Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 06 Subject Code: 4310702

UNIT: 6
Structure, Union and Files

 Structure
 Introduction to Structures and Declaration, Initialization and accessing of
Structures:
 Structure is a collection of logically related data items with different data type.
 Structure must be defined first, that may be used later to declare structure.
Syntax:
struct structure_name
{
datatype member1;
datatype member2;
---
datatype memberN;
};
 struct is a keyword, it declares structure to hold data.
 Structure_Name is the name of structure (structure tag).
 member1, member2,… are members of structure.

Example:
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll_no;
float per;
}s1;
Here s1 is a structure variable.

Structure Initialization:
Example:
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll_no;
float per;
}s1={"Arav",20,85.5};

Example:

#include<stdio.h>
struct student

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Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 06 Subject Code: 4310702

{
char name[20];
int roll_no;
float per;
}s1;
void main()
{
struct student s1={"Arav",20,85.5};

printf("\nName : %s",s1.name);
printf("\nRollNo : %d",s1.roll_no);
printf("\nPercent : %f",s1.per);
}

 Introduction to union and Declaration, Initialization and accessing of union:

 Union is a group of memory that is used to store variables of different datatypes.
 Union are same as structure, but main difference between structure and union is in terms of storage.
Syntax :
union union-name
{
datatype member1;
datatype member2;
---
datatype memberN;
};

Example:
union student
{
char name[20];
int roll_no;
float per;
};

Example:

union student
{
char name[20];
int roll_no;
float per;
}u1;

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Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 06 Subject Code: 4310702

void main()
{
u1.roll_no=65;
printf("\nRollNo : %d",u11.roll_no);
}

Difference between structure and union

Structure union
In structure, each member has separate In union all member shares common memory.
1
memory allocated.

2. Any member can be accessed at any time. Only one member can be accessed at a time.

struct data union data

{ {
int a; int a;
3. float b; float b;
char c; char c;
}; };
Size of structure is total memory allocated to Size of union is maximum memory allocated to
each member. any member.
4.
Size of student= total sizeof(a,b,c); Size of student= maximum memory from
(a,b,c);
5 Structure is defined using struct keyword. Union is defined using union keyword.

Difference between Array and structure.

Array Structure
An array is a collection of variables of same A structure is a collection of variables of
1
data type known by same name. different data type known by same name.

2. An array is a derived data type. A structure is a programmer defined.

For array we have to declare an array For structure we have to design and declare a
3. variable and use it. data structure before the variables of that type
are declared and used.

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Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 06 Subject Code: 4310702

Example: Example:
int a[5]; struct data
{
4. int a;
float b;
char c;
};

 User-defined Data types: enum, typedef

Enumerated Data Type:
 Enumerated data type is user defined data type.
 Using enumerated data type we can create more than one symbolic constant at a time.

Syntax: enum identifier {value1, value2,value3};

Here, enum is a keyword to declare enumerated data type.

Identifier is a user defined enumerated data type.

For Example:

#include<stdio.h>
enum week {Mon=1, Tue, Wed, Thur, Fri, Sat, Sun};
void main()
{
enum week day;
day = Wed;
printf("%d",day);
getch();
}
Output:2

typedef :
The typedef is a keyword that is used in C programming to provide existing data types with a new name.
typedef keyword is used to redefine the name already the existing name.
When names of datatypes become difficult to use in programs, typedef is used with user-defined datatypes.
Syntax:
typedef <existing_name> <alias_name>
Example:
typedef long mylong
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Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 06 Subject Code: 4310702

 Files
Introduction to text Files
File:
A file is a group of related data which is stored in a disk.
File operations:
(1) Naming a file
(2) Opening a file
(3) Reading data from a file
(4) Writing data to a file
(5) Closing a file

Basic file operations:

fopen() - create a new file or open a existing file

fclose() - close a file
getc() - reads a character from a file
putc() - writes a character to a file
fscanf() - reads a set of data from a file
fprintf() - writes a set of data to a file
getw() - reads a integer from a file
putw() - writes a integer to a file
fseek() - set the position to desire point
ftell() - gives current position in the file
rewind() - set the position to the beginning point

fopen() and fclose():

fopen(): Create a new file or open an existing file.
Syntax:
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("filename", "mode");
Here,fp is a file pointer to the datatype FILE.
Second statement open a file named filename and mode specify the opening of this file.
Example:
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("E:\\abc.txt", "r");
fclose(): Close the file
A file must be closed as soon as all operation on it have been completed.
Syntax:
fclose(file pointer);
Example:
FILE *fp;
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Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 06 Subject Code: 4310702

fp=fopen("E:\\abc.txt", "r");
---------------------
fclose();

fgetc() and fputc():

fputc(): Write character to the file
Syntax: fputc(c,fp);
Here c is a character type variable and fp is a file pointer.
This statement write the character stored in variable c to the file.
Example:
void main()
{
char c=’A’;
FILE *fp;
Fp= fopen(“ E:\\ abc.txt”, “w”);
fputc(c,fp);
fclose(fp);
getch();
}

fgetc(): Read character from file

Syntax: c=fgetc(fp);
Here c is a character type variable and fp is a file pointer.
Example:
void main()
{
char c;
FILE *fp;
Fp= fopen(“ E:\\ abc.txt”, “r”);
c = fgetc(fp);
printf(“%c”, c);
fclose(fp);
getch();
}

fscanf() and fprintf():

These functions are used for reading and writing the data to the file.
fprintf() : Write all data written in list to the file.
Syntax: fprintf(fp , “Control String “, List);
Where fp is a file pointer.
List may include variable, constants and string.
Example:
void main()
{

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Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 06 Subject Code: 4310702

char name[10]=”abc”;
int id=1;
FILE *fp;
Fp= fopen(“ E:\\ abc.txt”, “w”);
fprintf(fp,”%s %d”, name,id);
fclose(fp);
getch();
}
fscanf() : Read all data written in file and store in variables.
Syntax: fscanf(fp , “Control String “, List);
Where fp is a file pointer.
List may include variable, constants and string.
Example:
void main()
{
char name[10];
int id;
FILE *fp;
Fp= fopen(“ E:\\ abc.txt”, “r”);
fscanf(fp,”%s %d”, name, &id);
printf(“Name : %s and id : %d”, name, id);
fclose(fp);
getch();
}

Example of reading data from a file and writing to it(in text mode):

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
fp = fopen("hello.txt", "w");
printf("Enter data");
while( (ch = getchar()) != EOF) {
putc(ch,fp);
}
fclose(fp);
fp = fopen("hello.txt", "r");

while( (ch = getc(fp)! = EOF)

printf("%c",ch);
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Subject Name: Basic Computer Programming Unit No: 06 Subject Code: 4310702

fclose(fp);
}

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