A

TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

MINISTRY OF WORKS AND TRANSPORTATION, ADO-EKITI, EKITI STATE

BY

TAIWO JOSHUA ADESIMILOLA

178541051

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. Eng) DEGREE IN MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

FEBRUARY to JULY, 2022.

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this compressive report was compiled by me TAIWO Joshua
Adesinmilola with matric number 178541051, and entails precisely what I have done during my
SIWES Industrial Training at the Ministry Of Works And Transportation, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State.

…………………………….…. ………..…………

TAIWO Joshua Adesinmilola Signature and date

…………………………….…. ………..…………

Prof. E.A. okunade Signature and date

 DEDICATION

I give absolute thanks to God Almighty, whose grace and strength brought me to the
successful conclusion of this industrial training and for keeping me safe throughout the period of
this program and for granting me wisdom and understanding.
I also appreciate every staff Works And Services Department Ekiti State University the
Ministry Of Works And Transportation, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. for their contribution in one way
or the other towards the success of my training,Thank you all.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My regards and appreciation goes to almighty GOD for his endless mercies and wisdom.

To my parent Mr. and Mrs.Taiwo for their unending love and advice and support during
this time of the training.

Also to the student industrial work experience scheme (S.I.W.E.S.). They have helped a
lot in assisting student to acquire the practical knowledge on their course of study. To the faculty
of engineering SIWES coordinator
 ABSTRACT

This report is a summary of the experience I acquired during my six months Students'
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) in the Ministry Of Works And Transportation,
Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, with highlights majorly on Mechanical Engineering,
TABLE OF CONTENT
Front page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi-vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 History Of SIWES 1
1.2 Objectives Of SIWES 1-2
1.3 The Roles Of Students During SIWES 2
1.4 Duration Of Attachment For SIWES Funding 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Brief History Of Ministry Of Works And Transportation 3
2.2 Vision 3
2.3 Our Mission 3
2.4 Summary Of The Schedules Of Duty Of The Departments In The Ministry 3-4
CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Safety In The Auto Workshop 5-6

3.2 Automobile Breaking System 7-11

3.3 Lathe Machine Maintenance 11-13

3.4 Fuel Pump 13-15

3.5 Top Gasket (Head Gasket) 15-16

3.6 Car Chassis 16-18

3.7 Automobile Brain-Box 18-19

3.8 Drive Shaft 20-22

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Summary Of Work Experience 23

4.2 Experience Gained 23

4.3 Conclusion 23

4.4 Recommendation 23-24

Reference 25
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODCUTION TO SIWES

1.1 HISTORY OF SIWES

SIWES was founded in 1973 by ITF (Industrial Training Funds) to address the problem
of tertiary institution graduates' lack of appropriate skills for employment in Nigerian industries.
The Students' Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was founded to be a skill training
programme to help expose and prepare students of universities, Polytechnics and colleges of
education for the industrial work situation to be met after graduation.

This system facilitates the transfer from the classroom to the workplace and aids in the
application of knowledge. The program allows students to become acquainted with and exposed
to the experience required in handling and operating equipment and machinery that are typically
not available at their schools.

In the light of this, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti has made it mandatory for students
especially in their third year and fourth year for those whose course is five years in the university
to undergo a period of six (6) months industrial training as part of the required fulfillment of the
award of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc). 

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The Industrial Training Fund’s Policy Document No. 1 of 1973 which established SIWES
outlined the objectives of the scheme as:

 Provide an avenue for students in Institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial

skills and experience in their respective courses of study.

 Prepare students for the Industrial Work situation they are likely to experience after
graduation.

 Expose students to work methods and techniques of handling equipment and machinery
that may not be available in their Institutions.

 Make the transition from school to the world of work easier; and enhance students’
networks for later job placements.
  Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge to real work situations,
thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice; and

 Enlist and strengthen Employers’ involvement in the entire educational process; thereby
preparing the students for employment in Industry and Commerce.

1.3 THE ROLES OF STUDENTS DURING SIWES

• To ask questions concerning analysis that are being done.

• Be good ambassadors of the institution they represent.
• To fill the log book as required for each daily activities at the industry.
• Comply with their employer’s rules and regulations.
• Contribute to the development of the industry or establishment 

1.4 DURATION OF ATTACHMENT FOR SIWES FUNDING

One requirement for the Bachelor of Engineering or Science award is that students must
complete at least 24 weeks of Industrial Training.

