Introduction to IoT

Dr. Ashish Vanmali

Outline of the Chapter

❖What is IoT?
❖Characteristics of IoT
❖IoT Conceptual Framework
❖Physical Design of IoT
❖Logical Design of IoT
❖Smart Objects
❖Applications of IoT

Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 2

Evolutionary Phases of the Internet

Ref: David Hanes et al., IoT Fundamentals Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things
Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 3
What is IoT?

❖Internet
▪ The Internet is a vast global network of connected servers, computers, tablets and
mobiles that is governed by standard protocols for connected systems.
▪ It enables sending, receiving, or communication of information, connectivity with
remote servers, cloud and analytics platforms.

❖Things
▪ Thing is a word used to refer to a physical object, an action or idea, a situation or
activity.

Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 4

What is IoT?
❖Internet of Things (IoT)
▪ Internet of Things means a network of physical things (objects) sending, receiving, or
communicating information using the Internet or other communication technologies
and network just as the computers, tablets and mobiles do, and thus enabling the
monitoring, coordinating or controlling process across the Internet or another data
network.

▪ Internet of Things is the network of physical objects or ‘things’ embedded with

electronics, software, sensors and connectivity to enable it to achieve greater value
and service by exchanging data with the manufacturer, operator and/or other
connected devices. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded
computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet
infrastructure.

Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 5

Growth of IoT enabled devices

Ref: David Hanes et al., IoT Fundamentals Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things
Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 6
Characteristics of IoT

❖Self – Configuring
▪ IoT devices may have self-Configuring capability allowing a large number of devices to
work together to provide certain functionality.
❖Dynamic and self-Adapting
▪ IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the
changing contexts and take actions based on their operating condition.
▪ Ex: Surveillance cameras can adapt their modes based on whether it is day or night.
❖Interoperable communication protocols
▪ IoT Devices may support a number of interoperable communication protocols and can
communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure.

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Characteristics of IoT

❖Unique Identity
▪ Each IoT devices has a unique identity and a unique identifier (IP address, Universal
Resource Identifier (URI)).
▪ IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the context, allow
communication with users and the environment contexts.
❖Integrated into information network
▪ IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network that allows them to
communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems.
▪ IoT devices can be dynamically discovered in the network, by other devices and/or
network.
▪ They have capability to describe themselves.

Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 8

IoT Conceptual Framework

❖Simple Framework

Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators

= Internet of Things
+ Internet

▪ Limitations
The simple framework does not take into account:
• Multiple devices with variety of protocols
• Use of number of applications and enterprise/business process
• Overall complexity
Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 9
IoT Conceptual Framework

❖Oracle IoT Conceptual Framework

Internet of Things with

Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage
= connectivity to data centre,
+ Acquire + Organise and Analyse
enterprise or cloud server

Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 10

Ref: Raj Kamal,
Internet of Things –
Architecture and
Design Principals
Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 11
IoT Conceptual Framework
❖Steps of Oracle IoT Conceptual Framework
1. At level 1 data of the devices (things) using sensors or the things gather the pre data
from the internet.
2. A sensor connected to a gateway, functions as a smart sensor (smart sensor refers
to a sensor with computing and communication capacity). The data then enriches at
level 2, for example, by transcoding at the gateway. Transcoding means coding or
decoding before data transfer between two entities.
3. A communication management subsystem sends or receives data streams at level 3.
4. Device management, identity management and access management subsystems
receive the device’s data at level 4.
5. A data store or database acquires the data at level 5.
6. Data routed from the devices and things organises and analyses at level 6. For
example, data is analysed for collecting business intelligence in business processes.

Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 12

IoT Conceptual Framework

❖IBM IoT Conceptual Framework

Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect Internet of Things with

=
+ Assemble + Manage and Analyse connectivity to cloud services

Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 13

Ref: Raj Kamal,
Internet of Things –
Architecture and
Design Principals
Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 14
IoT Conceptual Framework

❖Steps of IBM IoT Conceptual Framework

1. Levels 1 and 2 consist of a sensor network to gather and consolidate the data. First
level gathers the data of the things (devices) using sensors circuits. The sensor
connects to a gateway. Data then consolidates at the second level, for example,
transformation at the gateway at level 2.
2. The gateway at level 2 communicates the data streams between levels 2 and 3. The
system uses a communication-management subsystem at level 3.
3. An information service consists of connect, collect, assemble and manage
subsystems at levels 3 and 4. The services render from level 4.
4. Real time series analysis, data analytics and intelligence subsystems are also at
levels 4 and 5. A cloud infrastructure, a data store or database acquires the data at
level 5.

