HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION

Total number of Questions in Hyperbolic Functions is :

(i) In chapter Examples..........................................................12
(ii) Solved Examples ..................................................................18
Total no. of questions..............................................................30
1. DEFINITION 3. GRAPH OF REAL HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
If x is a variable number (real or complex), then (i) sinh x
x x
e e
expression is denoted sinh x, and it is
2
read as ‘hyperbolic sine x’. Similarly expression
ex  ex
is denoted by cosh x and it is read as
2
‘hyperbolic cosine x’. Similar to trigonometrical
functions the remaining four hyperbolic functions (ii) cosh x
can be defined in terms of sinh x and cosh x.
Thus hyperbolic functions are defined as follows-
ex  ex
(i) sinh x =
2
ex  ex
(ii) cosh x =
2
ex  ex
(iii) tanh x = (iii) tanh x
ex  ex
ex  ex
(iv) coth x =
ex  ex
2
(v) cosech x = x
e  ex
2
(vi) sech x = x
e  ex

Note : sinh 0 = 0 , cosh 0 = 1, tanh 0 = 0

(iv) coth x
2. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NAME
We know that parametric coordinates of any point
on the unit circle x 2 + y2 = 1 is (cos  , sin  ),
so that these functions are called circular
functions and coordinates of any point on unit
Hyp erbol a x2 – y2 = 1 is

Fe  e
 
e  e  I
G
H2 ,
2 JK
i.e., (cosh  , sinh  ). It
(v) cosech x
means that the relation which exists amongst
cos  , sin  and unit circle, that relation also
exist amongst cosh  , sinh  and unit
Hyperbola. Because of this reason these
functions are called as Hyperbolic Functions.
 (vi) sech x C. Expansion Formulae:
(i) sinh (x  y) = sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
(ii) cosh (x  y) = cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y
tanh x  tanh y
(iii) tanh (x  y) =
1  tanh x tanh y
xy xy
D. (i) sinh x + sinh y = 2 sinh cosh
2 2
xy xy
(ii) sinh x – sinh y = 2 cosh sinh
2 2

xy xy
4. DOMAIN & RANGE OF HYPERBOLIC (iii) cosh x + cosh y = 2 cosh cosh
2 2
FUNCTIONS
xy xy
Let x is any real number. (iv) cosh x – cosh y = 2 sinh sinh
2 2
Function Domain Range E. (i) 2 sinh x cosh y = sinh (x + y) + sinh (x – y)
sinh x R R (ii) 2 cosh x sinh y = sinh (x + y) – sinh (x – y)
cosh x R [1,  ) (iii) 2 cosh x cosh y = cosh (x+ y) + cosh (x – y)
tanh x R (– 1,1) (iv) 2 sinh x sinh y = cosh (x + y) – cosh (x – y)
coth x R0 R– [–1,1] F. (i) sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
cosech x R0 R0 2 tanh x
=
sech x R (0,1] 1  tanh 2 x
(ii) cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x
= 2 cosh2 x– 1
5. FORMULAE FOR HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
1  tanh 2 x
The following formulae can easily be established = 1 + 2 sinh2 x =
directly from above definitions- 1  tanh2 x
(iii) 2 cosh2 x = cosh 2x + 1
A. Reciprocal Formulae :
(iv) 2 sinh2 x = cosh 2x – 1
1 2 tanh x
(i) cosech x = (v) tanh 2x =
sinh x 1  tanh2 x
G. (i) sinh 3x = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh3 x
1
(ii) sech x = (ii) cosh 3x = 4 cosh3 x – 3 cosh x
cosh x
3 tanh x  tanh 3 x
1 (iii) tanh 3x =
1  3 tanh 2 x
(iii) coth x =
tanh x H. (i) cosh x + sinh x = ex
(ii) cosh x – sinh x = e–x
sinh x
(iv) tanh x = (iii) (cosh x + sinh x)n = cosh nx + sinh nx
cosh x
Examples
cosh x based on Formulae For Hyperbolic Functions
(v) coth x =
sinh x
Ex.1 cosh 2  – cosh 2  is equal to-
B. Square Formulae :
(A) 2 sinh (  +  ) sin (  –  )
(i) cosh2 x – sinh2 x = 1
(B) 2 sinh (  +  ) sinh (  –  )
(ii) sech2 x + tanh2 x = 1
(iii) coth2 x – cosech2 x = 1 (C) 2 cosh (  +  ) cos (  –  )
(iv) cosh2 x + sinh2 x = cosh 2x (D) cosh (  +  ) cosh (  –  )
Sol. Since cosh x – cosh y
ex  ex x2 x4 x6
xy xy (ii) cosh x = =1+ + + +...
= 2sinh sinh 2 2! 4! 6!
2 2
ex  exx3 17 7
 cosh 2  – cosh 2  (iii) tanh x = x x
+ 2x5 –
=x – x +...
e e 3 315
2  2 2  2 The expansion of coth x, cosech x does not
= 2 sinh sinh
2 2 exist because coth (0) =  , cosech (o) = 
b gsinh b  g Ans. [B]
= 2 sinh   
8. RELATION BETWEEN HYPERBOLIC AND
Ex.2 If cosec x = coth y, then the value of tan x CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
is-
We have from Euler formulae
(A) tanh y (B) sinh y
eix= cos x + i sin x ...(1)
(C) cosech y (D) cosh y
and e–ix= cos x – i sin x ...(2)
Sol.  cosec x = coth y
adding (1) & (2)
 sin x = tanh y
eix  e  ix
sin x tanh y  cos x =
Again tan x = = 2
1  sin x2
1  tanh 2 y Subtracting (2) from (1)
e ix  e  ix
tanh y  sin x =
= = sinh y Ans.[B] 2i
sec h y Replacing x by ix in these values, we get