In most institutions, SIWES is done at the end of the 2nd-semester examination of either
300, 400, or 500 levels.  The time and duration are to be worked out jointly by each university,
department, the SIWES unit, and the ITF
 CHAPTER TWO

ESTABLISHMENT PROFILE

2.1 Brief History Of Ministry Of Works And Transportation

The mandate of the ministry of works and transportation is to accelerate the development of
the state in the area of developing infrastructure such as bridges, good roads and public
buildings. It is also saddled with the responsibilities of ensuring safety on our roads and
enhancing harmonious relationship among the various Transport Unions This falls under
program III of the following 6-point developmental program of this administration:

1. Empowerment;
2. Development of Agriculture;
3. Infrastructural Development;
4. Education, Science and Technology;
5. Health;

2.2 Vision:
The vision of the ministry of works and transportation is to provide roads and other
infrastructures in a suitable manner for the overall socio-economic benefit of Ekiti people.

2.3 Our Mission

The mission is to formulate policies on infrastructural development and to construct, maintain
roads and other infrastructures in a qualitative and sustainable manner to make Ekiti State an
investor’s delight and broadening the industrial base of the state

2.4 Summary Of The Schedules Of Duty Of The Departments In The Ministry

 The services of the core Engineering Department are extended to the citizenry through
the Divisional Engineer’s office at ado Ekiti, Ikole-Ekiti and Ijero-Ekiti.
 These Departments function as summarized below:
 Construction of roads within the State;
 Rehabilitation and maintenance of all roads;
 Survey and Design of road Projects;
 Preparation of Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation (BEME)
 Quality Control test of road materials;
 Preparation of Tender Documents;
 Monitoring, Preparation of reports and Evaluation of road projects;
 Repairs, Servicing and Maintenance of plants and vehicles;
 Fabrication of machine parts;
 Supervision of electrical projects;
 CHAPTER THREE
EXPERINCE DETAIL

3.1 Safety In The Auto Workshop

Working on cars, or even in a garage, can be fun and very rewarding. But there can also be the
dangerous side of it, especially when things are not done in the proper manner. One can get
injured, paralysed or even lose their life as a result of unsafe practices.

Automotive safety is the art of remaining safe while working on automobiles or even while
working in a garage.

There are some terms that you will need to become acquainted with while dealing with safety.
These include:

 Hazard: Anything that can cause harm to an individual or group of persons

 Accident: The occurrence of unintended damage, harm or injury
 Risk: Chances of being harmed, due to exposure to unsafe situations

3.1.1 Arms of safety

Safety in an automobile maintenance/repair setting can be broken down into three arms:

 Personal safety
 Equipment safety
 Workshop safety

These three arms will help us as technicians to understand safety in an easier manner.

Personal safety has to do with the things or practices that we, as technicians, can adopt to keep
ourselves and our colleagues safe.

There are various personal protective equipment (PPE) one can use to stay free from danger, and
these include:
  Eye protection equipment
 Feet protection equipment
 Ear protection equipment
 Hand protection equipment
 Body protection equipment
 Respiratory protection equipment

One of the major injuries that can be sustained in the course of working in an auto workshop is
back or joint injuries. This, most times, results from improper lifting and carrying of heavy
objects.

3.1.2 The following steps are to be followed when lifting heavy objects:

1. Place the two feet as close as possible to the object and be well balanced.
2. Keep back and elbows as straight as possible.
3. Bend knees until hands have a strong firm grip on the object.
4. Keep the object close to your body and lift by straightening your knees.
5. Never twist your body when turning, turn your whole body.
6. When setting down the load, never bend your back, bend your knees and don’t bend
forward.

3.1.3 Other general safety measures to adhere to in the workshop

 Do not smoke in the workshop area

 Do not take alcoholic or intoxicating drinks in the workshop
 No unnecessary running or playing around in the workshop
 Treat hot surfaces and liquids with caution to avoid burns
 Be careful when using sharp pointed tools to avoid injuries.
 Always take off clothes soaked with fuel or other chemicals or oil. These can become
irritants to your skin
 Always take off jewellery (especially necklaces, rings and bangles) before working to
avoid electrocution and/or entanglement with rotating and moving parts
3.2 Automoblie Breaking System

A Braking System is designed to control and halt the moving automobile vehicle, to pull off this,
various components within the Brake system should convert the moving object from kinetic
energy into heat energy, this conversation of force is carried by friction, which reduces the speed
and also helps in de-accelerate the vehicle.

