32

33
34
35
36
▪ It should be noted at this point that the voltage produced in the coil

is an ac voltage.

▪ Finally it was shown that the average voltage produced by an N-turn

coil rotating in a P-pole machine is

𝑍𝑃∅𝜔 𝑘𝑔 = the generator constant.

𝐸𝑔 =
2𝜋𝑎
Z = the number of conductors in the coil.
𝑍𝑃
𝑘𝑔 = P = the number of magnetic field poles.
2𝜋𝑎

𝐸𝑔 = 𝑘𝑔 ∅𝜔 a = number of current paths.

37
▪ The voltage generated in the armature, placed in a rotating magnetic
field, of a DC generator is alternating in nature.

▪ The commutation in DC generator is the process in which generated

alternating current in the armature winding of a dc machine is
converted into direct current after going through the commutator and
the stationary brushes.
38
▪ The armature circuit is represented by an ideal voltage source 𝑬𝑨 and a resistor 𝑹𝑨 .
▪ The brush voltage drop is represented by a small battery 𝑽𝒃𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒉 opposing the
direction of current flow in the machine.
▪ The field coils, which produce the magnetic flux in the motor are represented by
inductor 𝑳𝑭 and resistor 𝑹𝑭 . The separate resistor 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒋 represents an external
variable resistor used to control the amount of current in the field circuit.

39
1) The brush drop voltage is often only a very tiny fraction of the generated voltage
in the machine. Thus, in cases where it is not too critical, the brush drop voltage
may be left out or included in the 𝑹𝑨 .
2) The internal resistance of the field coils is sometimes lumped together with the
variable resistor and the total is called 𝑹𝑭 .
3) Some generators have more than one field coil, all of which appear on the
equivalent circuit

40
41
▪ Generators are usually classified according to the way in which their fields are excited.
Generators may be divided into:
a) Separately-excited generators.
b) Self-excited generators.

▪ Separately-excited generators are those whose field magnets are energized from an
independent external source of DC current.

▪ Self-excited generators are those whose field magnets are energized by the current
produced by the generators themselves.

▪ Due to residual magnetism, there is always present some flux in the poles.

▪ When the armature is rotated, some e.m.f. and hence some induced current is produced
which is partly or fully passed through the field coils thereby strengthening the residual
pole flux.
42
▪ There are three types of self-excited generators named according to the manner in which their
field coils (or windings) are connected to the armature.

1) Shunt wound

▪ The field windings are connected across or in parallel with the armature conductors and have the
full voltage of the generator applied across them.

2) Series Wound

▪ In this case, the field windings are joined in series with the armature conductors. As they carry
full load current, they consist of relatively few turns of thick wire or strips. Such generators are
rarely used except for special purposes i.e. as boosters etc.

3) Compound Wound

▪ It is a combination of a few series and a few shunt windings and can be either short-shunt or
long-shunt. In a compound generator, the shunt field is stronger than the series field. When series
field aids the shunt field, generator is said to be commutatively-compounded. On the other hand
if series field opposes the shunt field, the generator is said to be differentially compounded.
43
▪ A separately excited dc generator is a generator whose field current is supplied by a
separate external dc voltage source.

𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐴
𝑉𝐹
𝐼𝐹 =
𝑅𝐹
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴

44
▪ In this circuit, the voltage 𝑉𝑇 represents the actual voltage measured at the
terminals of the generator, and the current 𝐼𝐿 represents the current flowing in the
lines connected to the terminals. The internal generated voltage is 𝐸𝐴 , and the
armature current is 𝐼𝐴 .

𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐴
𝑉𝐹
𝐼𝐹 =
𝑅𝐹
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴

45
▪ The terminal characteristic of a device is a plot of the
output quantities of the device versus each other.
▪ For a dc generator, the output quantities are its
terminal voltage and line current.
▪ The terminal characteristic of a separately excited
generator is thus a plot of 𝑉𝑇 versus 𝐼𝐿 for a constant
speed 𝜔.
▪ By Kirchhoff's voltage law, the terminal voltage is
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴

46
▪ Since the internal generated voltage is
independent of 𝐼𝐴 , the terminal characteristic of
the separately excited generator is a straight
line.