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Design Strategies of IoT

❖Physical Design of IoT

❖Logical Design of IoT

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Physical Design of IoT

Physical
Things IoT
Design
of IoT Protocol
of IoT

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Physical Design of IoT

❖Things of IoT
▪ The Things in IoT usually referred as IoT devices.
▪ IoT devices have unique identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and
monitoring capabilities.
▪ IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly
or indirectly).
▪ IoT devices can process the data locally or send the data to centralized servers or
cloud based applications back ends for processing.
▪ An IoT device may consist of several interface connections (wired and/or wireless).
1. IoT interfaces for sensors
2. Interfaces for internet connectivity
3. Memory and storage interfaces
4. Audio video interfaces
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Physical Design of IoT

❖Things of IoT
▪ IoT Device can collect various types of data from the onboard or attached sensors.
▪ IoT devices can also be varied types, for instance, wearable sensors, smart watches,
LED light, automobiles and industrial machines.

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Physical Design of IoT

❖Generic block diagram of an IoT Device

Audio/Video Interface I/O Interfaces
Connectivity Processor
HDMI (for sensors,
USB Host CPU Actuators etc.)
3.5mm audio
RJ45/Ethernet RCA video UART

SPI
Storage Interface
Memory Interfaces Graphics
SD I2C
NAND/NOR GPU
MMC
CAN
DDR1/DDR2/DDR3 SDIO

Ref: Arshdeep Bagha, Vijay Madisetti, Internet of Things: A Hands-on Approach

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Physical Design of IoT
Application Layer
❖IoT Protocols
HTTP CoAP WebSockets

MQTT XMPP DDS AMQP

Transport Layer

TCP UDP

Network/Internet Layer

IPv4 IPv6 6LoWPAN

Link Layer
Ref: Arshdeep Bagha, Vijay
Madisetti, Internet of Things: 802.3 - Ethernet 802.16 - WiMax 2G/3G/LTE -
A Hands-on Approach Cellular
Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 802.11 - WiFi 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN 21
Physical Design of IoT

❖IoT Protocols
▪ Link Layer:
• Link Layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over the networks
physical layer or medium.
• Link layer determines how packets are coded and signaled by the hardware device
over the medium to which the host is attached.
• Examples of Link layer protocols:
• IEEE802.3 – Ethernet
• IEEE802.11 – WiFi
• IEEE802.16 – WiMax
• IEEE802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
• 2G/3G/LTE - Cellular
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Physical Design of IoT

❖IoT Protocols
▪ Network/Internet Layer:
• Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source network to destination
network.
• Performs the host addressing and packet routing.
• Datagrams contains source and destination address.
• Examples of Network/Internet layer protocols:
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN

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Physical Design of IoT

❖IoT Protocols
▪ Transport Layer:
• Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the underlying
network.
• Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in UDP.
• Provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control and
congestion control.
• Examples of Transport layer protocols:
• TCP
• UDP

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Physical Design of IoT
❖IoT Protocols
▪ Application Layer:
• Defines how the applications interface with lower layer protocols to send data
over the network.
• Enables process-to-process communication using ports.
• Examples of Application layer protocols:
• HTTP
• CoAP
• WebSocket
• MQTT
• XMPP
• DDS
• AMQP
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Logical Design of IoT

❖Logical design of IoT refers to an abstract represent of entities and

processes without going into the low level specifications of implementation.

IoT
Functional
Blocks

IoT IoT
Communication Communication
Models APIs

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 Logical Design of IoT

1. IoT Functional Blocks

▪ Provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation,
communication and management.

Application

Services
Management Security
Communication

Ref: Arshdeep Bagha, Vijay

Madisetti, Internet of Things: Device
A Hands-on Approach
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Logical Design of IoT

1. IoT Functional Blocks

▪ Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation,
monitoring and control functions.
▪ Communication: handles the communication for IoT system.
▪ Services: for device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services and
services for device discovery.
▪ Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
▪ Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as authentication,
authorization, message and context integrity and data security.
▪ Application: IoT application provide an interface that the users can use to control and
monitor various aspects of IoT system.