3.2.1 Functions Of Automotive Braking System

 A brake system helps to stop vehicles within the smallest possible distance. This is
achieved by converting the kinetic energy of the vehicle into heat energy.
 It also functions on a mechanical device where motion occurs, the brake is applied to stop
it within a short period of time.

3.2.2 Components of the braking system

 Brake pedal: the component of a brake system is used to activate the brake by pressing it
down by foot. It’s located in the middle of the accelerator and clutch pedal inside the
vehicle.
 Fluid reservoir: The fluid reservoir is the housing where the brake fluid or brake oil is
store.
 Fluid lines: The fluid lines are the pipes through which the brake fluid flows in the
vehicle.
 Brake pads: The brake pad is a steel backing plate employed on disc brakes. It’s often
made of ceramic, metal, or other hard-wearing composite materials.
 Brake shoes: Brake shoes are two pieces of sheet steel joined together so it can carry the
brake lining.
 Brake drum: The brake drum is a rotating drum-shaped component used in the drum
brake system.
 Rotor: The rotor is a cast-iron brake disc connected to a wheel or axle, sometimes made
of reinforced carbon-carbon, ceramic matric, or some other composite.
 Brake lining: A brake lining is a heat-resistant, soft but also tough material with high
friction characteristics. It’s enclosed inside the brake shoe.
  Caliper: The caliper carries the brake pads and pistons.

3.2.3 Working principle

The working of a brake system is quite complex, but with the explanation of its
components and types am sure you are familiar with the terms used. There two kinds of brake
systems; disc brake and drum brake. The disc brakes are used on the front wheels of automobiles
while drum brakes are mounted on rear wheels. Though some modern high-end cars have disc
brakes on the four wheels.

The driver presses the brake pedal and causes a force to be generated which is then
boosted by the vacuum from the engine. Boosting allows the brakes to respond more quickly and
effectively.
The force from the vacuum booster pushes the piston inside the master cylinder against the
spring. This makes the brake fluid to flow under pressure. this pressurized fluid reaches the brake
caliper (disc brakes) and brake cylinder (drum brakes) through the fluid lines.

3.2.4 Types Of Brake System

1. Disc Brake System:

Brake Fluid is compressed by a piston inside the master cylinder located at the base of the
vehicle hood beside the engine, thus creating a huge amount of hydraulic pressure, also
producing a large amount of force just by pressing the pedal down.

The pressure gets passed via the brake fluid and then to brake horses that connect a linkage with
the brake assembled at each wheel.

The conversion of wheel pressure takes place with the hydraulic force to be converted to the
mechanical force causing the brake friction to push against the disc, and the drum helps to
decrease the speed and stop it completely.
 Disc Brake System

2. Servo Braking System:

It is also known as vacuum-assisted braking or master break. In this process, the pressure applied
to the pedal by the driver is increased.

It uses the vacuum that is produced inside the petrol engines by the air intake system also
it uses the power assistance to reduce the manpower effort.

Servo braking system boosters used with the hydraulic brake system increase the braking
force applied on the surface, pushing the brake pedal to release the vacuum on the side of the
booster the difference in the air pressure makes the diaphragm in slowing down.

3. Mechanical Brake System (Disk Drum Brake)

This mechanical braking system is the hand brake or the emergency brake, it generates
friction between two surfaces as they rub against each other.
In this braking system, a particular force is applied to the pedal and it’s carried to the
final drum by mechanical components such as a fulcrum, springs, and that are used as linkages to
transmit force from one point to another, for slowing down the vehicle.
The slowing down of the speed or capacity of a brake depends on the surface friction as
well the actuation force applied to it.
Disk Drum Brake