cos ech x ex  ex

cos (ix) = = cosh x
Ex.3 equals- 2
cos ech 2 x  1
 cos (ix) = cosh x
(A) tanh x (B) coth x
ex  ex Fe  e I
x x

(C) sech x (D) cosh x sin (ix) =

2i
= i G
H 2 JK
cos ech x cos ech x  sin (ix) = i sinh x
Sol.  2
cos ech x  1
=
coth x sin ix bg
i sinh x
= sech x Ans.[C]
Also tan (ix) = cos ix =
bg
cosh x
 tan (ix) = i tanh x
6. TO EXPRESS ANY ONE HYPERBOLIC Similarly replacing x by ix in the definitions of
FUNCTION IN TERMS OF OTHERS sinh x and cosh x, we get
Since cosh2 x – sinh2 x = 1 ei x  e  i x ei x  e  i x
sinh (ix) = = i. = i sin x
 sinh x = ...(1) 2 2i
cosh 2 x  1
2
ei x  e  i x
1  sec h x cosh (ix) = = cos x
 sinh x = ...(2) 2i
sec h x
tanh x sinh (ix) i sin x
Also tanh (ix) = = = i tan x
 sinh x = ...(3) cosh (ix) cos x
1  tanh2 x
Thus, we obtain the following relations between
1 hyperbolic and trigonometrical functions.
 sinh x = ...(4)
coth2 x  1
(i) sin (ix) = i sinh x
(ii) cos (ix) = cosh x
7. EXPANSIONS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS sinh (ix) = i sin x
cosh (ix) = cos x
ex  ex x3 x5 x7
(i) sinh x = =x+ + + +... sinhx = – i sin (ix)
2 3! 5! 7!
 cosh x = cos (ix) F
G I  1
sin x = – i sinh (ix)
Sol.  sinh
H6 iJK= i sin 6
= i.
2
cos x = cosh (ix) Ans.[B]
(iii) tan (ix) = i tanh x
(iv) cot (ix) = – i coth x
bg F
GI
tanh (ix) = i tan x
Ex.5 sech  i + cosech
H2 iJKequals-
coth (ix) = – i cot x (A) 1 – i (B) – 1 + i
tanh x = – i tan (ix) (C) – 1– i (D) 1 + i
coth x = i cot (ix)
bg F
G I
tan x = – i tanh (ix)
Sol.  sech  i + cosech
H2 iJK
cot x = i coth (ix)
= sec  – i cosec 
(v) sec (ix) = sech x 2
(vi) cosec (ix) = – i cosech x = – 1 – i (A) = – 1 – i Ans.[C]
sech (ix) = sec x
cosech (ix) = – i cosec x Ex.6 cos ix + i sin ix equals-
sech x = sec (ix) (A) eix (B) e–ix (C) ex (D) e–x
cosech x = i cosec (ix) Sol. cos ix + i sin ix
sec x = sech (ix) = cosh x + i.i sinhx
cosec x = i cosech (ix) = cosh x – sinh x
e x  e x  e x  e x
= = e x Ans.[D]
Note : 2