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Logical Design of IoT

2. IoT Communication Models

▪ IoT uses four types of communication models:
i. Request-Response
ii. Publish-Subscribe
iii. Push-Pull
iv. Exclusive Pair

Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 29

Logical Design of IoT

i. Request-Response Communication Model

▪ The client sends request to the server and the server responds to the requests.
▪ When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the data,
retrieves resources representation, prepares the response, and then send the
response to the client.

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Logical Design of IoT

i. Request-Response Communication Model

Client Server
Receives request
Request from client,
processes
requests, looks
Sends request to
up/fetches
Resources
server Responses resources,
prepares response
and sends
response to client

Ref: Arshdeep Bagha, Vijay Madisetti, Internet of Things: A Hands-on Approach

Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 31
Logical Design of IoT

ii. Publish - Subscribe Communication Model

▪ Involve Publishers, Brokers and Consumers.
▪ Publishers are the source of data.
▪ Publishers send the data to the topics which is managed by the broker.
▪ Publishers are not aware of the consumer.
▪ Consumers subscribe to the topic which are managed by the broker.
▪ When the broker receives the data for a topic from the publisher, it send the data to
all the subscribed consumers.

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Logical Design of IoT

ii. Publish - Subscribe Communication Model

Publisher Broker
Message published
Consumer-1
Topic-1
to Topic-1 Subscribers:
Consumer-1,
Consumer-2
Sends messages to Consumer-2
topics Message published
to Topic-1 Topic-2
Subscribers:
Consumer-3 Consumer-3

Ref: Arshdeep Bagha, Vijay Madisetti, Internet of Things: A Hands-on Approach

Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 33
Logical Design of IoT

iii. Push - Pull Communication Model

▪ The data producers push the data to queues and the consumers pull the data from
the queues.
▪ Producers do not need to be aware of the consumer.
▪ Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the Producers and Consumers.
▪ Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch
between the rate at which the produces push data and the rate at which the
consumers pull the data.

Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 34

Logical Design of IoT

iii. Push - Pull Communication Model

Publisher Queues

Consumer-1
Sends messages to Message pushed Messages pulled
queue to queues From queues

Consumer-2

Ref: Arshdeep Bagha, Vijay Madisetti, Internet of Things: A Hands-on Approach

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Logical Design of IoT

iv. Exclusive Pair Communication Model

▪ Exclusive pair is a bi-directional, fully duplex communication model.
▪ Uses a persistent connections between the client and the server.
▪ Once the condition is setup, it remains open until the client sends a request to close
the connection.
▪ Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup.
▪ Exclusive pair is a stateful Communications model and the server is aware of all the
open connections.

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Logical Design of IoT

iv. Exclusive Pair Communication Model

Request to setup connection

Response accepting the request

Message from Client to Server

Client Server
Message from Server to Client

Connection close request

Connection close response

Ref: Arshdeep Bagha, Vijay Madisetti, Internet of Things: A Hands-on Approach

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Logical Design of IoT

3. IoT Communication APIs

▪ IoT uses two types of communication APIs:
i. REST-based communication APIs
ii. WebSocket-based communication APIs

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Logical Design of IoT

i. REST-based Communication API

▪ REST = Representational State Transfer
▪ REST is a set of architectural principles by which you can design web service and Web
API that focus on a system resources and how resources states are addressed and
transferred.
▪ REST API follow the request- response communication model.
▪ REST architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors, and data
elements within a distributed hypermedia system.

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Logical Design of IoT
HTTP Client HTTP Packet HTTP Server
HTTP Command
Communication Authentication
REST- GET PUT
with REST APIs Aware
HTTP Client POST DELETE REST-ful
Web Service
REST Payload

JSON XML

Resources
URI URI

Representations Representations
Ref: Arshdeep Bagha, Vijay
Madisetti, Internet of Things:
A Hands-on Approach Resource Resource
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Logical Design of IoT
Constraints in REST-based communication API
▪ Client server:
• Separation of concerns
• Client should not be concerned with the storage of data which is concern of the
server.
• The server should not be concerned about the user interface which is a concern of
the client.
• Separation allows client and server to be independently deployed and updated.
▪ Stateless:
• Each request from client to server must contain all the information necessary to
understand the request.
• Cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server.
• The session state is kept entirely on the client.
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Logical Design of IoT

Constraints in REST-based communication API

▪ Cache-able:
• Cache constrain requires that the data within the response to a request be
implicitly or explicitly labeled as cache-able or non- cache-able.
• In case of cache-able response, a client cache is given the right to reuse that
response data for later, equivalent requests.
• Completely eliminate some interactions and improve efficiency and scalability.
▪ Layered system:
• Each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer with which they are
interacting.
• Scalability can be improved allowing intermediaries to respond to request instead
of tender server.
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Logical Design of IoT

Constraints in REST-based communication API

▪ Uniform Interface:
• The method of communication between client and server must be uniform.
• Resources are identified in the request (by URIs in web-based systems) and
separate from the representation of the resource that are returned to the client.
• Each message includes enough information to describe how to process the
message.
▪ Code on demand:
• Service can provide executable code script for clients to execute in their context.
• This is the only optional constraint.

