MODULE NO.

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President Ramon Magsaysay State University
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
Tel/Fax No.: (047)-811-1683

College of Engineering/Electrical Engineering

COURSE CODE: ACE 221: Electronic Circuits: Devices and Analysis
Semester of A.Y. 2020-2021

Introduction

Most electronic systems such as HDTVs, computers, laptops need a dc voltage to work
properly. Since the power-line voltage is alternating, the first thing we need to do is to
convert the AC line voltage to DC line voltage. The section of the electronic system that
produces this DC voltage is called the POWER SUPPLY. Within the power supply are
circuits that allow current to flow in only one direction such as the rectifier. This module
will discuss the power supply which consist of transformers, rectifier circuits, filters and
regulators.
ACM 02 MODULE

Rationale

To learn and understand the Linear Power Supply

Intended Learning Outcomes

A. Understand the concept of Linear Power Supply

B. Describe the role of the input transformer in power supplies
C. Draw and interpret the diagram of rectifier in half wave rectifier configuration, full
wave rectifier configuration and bridge type rectifier and explain how it works.
D. Analyze filters such as Capacitor filters, LC filters, RC filters, π-type filter and T-Type
filters.
E. Describe the action of regulators such as IC regulators, Transistor regulators and
OP-Amp regulator

Activity
Power Point Presentation thru google meet (if needed)

Learning Module

Assessment thru Edmodo Applications with time frame (invitation will be send)

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Discussion

Chapter 3: Linear DC Power Supply

Power Supply

 Alternating Current (AC) is an electrical current

whose magnitude and direction vary cyclically
as sine wave
 Direct Current (DC) or Continuous Current,
whose direction remain contact. Its flow of
current in straight line.

Importance of DC power supply:

 Most electric equipment requires DC voltage.
 Dry cells unable to accommodate the needs of electrical equipment.
 Power supplied to the house in AC but electrical equipment needs DC voltage.
ACM 02 MODULE

Block diagram power supply

 Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

 Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is pulsating (varying) DC wave.
 Filter - smoothens the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
 Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.
 Voltage divider – distributes DC output voltage to load.

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TRANSFORMER:
 Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to Transformer
another with little loss of power. with two
 Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the windings and
iron core.
reasons why mains (wall socket) electricity is AC.
 Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down Step-up or
transformers reduce voltage. step-down
 Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to transformer
reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (220V
Philippines) to a safer low voltage.

• The input coil is called

the primary and the output
coil is called
the secondary.
• A step-down transformer
has a large number of turns
on its primary (input) coil
which is connected to the
ACM 02 MODULE

high voltage mains supply.

• A small number of turns on
its secondary (output) coil
to give a low output
voltage.
• If the secondary coil is
attached to a load that
allows current to flow,
electrical power is
transmitted from the
primary circuit to the
secondary circuit.

 Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient; all the incoming energy is

transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary
circuit.
 If this condition is met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing
power:

Ip = primary (input) current

Is = secondary (output) current

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RECTIFIER

Half Wave Rectifier

 It rectifies only half the AC Cycle

The circuit is called a half-wave rectifier it will generate a waveform vo that will have an
average value of particular use in the ac-to-dc conversion process.

Circuit Operation:
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CONDUCTION REGION (0T/2)

CONDUCTION REGION (T/2T)

Effect of VK on half wave rectifier signal
𝑽𝑫𝑪 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟖(𝑽𝒎−𝑽𝑲 )

PIV (Peak Inverse Voltage) or PRV (Peak Reverse Voltage):

Determining the required PIV rating for the half wave rectifier

PIV Rating ≧ 𝑽𝒎

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FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
 It rectifies both half cycles of AC
The most familiar network for performing such a function appears in Figure below with
its four diodes in a bridge configuration.

Circuit Operation:
Conduction path for the Positive region of Vi
During positive half-
cycle, D2 & D3 are
forward biased and
ACM 02 MODULE

conduct current. D1
& D4 are reverse-
biased.

Conduction path for the Negative region of Vi

During negative half-
cycle, D1 & D4 are
forward biased and
conduct current. D2 &
D3 are reverse-biased.

Effect of VK on full wave

𝑽𝑫𝑪 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟔(𝑽𝒎 −𝟐𝑽𝑲 )

PIV (Peak Inverse Voltage) or PRV (Peak Reverse Voltage):

Determining the required PIV rating for the full wave rectifier

PIV ≧ 𝑽𝒎

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Rectifier: Center-Tapped Transformer
 It rectifies both half cycles of AC
The circuit has only two diodes but requiring a center-tapped (CT) transformer to establish the
input signal across each section of the secondary of the transformer.

Circuit Operation
ACM 02 MODULE

PIV (Peak Inverse Voltage) or PRV (Peak Reverse Voltage):

Determining the required PIV rating for the full wave rectifier

PIV ≧ 𝟐𝑽𝒎

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Sample Problem 1: Half Wave rectifier
Assuming an ideal diode. Sketch vi, vd and id for the half wave rectifier. The Input is a
ACM 02 MODULE sinusoidal waveform with a frequency of 60Hz.

a. Sketch the output v o and determine the dc level of the output for the network
below.
b. Repeat part (a) if the ideal diode is replaced by a silicon diode.
c. Repeat parts (a) and (b) if V m is increased to 200 V

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Sample Problem 2: Full Wave Rectifier
Determine the output waveform for the network below and calculate the output dc
ACM 02 MODULE level and the required PIV of each diode?

Sample Problem 3: Full Wave Rectifier

A full-wave bridge rectifier with a 120-V rms sinusoidal input has a load resistor of 1 k.
a. If silicon diodes are employed, what is the dc voltage available at the load?
b. Determine the required PIV rating of each diode.
c. Find the maximum current through each diode during conduction.
d. What is the required power rating of each diode?