For obtaining any formula given in (5)th article, 9. PERIOD OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
use the f ollowing substitutions in the
If for any function f(x) , f(x + T) = f(x) , then f(x)
corresponding formula for trigonometric functions.
is called the periodic function and least positive
sin x  i sinh x, cos x  cosh x, value of T is called the period of the function.
tan x   i tanh x
 sinh x = sinh (2  i + x)
sin2 x  – sinh2 x, cos2 x  cosh2 x,
cosh x = cosh (2  i + x)
tan2 x  – tanh2 x
and tanh x = tanh (  i + x)
For example : Therefore, the period of these functions are 2  i,
(i) For finding out the formula for cosh 2x in 2  i and  i respectively. Also periods of cosech
terms of tanh x, replace tan x by i tanh x x, sech x and coth x are 2  i, 2  i and  i
and tan2 x by – tanh2 x in the following respectively.
formula of trigonometric function of cos 2x :
Note :
1  tan2 x
cos 2x = Hyperbolic functions are neither periodic functions
1  tan2 x nor their curves are periodic, but they show the
We get algebraic properties of periodic functions and
having imaginary period.
1  tanh2 x
cosh 2x =
1  tanh2 x Examples
based on Period of Hyperbolic Functions
Examples Relation between Hyperbolic and

based on Circular Functions Ex.7 The period of cosh is -
3

F
GI
(A) 6i (B) 2i (C) i (D) 9i
Ex.4 sinh
H6 iJKis equal to- Sol. Since the period of cosh  is 2i so the

i i 3 3 period of cosh is 3. 2i = 6i .
(A) – (B) (C) i (D) – i 3
2 2 2 2
Ans.[A]
10. INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
 sinh–1 x = cosh–1 1  x2
Definition : If sinh y = x, then y is called the
inverse Hyperbolic sine of x and it is written sinh y sinh y
as y = sinh–1 x. Similarly cosech–1 x, cosh–1x, (iii)  tanh y = =
cosh y 1  sinh 2 y
tanh–1 x etc. can be defined.
x x
10.1 Domain and range of Inverse Hyperbolic =  y = tanh–1
Function : 1  x2 1  x2

