Q1.This question is about atoms and isotopes.

(a) Atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons.

A lithium atom has the symbol

Explain, in terms of sub-atomic particles, why the mass number of this lithium atom is 7.

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(3)

(b) Amounts of substances can be described in different ways.

Complete the sentences.

One mole of a substance is the relative formula mass in

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The relative atomic mass of an element compares the mass of an atom of an element with
the mass of an atom of

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(2)

(c) Two isotopes of oxygen are and

Describe the similarities and differences between the isotopes and

You should refer to the numbers of sub-atomic particles in each isotope.

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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

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Q2.Magnesium reacts with steam to produce hydrogen gas and magnesium oxide.

A teacher demonstrated the reaction to a class. The figure below shows the apparatus the teacher
used.

(a) (i) The hydrogen produced was collected.

Describe how to test the gas to show that it is hydrogen.

Test ........................................................................................................

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Result ...................................................................................................

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(2)

(ii) Explain why the magnesium has to be heated to start the reaction.

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(2)

(b) The equation for the reaction is:

Mg(s) + H2O(g) MgO(s) + H2(g)

(i) The teacher used 1.00 g of magnesium.

Use the equation to calculate the maximum mass of magnesium oxide produced.

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 Give your answer to three significant figures.

Relative atomic masses (A r): O = 16; Mg = 24

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Maximum mass = ........................................ g

(3)

(ii) The teacher’s demonstration produced 1.50 g of magnesium oxide.

Use your answer from part (b)(i) to calculate the percentage yield.

If you could not answer part (b)(i), use 1.82 g as the maximum mass of magnesium
oxide. This is not the answer to part (b)(i).

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Percentage yield = ........................................ %

(2)

(iii) Give one reason why the percentage yield is less than 100%.

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(1)
(Total 10 marks)

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Q3. An experiment was done on the reaction of copper oxide (CuO) with methane (CH4).

(a) The equation for this reaction is shown below.

4CuO(s) + CH4(g) → 4Cu(s) + 2H2O(g) + CO2(g)

The water and carbon dioxide produced escapes from the test tube.

Use information from the equation to explain why.

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(1)

(b) (i) Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of copper oxide (CuO).

Relative atomic masses (Ar): O = 16; Cu = 64.

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Relative formula mass (Mr) = ..............................

(2)

(ii) Calculate the percentage of copper in copper oxide.

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Percentage of copper = .................................. %

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 (2)

(iii) Calculate the mass of copper that could be made from 4.0 g of copper oxide.

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Mass of copper = ............................................. g

(1)

(c) The experiment was done three times.

The mass of copper oxide used and the mass of copper made was measured each time.
The results are shown in the table.

Experiment

1 2 3

Mass of copper oxide used in g 4.0 4.0 4.0

Mass of copper made in g 3.3 3.5 3.2

(i) Calculate the mean mass of copper made in these experiments.

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Mean mass of copper made = ........................... g

(1)

(ii) Suggest how the results of these experiments could be made more precise.

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(1)

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 (iii) The three experiments gave slightly different results for the mass of copper made.
This was caused by experimental error.

Suggest two causes of experimental error in these experiments.

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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

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Q4. (a) Alkanes are important hydrocarbon fuels. They have the general formula CnH2n+2

The points on the graph show the amount of energy released when 1 mole of methane
(CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) are burned separately.

(i) Draw a line through the points and extend your line to the right-hand edge of the
graph.
(1)

(ii) Use the graph to estimate the amount of energy released when 1 mole of octane
(C8H18) is burned.

Energy released = ....................................... kJ

(1)

(iii) Suggest why we can make a good estimate for the energy released by 1 mole of
pentane (C5H12).

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(1)

(iv) A student noticed that octane (C8H18) has twice as many carbon atoms as butane
(C4H10), and made the following prediction:

“When burned, 1 mole of octane releases twice as much energy as 1 mole of

butane.”

Use the graph to decide if the student’s prediction is correct. You must show your
working to gain credit.

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(2)

(b) Some information about four fuels is given in the table.

Combustion products

Fuel Type Heat released in kJ CO2 SO2 H2O Type of flame

per g

Bio-ethanol Renewable 29 Not smoky

Coal Non-renewable 31 Smoky

Hydrogen Renewable 142 Not smoky

Natural gas Non-renewable 56 Not smoky

From this information a student made two conclusions.

For each conclusion, state if it is correct and explain your answer.

(i) “Renewable fuels release more heat per gram than non-renewable fuels.”

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(2)

(ii) “Non-renewable fuels are better for the environment than renewable fuels.”

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

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