3.2.5 Causes of Brake failure

i. Overheating Brake Pads
Brake pads can overheat due to excessive use and become hard or brittle. This hardening
decreases the ability of the pads to properly grip the wheel rotor disk, increasing the distance
necessary to stop the car.
ii. Damaged Rotor Disks
Damaged or “scored” rotor disks on the wheel can decrease the life of your brake pads, making
stopping more difficult. Have your rotor disks smoothed or “turned” by a trained mechanic when
your brake pads are replaced.
iii. Leaking Hydraulic Fluid
Oil or other hydraulic fluid can leak from your car’s engine or brake lines. If you find stopping
has become difficult, have your brakes inspected to rule out any contamination from a leaking
hydraulic line.
iv. Driving Through Mud or Water
Driving through mud or water will naturally “lubricate” your brake pads and rotor disks. Gently
tapping the brakes can help remove excess water and re-establish the proper friction between
your car’s brake pads and rotor disks. As always, use caution when driving in wet conditions,
especially when your car’s wheels are partially submerged in water.
v. Loss of Hydraulic Brake Fluid Pressure
Loss of hydraulic brake fluid pressure will decrease your ability to stop quickly. If you find your
brakes do not seem to work at all or are working only modestly, tap the brakes several times to
help force fluid throughout the brake system. Though effective in helping stop your car, this
technique should not be used unless absolutely necessary. Have a certified brake specialist check
your brake system for any leaks and refill the reservoir with brake fluid.
3.3 Lathe Machine Maintenance

 Use a lathe board

To avoid accidental damage, make sure that you use a lathe board when changing the chucks or
loading heavy workpieces.

If the chuck accidentally slips out of the hand, the lathe board keeps it from falling on the
machine ways.

 Keep tools off the lathe ways

Do not use the ways as a shelf for tools. Place them on another table. Or use a shelf below the
lathe for this purpose.

Don’t keep the tools on a shelf above the machine. When the machine is running, its vibration
may knock them off the shelf and onto the lathe.

 Clean metal chips

As you progress with your workpiece, clean away the metal chips. This promotes a safe work
environment. It also keeps the fine chips from scouring the surface of the lathe ways.

Vacuum the chips off the lathe. Some people use a compressed air hose for blowing the chips
away. Not only is this dangerous for your personal safety, but you also end up forcing the chips
deeper into the bearings of the machine.

 Take care of dust

Use precaution when working with dusty material like plastic, cast iron or wood. The dust of
cast iron is quite abrasive. Dust also tends to cling to the machine’s lubrication.

When working with cast iron, it helps to clean the dust off the ways. Also, detach and clean
the way wipes.
 The fine metal chips may also end up in the lathe chucks. The chucks will be damaged if the
chips aren’t removed. Detach the jaws and clean the chucks regularly.

 Clean spindle tapers

It is also important to inspect the spindle tapers. Consider cleaning the spindle sockets using
a soft cotton cloth when changing tools.

 Lubricate

Lubricating the ways, the bearings and the feed screws is important for keeping your lathe
machine running smoothly. Despite this fact, this step is often overlooked.

Make oiling as routine as powering the motor on and off. Make sure that it’s the first thing
you do when starting your shift and the last step you perform after cleaning up at the end of your
shift.

This is an important step for achieving the conditions required to yield high-quality cuts.

 Protect the machine from rust

Rust protection is an important consideration to make when working with any kind of
machine tool. Owing to the increased humidity, work stations near the coast are at greatest risk
of enduring damages from rust and corrosion.

Keeping the machine clean and coated in oil is one of the best ways of dealing with rust.
Look for an oil that is specially formulated to inhibit corrosion.

Cover the machine when it isn’t in use. If you plan on storing it for a long time, consider
ventilating the cover.

 Protect your workers

Keep in mind that worker protection is the legal responsibility of a shop owner. Always keep
your worker’s safety and your personal safety in mind when working with machines. Don’t
forget to wear eye protection when working with a lathe machine.
3.3.1 Parts of lathe machine
i. Head-stock – this part is permanently secured on the inner ways at the left-hand end of
the lathe bed. It comprises essentially a hollow spindle and for driving and altering the
spindle speed.

ii. Tail-stock – the tail-stock is located at the right-hand end of the bed, which helps to
support work piece on the other end. It also performs great when carrying out operations
like drilling, reaming, tapping etc.

iii. Carriage – the purpose of carriage on lathe is to support, guide and feed tools against the
work piece during the process.

iv. Bed – this part is the base of lathe machine, head-stock, tail-stock and carriage are
located at the top of the bed. The carriage even rests over the bed and slides over it. The
bed should be rigid enough in order to prevent deflection and must be able to resist the
operations. Another feature a lathe bed must carry is to be able to resist vibration.

v. Tool post – tool post is located at the topmost portion of the carriage. It is used to hold
various tools and it of three types. These include ring and rocker tool post, quick change
tool post and square-head tool post