Function Domain Range x

sinh–1 x  sinh–1 x = tanh–1 x
R R 1  x2
cosh–1 x [1,  ) R
tanh–1 x (–1,1) R 1  sinh2 y 1  x2
coth–1 x R– [–1,1] R0 (iv)  coth y = =
sinh y x
sech–1 x (0,1] R
cosech–1 x R0 R0 1  x2
 y = coth–1
x
10.2 Relation between inverse Hyperbolic
function and inverse circular function 1  x2
 sinh–1 x = coth–1
Method : Let sinh–1 x = y x
 x = sinh y 1
(v)  sech y =
= – i sin (iy) cosh y
 ix = sin (iy) 1 1
= =
 iy = sin–1 (ix) 1  sinh y 2
1  x2
–1(ix)
 y = – i sin
1
 sinh–1 x = – i sin–1 (ix) y = sech–1
Therefore we get the following relations 1  x2
(i) sinh–1 x = – i sin–1 (ix) 1
(ii) cosh–1 x = – i cos–1 x  sinh– 1 x = sech–1
1  x2
(iii) tanh–1 x = – i tan–1 (ix) (vi) Also sinh–1 x = cosech–1 (1/x)
(iv) coth–1 x = i cot –1 (ix) From the above it is clear that
(v) sech–1 x = – i sec–1 x coth–1 x = tanh–1 (1/x)
(vi) cosech–1 x = i cosec–1 (ix) sech–1 x = cosh–1 (1/x)
10.3 To express any one inverse hyperbolic cosech–1 = sinh–1 (1/x)
function in terms of the other inverse
hyperbolic functions : Note :
To express sinh–1 x in terms of the others If x is real then all the above six inverse functions
(i) Let sinh–1 x = y are single valued.
 x = sinh y 10.4 Relation between inverse hyperbolic
functions and logarithmic functions
 cosech y = 1/x
Method : Let sinh–1 x = y
 y = cosech–1 (1/x)
e y  e y
F1IJ
sinh–1 x = cosech–1 G
 x = sinh y =
 Hx K  e 2y y
2
– 2x e – 1 = 0
(ii)  cosh y = 1  sinh 2 y = 1  x2 2x  4 x2  4 2
 ey = = x x 1
2
 y = cosh–1 1  x2
But ey > 0,  y and x < x2  1
 Ex.9 The value of sech–1 (1/2) is -
 ey = x + x2  1

 y = log ( x+
e j
(A) log 2  3 e j
(B) log 2  3
x2  1 )
(C) log e
1 3 j (D) log e
1 3 j
 sinh–1 x = log ( x + x2  1 ) Sol. We know sech–1 (1/2) = cosh– 1 2
By the above method we can obtain the following
relations between inverse hyperbolic functions = log (2+ 4  1 )
and principal values of logarithmic functions : ( cosh–1x = log ( x+ x2  1 )
(i) sinh–1 x = log ( x+ x2  1 ) = log ( 2+ 3) Ans.[B]
(–  < x <  )

(ii) cosh–1 x = log ( x+ Ex.10 If 4 tanh  = 3 then the value of  is-

x2  1 )
(A) 1/2 log 7 (B) – log 7
(x  1)
(C) 2 log 7 (D) None of these
F
G1 xI
H1  x JK
Sol.  4 tanh  = 3
(iii) tanh–1 x = 1/2 log
 tanh  = 3/4
|x| < 1
 = tanh–1 (3/4)
F
Gx  1I
(iv) coth–1 x = 1/2 log Hx  1JK  1 3 / 4 
= 1/2 log   = 1/2 log 7
 1 3 / 4 
|x| > 1
Ans.[A]
F1  1  x2 I
(v) sech–1 x = log G
G JJ Ex.11 sinh–1 ( cot x) equals-
H x K (A) log (tan x – sin x)
0 < x  1
(B) log (tan x + sin x)
F1  1  x2 I
(vi) cosech–1 x = log G
G JJ (C) log (cot x – cosec x)
H x K (D) log (cot x + cosec x)
(x  0)  2 
Sol.  sinh–1 x = log  x  x  1 
Note :
 2 
Formulae for values of cosech–1 x, sech–1 x and  sinh–1 ( cot x) = log  cot x  cot x  1 
coth–1 x may be obtained by replacing x by
1/x in the values of sinh–1 x , cosh–1 x and  log ( cot x + cosec x)
tanh–1 x respectively. Ans.[D]

Examples Ex.12 If v = log tan (/4 + x/2) then the value of

based on Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
cosx. cosh v is -
(A) sec x (B) sin x
Ex.8 The value of sinh–1 1 is - (C) 1 (D) 2
(A) 0 e j
(B) log 1  2
Sol.  v = log tan (/4 + x/2)
 e v= tan (/4 + x/2)

(C) log e2  1j (D) None of these

=
tan  / 4  tan x / 2
1  tan  / 4. tan x / 2
Sol. We know that
1  tan x / 2
sinh–1 x = log (x + x2  1 ) ev =
1  tan x / 2
 sinh–1 1= log (1 + 1 1 )
e v  e v 1 v
= log ( 1+ 2) Ans.[B] Now since cosh v = = (e + 1/ev )
2 2
 1  1  tan x / 2 1  tan x / 2 
=   
2  1  tan x / 2 1  tan x / 2 