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Logical Design of IoT

ii. WebSocket-based Communication API

▪ WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex communication between client and
server.
▪ Follows exclusive pair communication model.
▪ Uses persistent connection between the client and server.
▪ Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a request to close
the connection.
▪ Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup.
▪ Reduces network traffic and latency as there is no overhead for connection setup and
termination.
▪ Suitable for IoT applications with low latency and high throughput requirements.

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Logical Design of IoT
Client Server
Communication
by WebSocket Request to setup WebSocket connection
APIs Response accepting the request
Initial Handshake
(over HTTP)

Data frame

Data frame Bidirectional

Communication
Data frame (over persistent
WebSocket
connection)
Data frame

Ref: Arshdeep Bagha, Vijay Connection close request

Madisetti, Internet of Things:
A Hands-on Approach Closing connection
Connection close response
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Smart Objects

❖Smart objects are any physical objects that contains embedded technology
to sense and/or interact with their environment in a meaningful way by
being interconnected and enabling communication among themselves or an
external agent.

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 Smart Objects

❖Characteristics of Smart Objects

Ref: IoT
Fundamentals
Bootcamp,
Cisco 2019
Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 47
Smart Objects

1. Sensor(s) and/or Actuator(s)

▪ A smart object is capable of interacting with the physical world through sensors and
actuators.
▪ A Sensor measures physical quantity and converts that measurement into a digital
representation.
▪ An Actuator receives some type of control signal (commonly an electrical signal or
digital command) that triggers a physical effect, usually some type of motion, force
etc.
▪ Sensors provide the information, actuators provide the action.

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Smart Objects

2. Processing Unit
▪ The processing unit performs:
• Acquiring data
• Processing and analyzing sensing information received by the sensor(s)
• Coordinating control signals to any actuators
• Controlling a variety of functions on a smart object e.g. communication, power
systems
▪ The most common processing unit is a microcontroller because of its small form
factor, flexibility, programming simplicity, ubiquity, low power consumption and low
cost.

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Smart Objects

3. Communication Device
▪ Communication unit is responsible for connecting a smart object with other smart
objects and the outside world (via the network).
▪ Communication device for smart objects can be either wired or wireless.

4. Power Source
▪ Smart objects have components that need to powered.
▪ The most significant power consumption usually comes from the communication unit
of a smart object.

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Smart Objects
❖Trends in Smart Objects:
▪ Size is decreasing
• Some smart objects are so small they are not even visible to the naked eye.
• This reduced size makes smart objects easier to embed in everyday objects.
▪ Power consumption is decreasing
• The different hardware components of a smart object continually consume less
power. This is especially true for sensors, many of which are completely passive.
• Some battery-powered sensors last 10 or more years without battery
replacement.
▪ Processing power is increasing
• Processors are continually getting more powerful and smaller.
• They become increasingly complex and connected.

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Smart Objects

❖Trends in Smart Objects:

▪ Communication capabilities are improving
• Wireless speeds are continually increasing, but they are also increasing in range.
• IoT is driving the development of more and more specialized communication
protocols covering a greater diversity of use cases and environments.
▪ Communication is being increasingly standardized
• There is a strong push in the industry to develop open standards for IoT
communication protocols.
• In addition, there are more and more open source efforts to advance IoT.

Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 52

Applications of IoT

Ref: https://www.sketchbubble.com/en/presentation-applications-of-iot.html
Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 53
Reference Books

❖Arshdeep Bagha, Vijay Madisetti; “Internet of Things: A Hands-on

Approach”
❖David Hanes et al., “IoT Fundamentals Networking Technologies, Protocols,
and Use Cases for the Internet of Things”
❖Raj Kamal, “Internet of Things – Architecture and Design Principals”

Dr. Ashish Vanmali, VCET, Vasai 54