3.4 Fuel Pump

Carbureted engines typically have low-pressure mechanical pumps mounted outside the
fuel tank. In contrast, fuel-injected engines typically have electric fuel pumps (which is a type of
industrial pump) mounted inside the tank (and some fuel-injected engines have two fuel pumps:
one low-pressure/high-volume supply pump in the tank and one high-pressure/low-volume pump
on or relatively close to the engine).
The fuel pressure must be within particular limits for the engine to work properly. The
engine will run rough and rich if the fuel pressure is too high since it will not consume all of the
gasoline being pushed, making the engine inefficient and polluting. The engine may misfire,
lean, or stall if the pressure is too low.
3.4.1 Parts of Fuel pump
The fuel pump consists mainly of:
 Pressure regulator.
 Fuel level sender unit.
 Impeller.
 Armature.
 Reservoir.
1. Pressure Regulator. The regulator keeps the pressure in the supply line to ensure the right
volume of fuel in every admission cycle.

2. Fuel Level Sender. The floating arm is a very delicate part of the module which signals the
remaining fuel level inside the fuel tank.

3. Impeller. Thanks to the turning generated by the armature, the impeller or the gerotor can
suck fuel from the reservoir and send it to the fuel pump’s outlet.

4. Armature. The armature is the heart of the fuel pump. It is in charge of the electromagnetic
field generator which makes the impeller, or the gerotor, rotate and turn.

5. Reservoir. The reservoir is always full of fuel despite the fuel level in the rest of the fuel tank,
as pump needs to be kept cool.

3.4.2 Fault Symptoms Of A Fuel Pump

1. Difficulty Starting
A weak fuel pump may still pump fuel, but the vehicle may experience difficulty starting
from the lack of pressure. A weakened fuel pump can cause the vehicle to take more cranks to
start than normal, and in more serious cases may even cause the vehicle to require multiple turns
of the key before it will start.
2. Engine Sputtering
One of the surest indicators of a faulty fuel pump is a sputtering engine — typically at high
speeds. Should you be driving at a consistently high speed and the engine suddenly sputter
before returning to normal operation, it may indicate issues within the fuel pump. In this case,
the fuel pump cannot provide a constant stream of fuel to the engine at the ideal pressure.
3. Loss of Power Under Stress
The engine shuts down because weakening parts of the fuel pump cannot keep up with the
car’s heightened fuel demands in these situations. In these circumstances, the car will feel like it
is unable to go or maintain the intended amount of power. If the fuel pump is the cause, it means
it can no longer regulate fuel pressure accurately and provide the appropriate amount of fuel to
the engine.
4. Car Surging
Irregular resistance inside the fuel pump motor may cause vehicle surging, and indicates a
fuel pump in need of repair. Surging feels like the gas pedal has been used. However, it occurs at
a random, consistent speed. If this happens often, it may be because of problems within the fuel
pump.
5. Low Gas Mileage
If it seems like you’re filling up your car more than usual, it may be because of an issue
within the fuel pump. A valve within the fuel pump may not be opening, causing more fuel than
necessary to pour into the engine system. Excess fuel in the engine does not get stored or used.
6. Car Will Not Start:
If the fuel pump fails completely — to the point of not being able to provide enough fuel for
the engine to run, the vehicle will refuse to start. The engine will still crank when the key is
turned, but it will be unable to start due to the lack of fuel. A no-start situation can also be caused
by a variety of other issues, so having the vehicle properly diagnosed is highly recommended.

3.5 Top Gasket (Head Gasket)

The head gasket of a vehicle acts as an extremely critical seal between its engine block
and its cylinder heads. Typically, and ideally, a cars head gasket will be composed of steel or
copper. There are some gaskets made out of composite, like graphite or asbestos
The head gasket plays a crucial role in sealing the engine's combustion chamber so that
your car can build the appropriate compression that is needed to maintain your engine power. It
also keeps coolant or oil from leaking anywhere else, preventing your engine from overheating
and catching fire.
3.5.1 Faulty Symptoms Of A Gasket
 Visible Tailpipe Smoke
The head gasket is responsible for coolant flow through the coolant channels of the engine. If the
head gasket leaks, coolant might seep into the combustion changers which are right next to the
coolant channels. The liquid will be burned along with gasoline. This creates a white or gray
smoke that comes from the tailpipe constantly. This is a clear sign that you have a head gasket
problem.
 Engine Overheating
A failed head gasket means the engine will have to work harder to create power. Furthermore, a
blown head gasket can cause your vehicle to lose coolant, causing the engine cooling system to
underperform, making the overheating situation even worse.
 Loss Of Engine Power
A burnt head gasket allows combustion gases to escape from the cylinder and decrease the
power produced by that specific cylinder. If you press the throttle deeply, you will notice a
distinct loss of power, possibly accompanied by a metallic whistle.