2 2
1  1  tan x / 2  1  tan x / 2 
=
2  1  tan x / 2 1  tan x / 2 

1

 
 2 1  tan 2 x / 2 
=
1
= 2
2  1  tan x / 2  cos x

1
Now cos x. cosh v = cos x. = 1.
cos x
Ans. [C]
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
F
G1  tanh  I
5  cot x = cosech y
Ex.1
H1  tanh  JK is equal to -  tan x = sinh y
Ans.[B]
(A) e10 (B) e5 (C) 1 (D) – 1

F1  e  e   I5 Ex.6 b g
tanh    is equal to -

F1  tanh  I G e e
5 JJ tanh   tanh  tan   tan 
= G
 
Sol. G J
H1  tanh  K G e e  
JJ
(A)
1  tanh .tanh 
(B)
1  tan . tan 
G
H1  e  e   K tanh   tanh  tanh   tanh 
(C) (D)
1  tanh   tanh  1  tanh .tanh 
Fe  e  e  e I
   
5

= G
He  e  e  e JK
   
Sol. b g
tan i  i =
tan(i  )  tan(i )
1  tan(i  ). tan(i )
F2e I 
5
i tanh   i tanh 
= G J = e
5

H2e K e j = e =
2

10 Ans.[A] 1  i2 tanh .tanh 

F
G tanh   tanh  I
Ex.2 The value of cosh 2x is - H1  tanh .tanh  JKi
=

(A) cosh2 x – sinh2 x

(B) 1 + 2 cosh2 x tanh b
Ftanh   tanh  IJ
  g= G
(C) 1 + 2 sinh2 x
H1  tanh .tanh  K
Ans.[A]
(D) None of these
Ex.7 (cos ix + i sin ix) is equal to-
Sol. cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2x
(A) eix (B) ex
= ( 1+ sinh2 x) + sinh2 x –x
(C) e (D) None of these
= 1+ 2 sinh2 x Ans[C]
Sol. (cos ix + i sin ix)
= cosh x + i2 sinh x
Ex.3 cos (i5 x) is equal to -
= (cosh x – sinh x) = e–x
(A) i cosh x (B) – i cosh x Ans.[C]
(C) cosh x (D) – cosh x
Sol. 5
cos (i x) = cos (ix) = cosh x
F
GxI
H2 JKis-
Ans.[C] Ex.8 The period of sinh

1  tanh x (A) 2  i (B) 2  (C) 4  i (D) 4 

Ex.4 is equal to-
1  tanh x Sol. Since period of sinh x is 2  i, therefore period
(A) e2x (B) e–2x (C) i (D) – 1 of sinh (x/2) will be 4  i. Ans.[C]
x
cosh x  sinh x e
Sol. Exp. = =  x = e2x
cosh x  sinh x e Ex.9 cosh–1 x is equal to-
Ans.[A] (A) – i cos–1 (ix) (B) i cos–1 (ix)
(C) cos–1 (ix) (D) – i cos–1 x
Ex.5 If cosec x = coth y then tan x is equal to - Sol. Let cosh–1 x = y
(A) cosh y (B) sinh y  x = cosh y = cos (iy)
(C) tanh y (D) cosech y  cos–1 x = iy
Sol. cosec x = coth y  y = – i cos–1 x
 1 + cot2 x = coth2 y  cosh–1 x = – i cos–1 x Ans.[D]
 cot2 x = coth2 y – 1 = cosech2 y
Ex.10 sinh–1 (cot x) is equal to - Sol. We know that
(A) log (tan x – sin x)
(B) log ( tan x + sin x) 2 sin–1 x = sin–1 F
H2x 1  x2 IK
(C) log (cot x – cosec x)
Putting the value of x = i 
(D) log (cot x + cosec x)

sinh–1 (cot x) = log L cot 2 x  1 O 2 sin–1 (i  ) = sin–1 F

H2 i  1  i  IK
2 2
Sol.
M
cot x 
N P
Q
= log ( cot x + cosec x)
2i sinh–1 (  ) = sin–1
F
H2 i 1   IK 2
Ans.[D]

