دﻓﺘﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺸﯽ ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ اي
ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺳﺎزه ﭼﺎدري اﻓﺰﯾﺮ
Calculation Note of Fabric
Structure
AFZIR Tensile Structure
Abstract:
This project aims to design Fabric Membrane Structure in a project which is an
office building in Tehran city.
The building will be analyzed in 3D model to be as close as possible to the
actual model. Both static and dynamic analysis will be performed for a bare
frame model and then different types of shear wall inclusions will be studied.
For design and engineering of this project we will be used European Design
Guide for Tensile Surface Structures Code.
ForTen software used here.ForTen is the tensile design software by Italian
architect Gerry D’Anza of Baku Group. D’Anza has been developing the
software for the past 15 years and it is in use by several design firms, including
D’Anza’s own Baku Group. ForTen offers designers a nearly all-inclusive
environment for tensile form finding, structural analysis and patterning. This
wide range of functions makes for a learning curve comparable to other
complex 3-D modeling applications, but its capabilities make it a valuable tool
for architects engaged in membrane design.
Plan View of the Building
The following figure drawn by AutoCAD program represents the plan view for
building:
Plan view of the building
Plan view of the building
Selection of the System
The selected Membrane systems to be used in the project is Multi Conical
Plan view of the Model
View of the Model
CONICAL SHAPE WITH MIDDLE MAST
In this tutorial we will make a conical shape with a middle mast that can be
analyzed in the nonlinear module.
Ring Model
mast modelled with trusses
merged nodes (in ForTen Sofware)
MATERIALS
Each material in FoTen has two type of parameters :
• Homogeneous material parameters used in elements that are not membranes
• Membrane material parameters.
Homogeneous material parameters are classical engineering values and do not
need to be explained :
• Young modulus E
• Poisson ratio
• Density = weight x unit volume
• Thermal expansion coefficient
Membrane parameters are more involved in the nature of fabric.
For membrane material we should specify only E warp and E weft on the first
row whereas for nonlinear we should specify parameters.
Piecewise linear model
As we understand the values we need to input are E modulus in the two
warp/weft directions.
As E modulus is not a parameter manufactures put on their property paper we
need to calculate this manually using the formula
E = Tr / e * 100 where Tr is the tensile strength and e the elongation in percent.
Be aware of the units when calculating E modulus.
The weight x unit area property is used to calculate self-weight of membrane.
This will be done automatically before nonlinear analysis is performed so input
a correct value or at least zero (weight of membrane is far more lower than live
loads).
Form Finding
Plot of membrane σ11 stresses
Plot of membrane σ11 stresses
Plot of membrane σ11 stresses
plot of membrane σ11 stresses
plot of membrane σ11 stresses
Plot of membrane σ22 stresses
Plot of membrane σ22 stresses
Plot of membrane σ22 stresses
LOADING
Generally wind and snow loads are calculated with building codes or average
measurements.
We will apply a wind load of 60 da N/sqm and snow load of 150 daN sqm (for
Tehran City).
SNOW LOAD
For this section we use snow coefficient of mabhase 6 moghararate mellie iran.
Print of applied snow loads
Wind Load
Cp VALUES FOR SIMPLE TENSILE STRUCTURE SHAPES [European
Design Guide for Tensile Surface Structures]
From tunnel wind investigation diagrams and tables giving average Cp values
have been obtained.
The Cp values given are on the same basis as those given in the Eurocode for
conventional Structures and are intended for use with the Eurocode.
The external Cp values can be used in the following equation:
External Wind Pressure (load) = Site Wind pressure x External Mean Cp
The site wind pressure can be found using the Eurocode procedure for terms
qref (reference mean wind velocity pressure) and ce(ze) (exposure coefficient –
this includes for the terrain and gust factors pertaining to the site). The Mabhas
6 Moghararate Melli Iran includes wind speed maps for the whole of Iran and
from which the basic site reference mean wind velocity pressure can be
determined.
Internal/undersurface Cp values for the conical, ridge/valley and hypar/saddle
forms should be determined using the Eurocode approach based on the
distribution and size of any openings in the building envelope.
Internal/undersurface Cp values for the cantilevered canopy are given in this
report and should be used in a similar way to the external figures.
The mean Cp values are given below as an average value for a zone defined as
shown in the diagrams. They are suitable for the design of the membrane and its
supporting structure but not for cladding panels and individual purlins, which
will be subject to higher local loading as described in the Code. The behaviour
of the wind and hence the Cp values will not vary greatly with small changes in
overall structure size. The Cp values given here can be assumed to be valid for
structures with bay dimensions of 10-100m. (Suitable for this project)
Load Combinations
To take account of the large deflections of membrane structures, analysis has to
be made using unfactored loads. It is very important that the results of a load
combination are found by adding loads and then analysing, rather than
analysing each load separately and then adding the results.
The prestress and self-weight loads should be part of all load cases. This is a
deviation from the EC Codes as the self-weight of the membrane need not be
reduced for wind uplift cases as it is negligible.
Example load cases to be considered:
a) self-weight + prestress
b) self-weight + prestress + snow
c) self-weight + prestress + wind
d) self-weight + prestress + wind (downward pressures) + snow
e) etc.
The load combinations should generally be applied in accordance with the
national application document of EC1 neglecting the partial safety factors on
the loading as described in Chapter 6. However, for load combinations
including multiple imposed live loads (i.e. wind downward + snow) one of the
applied loads might reasonably be reduced.
Nonlinear Analysis
σ11 and σ22 principal stresses are plotted with a smooth interpolating function.
Membrane stresses are calculated as equivalent constant stress in a uniform
panel. Comparing Linear membrane and membrane s11 stresses we can see
different stress values. This is because of the different approach in calculating
them and again because Linear stresses are calculated in the direction of the
membrane element while membrane stresses are local maximum values.
Nonlinear Analysis of Membrane Structure
Plot of membrane σ11 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of membrane σ11 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of membrane σ11 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of membrane σ11 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of membrane σ11 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of membrane σ11 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of membrane σ11 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of membrane σ22 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of membrane σ22 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of membrane σ22 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of membrane σ22 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of membrane σ22 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of membrane σ22 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of membrane σ22 stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of Linear stresses for C Load Combination
Plot of Cable Force for C Load Combination
Selected point for display of results (C Load Combination)
Selected point for display of results (C Load Combination)
Selected point for display of results (C Load Combination)
Cutting Pattern
By patterning the objective is to make sheets of cloth, that joined together,
become our fabric structure surface.
We must be careful about how patterns are generated because if there are big
differences from our mathematical model, and our real building model, the
accuracy of analysis results can be inadequate.
Patterning is done in a two-step process:
• Cutting the model with seam lines
• Joining consecutive seam lines to make surface patches and flatten them.
To obtain a flat pattern from a 3D patch this is triangle, then by rigid rotation
developed on a flat surface.
Triangle of Model
Cutting Pattern
Cutting Pattern
Cutting Pattern