▪ When the load supplied by the generator is

increased, 𝐼𝐿 (and therefore 𝐼𝐴 ) increases.
▪ As the armature current increases, the 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 drop
increases, so the terminal voltage of the
generator falls

𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐿 𝑅𝐴
47
▪ The terminal voltage of a separately excited dc generator can be

controlled by changing the internal generated voltage 𝐸𝐴 of the

machine.

▪ By Kirchhoff's voltage law 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 so if 𝐸𝐴 increases, 𝑉𝑇 will

increase, and if 𝐸𝐴 decreases, 𝑉𝑇 will decrease.

▪ Since the internal generated voltage 𝐸𝐴 is given by the equation

𝑬𝑨 = 𝒌𝑨 ∅𝝎 , there are two possible ways to control the voltage of

this generator:

48
1) Change the speed of rotation. If 𝝎 increases, then 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾∅𝜔 ↑
increases, so 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 ↑ −𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 increases too.

2) Change the field current. If 𝑅𝐹 is decreased, then the field current

𝑉𝐹
increases (𝐼𝐹 = ). Therefore, the flux ∅ in the machine increases.
𝑅𝐹 ↓

As the flux rises, (𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾∅ ↑ 𝜔) must rise too, so 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 ↑ −𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴

increases.
▪ In many applications, the speed range of the prime mover is quite
limited, so the terminal voltage is most commonly controlled by
changing the field current. 49
▪ A separately excited dc generator is rated at 172 kW, 430 V, 400 A, and 1800 r/min.,
and its magnetization curve is shown next page. This machine has the following
characteristics:

50
a) If the variable resistor 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑗 in this
generator's field circuit is adjusted to
63Ω and the generator's prime mover is
driving it at 1600 rpm, what is this
generator's no-load terminal voltage?
▪ If the generator's total field circuit
resistance is 𝑅𝐹 + 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 83Ω

𝑉𝐹 430𝑉
𝐼𝐹 = = = 5.2𝐴
𝑅𝐹 83Ω
From the machine's magnetization curve,
this much current would produce a voltage
EA0 = 430V at a speed of 1800 rpm.
Since this generator is actually turning at
nm = 1600 rpm, its internal generated
voltage 𝐸𝐴 will be

51
b) What would its voltage be if a 360-A load were connected to its terminals?
c) What adjustment could be made to the generator to restore its terminal
voltage to the value found in part a?

▪ If a 360-A load were connected to this generator's terminals, the terminal

voltage of the generator would be
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴
𝑉𝑇 = 382V − 360𝐴 0.05Ω = 364𝑉

▪ The voltage at the terminals of the generator has fallen, so to restore it to

its original value, the voltage of the generator must be increased.

▪ This requires an increase in 𝐸𝐴 which implies that 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑗 must be decreased to

increase the field current of the generator.

52
d) How much field current would be needed to restore the terminal voltage to its
no-load value? What is the required value for the resistor 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑗 to accomplish this?
▪ For the terminal voltage to go back up to 382 V, the required value of 𝐸𝐴 is

From the magnetization curve, this voltage would require a field current of 𝐼𝐹 = 6.15 A.
The field circuit resistance would have to be

𝐼𝐹 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑇
(1600rpm) (1800rpm) (1600rpm)
No-load 5.2A 0A 382V 430V 382V
360A 5.2A 360A 382V 430V 364V
360A 6.15A 360A 400V 450V 382V 53
From the magnetization curve, this
voltage would require a field current of
𝐼𝐹 = 6.15 A. The field circuit resistance
would have to be

54
▪ A shunt dc generator is a dc generator that supplies its own field current by having
its field connected directly across the terminals of the machine.
▪ The equivalent circuit of a shunt dc generator is shown below. In this circuit, the
armature current of the machine supplies both the field circuit and the load
attached to the machine

𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐹 + 𝐼𝐿
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴
𝑉𝐹
𝐼𝐹 =
𝑅𝐹
55
▪ This type of generator has a distinct advantage over the
separately excited dc generator in that no external
power supply is required for the field circuit
▪ If the generator supplies its own field current, how does
it get the initial field flux to start when it is first turned
on?
▪ Assume that the generator has no load connected to it
and that the prime mover starts to turn the shaft of the
generator. How does an initial voltage appear at the
terminals of the machine?
▪ The voltage buildup in a dc generator depends on the
presence of a residual flux in the poles of the generator.
▪ When a generator first starts to turn, an internal voltage
will be generated which is given by

𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾𝜙𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝜔
56
▪ This voltage appears at the terminals of the
generator (it may only be a volt or two).
▪ But when that voltage appears at the terminals, it
causes a current to flow in the generator's field coil
𝑉𝑇 ↑
𝐼𝐹 =
𝑅𝐹
▪ This field current produces a magnetomotive force
in the poles, which increases the flux in them.
▪ The increase in flux causes an increase in
𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾𝜙 ↑ 𝜔, which increases the terminal voltage
𝑉𝑇 .
▪ When 𝑉𝑇 rises, 𝐼𝐹 increases further, increasing the
flux 𝜙 more, which increases 𝐸𝐴 .
57
▪ The terminal characteristic of a shunt dc generator differs from that of a
separately excited dc generator, because the amount of field current in the
machine depends on its terminal voltage.
▪ As the load on the generator is increased, 𝐼𝐿 increases and so 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐹 + 𝐼𝐿 ↑ also
increases.
▪ An increase in 𝐼𝐴 increases the armature resistance voltage drop 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 ↑
causing 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 ↑ 𝑅𝐴 to decrease.

58
▪ This is precisely the same behavior observed in a separately excited generator.
▪ However, when 𝑉𝑇 decreases, the field current in the machine decreases with it.
▪ This causes the flux in the machine to decrease, decreasing 𝐸𝐴 ·
▪ Decreasing 𝐸𝐴 causes a further decrease in the terminal voltage
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 ↓ −𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 .

59
▪ A series dc generator is a generator whose field
is connected in series with its armature.
▪ Since the armature has a much higher current
than a shunt field, the series field in a
generator of this sort will have only a very few
turns of wire, and the wire used will be much
thicker than the wire in a shunt field.
▪ Because magnetomotive force is given by the
equation F=Ni, exactly the same
magnetomotive force can be produced from a
few turns with high current as can be produced 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝑆
from many turns with low current.
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝑆
60
▪ At no load, however, there is no field current, so 𝑉𝑇 is reduced to a small level given

by the residual flux in the machine (1-3V).

▪ As the load increases, the field current rises, so 𝐸𝐴 rises rapidly. The 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝑆

drop goes up too, but at first the increase in 𝐸𝐴 goes up more rapidly than the
𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝑆 drop rises, so 𝑉𝑇 increases.

𝐼𝐿 ↑= 𝐼𝐴 ↑= 𝐼𝑆 ↑

𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 ⇑ −𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝑆 ↑

61
▪ After a while, the machine approaches saturation, and 𝐸𝐴 becomes almost constant.

At that point, the resistive drop is the predominant effect, and 𝑉𝑇 starts to fall.
▪ It is obvious that this machine would make a bad constant-voltage source.

𝐼𝐿 ↑= 𝐼𝐴 ↑= 𝐼𝑆 ↑
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝑆 ↑

62
▪ Series generators are used only in a few

specialized applications, where the steep

voltage characteristic of the device can be
exploited. One such application is arc
welding.
▪ Series generators used in arc welding are

deliberately designed to have a large

armature reaction, which gives them a
terminal characteristic like the one.
▪ Notice that when the welding electrodes

make contact with each other before

welding commences, a very large current
flows.

63