Ex.11 The value of cosh–1 (sec x) is - F

or 2i sinh–1 (  ) = i sinh–1 2  1   2
H IK
F
G1 sin x I
J (B) log F
1 sin x I
G
(A) log
Hcos x K Hcos x JK (  sin–1 (ix) = i sinh–1 x)
F IK
 2 sinh–1 (  ) = sinh–1 1 2
F1 cos x IJ (D) log F
1 cos x I
H2 
(C) log G G
Hsin x K Hsin x JK Ans.[A]
Sol. Here cosh–1 ( sec x)
Fx I
= log F x  1I G
Hsec x  sec 2
K Ex.14 The value of sinh–1
H1  x JKis -
2

= log ( sec x + tan x) (A) tanh–1 x (B) coth–1 x

–1
(C) sinh (2x) (D) cosh–1 (2x)
F
1 sin x I
G
Hcos x JK
= log Ans.[A] Sol. Let x = tanh y, then

x tanh y
2 = = sinh y
1 x sec h y
Ex.12 tanh–1 x is equal to -
1 Fx I
(A) cosh–1
x
2
(B) cosh–1
1  x2
 sinh–1 G
H1  x JK= sinh
2
–1 ( sinh y)
1 x
= y = tanh–1 (x) Ans.[A]
1 x
(C) sinh–1 (D) sinh–1
1  x2 1  x2 Ex.15 If cos  cosh  = 1, then  is equal to -
Sol. Let tanh–1 x =   tanh  = x (A) log sec  /2
x tanh  (B) log tan 
 2
= (C) log (sec  + tan  )
1 x 1  tanh 2 
(D) log sin  /2
sinh  / cosh 
= = sinh  Sol. cos  cosh  = 1  cosh  = sec 
sec h

x   = cosh–1 (sec  )
  = sinh–1 Ans.[D]
1  x2 = log (sec  + sec 2   1 )
= log ( sec  + tan  )
Ex.13 2 sinh–1 (  ) is equal to- Ans.[C]
F IK
(A) sinh–1 2 1   2 (B) sinh–1 2 1   2
H F
H IK
(C) sinh–1 F
H 1   2 IK(D) None of these
Ex.16 If tan (x/2) coth (x/2) = 1, then the value of Sol. Let log sec x = y
cos x cosh x is -
(A) 1 (B) – 1
1 e y/ 2
 cos x =
(C) cos2x (D) sinh2x e y /2
Sol. Here cos x cosh x By componendo and div idendo rule

1  tan2 ( x / 2) 1  tanh 2 ( x / 2) 1  cos x e y/ 2  e y / 2

= . = y/ 2
1  cos x e  e y /2
1  tan2 ( x / 2) 1  tanh 2 ( x / 2)
 cot 2 (x/2) = coth (y/2)
1  tanh2 ( x / 2) 1  tanh2 ( x / 2)
= . = 1 F
G 2 x IJ
1  tanh2 ( x / 2) 1  tanh2 ( x / 2)  y = 2 coth–1 Hcos ec 2
 1 Ans.[A]
K
Ans.[A]
Ex.18 If sinh–1 x = cosech–1 y then the correct
Ex.17 If –  /2 < x <  /2, then the value of log sec statement is -
x is - (A) x = y (B) xy = – 1
F
G 2 x IJ (C) xy = 1 (D) x + y = 0
(A) 2 coth–1 Hcos ec 2
1
K Sol. Given that sinh x = cosech–1 y
–1

F
G 2 x I
 1J
1F
G IJ
(B) 2 coth–1 Hcos ec 2 K or sinh–1 x = sinh–1 y HK
F x IJ R
S F1IU
sinh GJV
(C) 2 cosech–1 G
Hcot
2
2
1
K or x = sinh
1

T Hy KW
F
G 2 x I
 1J or x =
1
y 
xy = 1. Ans.[C]
(D) 2 cosech–1 Hcot 2 K