A blown top gasket

3.6 Car Chassis

The chassis or frame is the main support component in a car’s structure. It bears the
forces experienced by a car while it’s standing still or moving at high speeds.
 A vehicle chassis is like a human skeleton. It provides the structural shape and support to
the entire body of a vehicle. The role of this structure is to keep the car intact while experiencing
the forces of driving, turning, braking, etc. Some of the key functions of a car chassis are
mentioned below.
3.6.1 Functions Of An Automobile Chassis
 It supports and handles the car’s load.
 It provides mounting locations and spaces for multiple parts of a car.
 It withstands and supports the added pressure of the luggage and passengers in a car.
 It manages the stresses on the vehicle while driving in rough road conditions.
 It manages the stresses on the vehicle during acceleration and braking.
3.6.2 Types of automotive chassis
All vehicles come in two types of chassis namely; conventional chassis which is known
as frame-full chassis and non-conventional chassis.
1. Conventional chassis
these types of chassis frames support all the systems like engine, braking system,
transmission system, suspension system, etc. in a vehicle. The frame is made in separate unit
giving a shape of a ladder frame. The conventional chassis frame is often found in bigger
vehicles, truck bus SUVs, etc. these chassis are so tough that they don’t often damage even in
accidents. This chassis is also known as “body on chassis”.
Advantages of conventional chassis
 It has a higher load capacity and strength
 Easy to design and manufacture
 Easy to repair after an accident
 Parts that are fitted on the chassis can easily be dismantled and repair
 Disadvantages
 Vehicles with conventional chassis tends to vibrate easily and the handling and
refinement is lower
 It consumes much fuel due to the heavier weight is added to the vehicle
 2. Non-conventional chassis
Non-conventional chassis or frameless chassis are types of chassis also supports all parts or
system in a vehicle. But in this situation, it does contain a ladder frame, the body act as the
frame. That is, the bodywork has been composed into one another. It is also known as unibody
chassis. This unibody chassis is mostly used on modern vehicles and suited on luxury cars Just
as the conventional chassis, this chassis also has its advantages and disadvantages which will
help you know the best choice among the two.

Advantages of non-conventional chassis

 Higher body rigidity and weight makes the handling better
 Due to the absence of frame joint, vibration and shaking of some loose parts reduce.
 It consumes less fuel when compared with conventional chassis
 Disadvantages
 It is not save in case of accident
 It has low capacity of carrying load
 Vehicle design not really that cool in some condition

3.7 Automobile Brain-Box

An engine control unit or brain-box, which is abbreviated as ECU is a processor that

electrically collects data from sensors and uses the collected information to make changes to the
engine component. The ECU is programmed to understand the working condition of the
vehicle’s components.

A brainbox is used in vehicles for controlling multiple functions such as cruise control,
automatic gear shifting, climate control, engine running, fuel injection/ emission control, cooling
system, ignition system, transmission system, charging system, collision avoidance, power
mirror, seat & rear mirror controls, etc. in fact, almost all operation in modern vehicles is
controlled by the brain box since its components are controlled electronically.
3.7.1 Fault Symptoms Of Automobile Brain Box

1) Check engine light stays on after resetting.

2) Engine was turning off fo no reason.

3) Water damage or fire damage on ECU.

4) Apparent loss of spark.

5) Apparent loss of injection pulse or fuel pump.

6) Intermittent starting problem.

7) Ecu has broken pins.: cool Loss of communication between ECU and scanner

9) A control module checksum error

ECU Automobile Brain-Box

3.8 Drive Shaft

A drive shaft is a most important part of a vehicle that transfers torque from the transmission to
the differential, and then the differential delivers this torque to the front wheels to run the
vehicle. The drive shaft is also known as a Cardan shaft, propeller shaft, or prop shaft.

3.8.1 Working of Drive Shaft

The main purpose of the drive or prop shaft is to transmit the torque of the engine from the
differential or gearbox to the vehicle wheels. In addition, any changes in angle or length caused
by manipulation or deflection must be compensated for in order to ensure excellent
synchronization between the shaft joints.