RLoad=1kΩ

𝑎. 𝑉 = √2 (120V) = 169.7V
.
𝑽𝑫𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟔(𝑽𝒎 −𝟐𝑽𝑲 ) 𝑐. 𝐼𝐷 𝑀𝐴𝑋 = = = 168.3mA
1kΩ
𝑽𝑫𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟕𝑽 − (𝟐𝒙 𝟎. 𝟕)
𝑽𝑫𝑪 = 107.04V
𝑑. 𝑃 𝑀𝐴𝑋 = 𝑉 𝐼 = (0.7)(168.3mA)
𝑏. 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 (𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) + 𝑉𝐷 𝑷 𝑴𝑨𝑿 = 171.81mW
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 168.7𝑉 + 0.7 = 169𝑉
𝑽𝒎 (𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅) = 𝑽𝒎 − 𝟐𝑽𝑲
𝑽𝒎 (𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅) = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟕𝑽 − 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟕)
Vm (load)= 168.7V
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FILTERS
 A FILTER is to remove the pulsation
and create a constant output
 The output of a rectifier produces a
DC output but it is pulsating rather
than constant steady value over time
like that from a batter

 The AC component in DC
power supply is called
ripple.
 Ripple is the small unwanted
residual periodic variation of
the DC output of a power
supply which has been
derived from AC source.

Capacitor Filter
ACM 02 MODULE

 A capacitor is connected in parallel with a

load resistance (RL).
 Capacitor offers a low reactance to AC
Components
 Once charging, capacitor will store the
charges until the current reach a complete
cycle.

Circuit Operation:
 Initial charging of capacitor (diode is forward
biased) happens only once when power is on.

 The capacitor discharge through RL.

 The input begins to decrease below its peak to 0V,
while the capacitor is begin to discharge
 The discharging time is longer than decreasing the
voltage to 0V.

 The capacitor charges back to peak of input when

the diode forward-biased.
 This charging occurs during the portion of the input
voltage indicated by the solid blue curve.
 Before completing the discharging process, another
input voltage of the positive half-cycle charging the
capacitor once again.

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A. RC FILTER
 In this circuit, the ripples have
to be made to drop across
the resistance (R) instead of
the load resistance (RL).
 So, resistance value (R) is kept
much larger than reactance
of capacitor C2 (Xc2).
 Typically, R is kept 10 times greater than Xc2 ; this means each section reduce
the ripples by a factor of at least 10.
 C1 performs exactly the same function as it did in the single capacitor filter. It is
used to reduce the percentage of ripple to a relatively low value.
 C2 act as a filter for the balance ripples.
 Disadvantage: (a) Poor Voltage Regulator (b) Power is wasted in R and (c)
introduces output DC Voltage losses when the load current is higher

B. π FILTER
 π Filter act to overcome
problems that generated by
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RC filter.
 Resistor in RC filter is replaced
with inductor (L).
 Inductor has lower
reactance on DC but has higher reactance to AC.
 The first capacitor (C1) offers a low reactance to AC component of rectifier
output but provide more reactance to DC components.
 Therefore, most of the AC components will bypass through C1 and the AC
components flows through inductor (L).
 The capacitor C2 bypasses any other AC component which the inductor had
failed to block. As a result only the DC component appears across the load RL.

C. LC FILTER
 Combination of inductor and
capacitor filter.
 An inductor is connected in
series and a capacitor is
connected in parallel to the
load.
 L gives low resistance to DC but
high reactance to AC voltages.
 Series inductor will reduce the ripples, when increasing the load current.
 Since the DC resistance of the inductor is very low, it allows DC current to flow
easily through it.
 Capacitor appears open for DC. So, all DC components passes through the
resistor RL.

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REGULATOR
 The regulated
DC output is very
smooth with no ripple. It
is suitable for all
electronic circuits.

A. Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

• A zener diode can serve as voltage regulator
when working in reverse bias.
• As a voltage regulator, a stable maximum
voltage is allowed to pass through the diode.
This maximum voltage is determined by the
voltage rating of the zener diode.
• To operate in zener region, input voltage must be greater than zener voltage.
ACM 02 MODULE

• As the input voltage increases, the current through the zener diode increase but
the voltage drop remains constant

B. Serial Transistor Regulator

• Zener diodes is used as a reference voltage.
• When input voltage increase, constant
current is deliver to a load.
• When input voltage increasing, zener
voltage is constant but because R1 and
Zener diode is serial, voltage drop across R1 is
increasing too.

• Zener diodes makes base voltage is constant and it will

cause constant current flow through transistor and load.
• Because of constant current at Base, constant current will deliver to load. A
constant current value means output voltage is constant.

C. Integrated Circuit Regulator

• A regulator has 3 terminals: input, output and reference
(common).
• LM 78XX (where XX = 05,06, 08, 10, 12, 15, 18 or 24) was
voltage regulator with three terminals.
• The XX value
represents the
output voltages.
• For example, output of LM7805 = 5V and
LM7812 = 12V.

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ACM 02 MODULE

Exercises
Check Edmodo Application for Exercise 3 uploaded on Assignment Section
Assessment

Assessment thru Edmodo Applications with time frame (invitation will be send)

Reflection

As an engineering student, can you design your power supply?

Resources and Additional Resources

 Boylestad, R., & Nashelsky,L. (1998). Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,
Seventh Edition. Ohio: Prentice Hall
 Malvino, Albert & Bates, David (2007). Electronic Principle, Seventh Edition.
New York: McGraw-Hill.

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