaft is
larger than the maximum allowable diameter of the hole. In this case, the shaft and the hole
member in any sub assembly or main assembly is to be attached permanently and used as a
solid component but according to the application of this combination, this type of fit can be
varied. Interference fit is used for permanent or semi-permanent assembly of parts, which
require rigidity and alignment and no relative motion, such as dowel pins and bearings in
casting. The difference between the size of shaft and the size of hole in any sub assembly or
main assembly is called interference or negative clearance or negative allowance.
Interference fit has limits of size so prescribed that interference always results when mating
parts are assembled. Transition fits is of two kinds namely driving or press fit and shrink or
force fit. To assemble, parts are usually pressed together using an arbor press.
8.4.4 Transition Fit
In this type of fit, the diameter of the largest allowable hole is greater than that of the
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smallest shaft, but the smallest hole is smaller than the largest shaft, so that small positive or
negative clearance between the shaft and hole member is employable. Thus, transition fit has
limits of size of hole and shaft such that either a clearance or an interference fit may result
when two specific parts from the lot are assembled. Here the tolerance zones of the hole and
shaft overlap. Transition fits are a compromise between clearance and interference fit where
a small amount of either clearance or interference is permissible. Transition fit is of two
kinds namely push fit and light keying fits. That is, sometimes shaft is slightly larger than
the hole and sometimes slightly smaller than the hole. Spigot in mating holes, coupling rings
and recesses are the examples of transition fit.

8.5 HOLE BASIS SYSTEM


When hole is kept as constant member and different fits are obtained by varying the shafts
sizes in a particular fit shown in Fig. 8.6, then the limit system is known as hole basis
system.

8.6 SHAFT BASIS SYSTEM


When shaft is kept as constant member and different fits are obtained by varying the hole
sizes as shown in Fig. 8.6, then the limit system is termed as shaft basis system of making
sub-assembly or assembly.

Fig. 8.6 Hole basis system and shaft bases system

8.7 SURFACE FINISH


Good surface finish on part has become an essential requirement of a product quality and for
its better life. By imparting a surface finishing process on the part, its dimension does not
change functionally and significantly. Either a very negligible amount of material is removed
or certain material is added to the surface of the job. Surface finishing processes should not
be misunderstood as metal removing processes in any case as they are primarily intended to
provide a good surface finish or decorative or protective coating on to the metal surface for
its better life and excellent appearance. Surface cleaning process is also accepted as a surface
finishing process. Some of the such surface finishing processes are lapping, honing, super
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