The vehicle has flexible bearings or mountings, which uses to connect the transmission unit and
engine. However, the suspension spring uses to connect the wheels, differential, and rear axle.

When the rear wheels hit uneven surfaces, the rear axles move downward and upward, expand
and compress in suspension spring. This changes the angle between the propeller shaft and the
transmission output shaft.

Due to this process, the length of the prop shaft varies. This change appears because the drive
shaft and rear axle rotate in an arc along with a point of their rotational axis.

3.8.2 Types of Drive Shafts

The drive shaft has the following major types:

1. Single Piece shaft

2. Two or Three Piece shaft
3. Front Wheel Drive

1) Single Piece Shaft

These types of drive shafts are used in four-wheel-drive vehicles and many other vehicles that
have a small distance between the axle and the engine. There is applied friction welding to
improve the durability, quality, and strength of the single-piece drive shaft.

2) Two or Three-Piece Propeller Shaft

These shafts are used to stop the driveshaft damage due to bending at high speed. Two or three-
piece shaft uses for four-wheel-drive vehicles and vehicles with a large distance between the axle
and engine. You can reduce the speed by dividing the driveshaft into two or three parts.

3) Front-wheel Drive (FWD)

First of all, you need to know that the front-wheel vehicle doesn’t use a driveshaft. In front-
wheel drive vehicles, the front wheel provides the power to drive the vehicle.

3.8.3 Symptoms of Bad Drive Shaft

 Vibration

The wear of the drive shaft bushing can cause vibration. The bushing usually prevents the shaft
from vibrating at an early stage.

 Knocking Noise

If you hear a knocking or unusual noise while driving the car, there may be a problem with the
driveshaft, and you should check it well in advance. In maximum cases, this noise occurs due to
a bad slip yoke.

 Squeaking Noise

If you continue to hear squeaking noises under the vehicle during driving, it is a sign of a bad or
damaged drive shaft. If you don’t fix this issue as soon as possible, then it can cause unbalancing
or wear out to others.
  Turning Problems

If the front wheels of your vehicle don’t turn quickly or turn very slow when attempting to steer
the vehicle, this is one of the most common symptoms of a bad propeller or drive shaft. In such
conditions, you will need to put a lot of force on the power steering to turn the wheels.

 Universal Joint Movement

If the drive shaft’s universal joint revolves very fast or cannot revolve, then there is an issue with
your shaft. This is because, with the passage of time, the bearing seal cap can rust. In such a case,
the vehicle can no longer be propelled, and the drive shaft must be replaced as soon as possible.

Drive shaft
 CHAPTER FOUR

WORK SUMMARY

4.1 Summary Of Work Experience

This report contains the activities of my SIWES program held at the ministry of works
and transportation. Where I have acquire some practical knowledge of my course of study, after
goin through different mechanical department in the establishment.

4.2 Experience Gained

i. Identification of automobile part and component

ii. Being able to service a vehicle.
iii. Fault identification and repair.
iv. I have the knowledge to repair some minor fault on an automobile

4.3 Conclution

After 6 month of industrial attachment at the two establishment i had my IT, I have understand
mechanical engineering is beyond just mathematical calculations the programe has exposed me
to importance of automobile maintenance and repair, and how to go about them.

4.4 Recommendation

i. I like to use this medium to explore the federal Government at all stage to take this
SIWES program more seriously seen by the students of applied science as a virtual
improvement in future of technology in our nature.
 ii. Government should also ensure a proper supervision of SIWES student so that the
purpose of the programme will be achieved.
iii. The federal Government should make adequate provision in the annual budget for proper
funding of SIWES in view of the potential of the scheme to contribute to enhancing the
quality of the pool to technical skill available to the economy.
iv. A comprehensive and detail directory of employer who accept students for SIWES is
urgently required to facilitate placement of student in industry.
v. In order to guarantee quality assurance of institution and the ITF. The ITF should ensure
that the backlog in payment of students allowance is cleared urgently to remove the
negative image being created for SIWES.
REFERENCE
https://www.qmillwright.com/machine-maintenance-how-to-clean-and-lubricate-your-
lathe-machine/
Bennett Oghifo (2018). TIPS OF THE WEEK, The Punch News. Fault Symptoms Of A
Fuel Pump
https://studentlesson.com/automotive-braking-system-definition-functions-working/
https://www.captoyota.com/service/information/symptoms-of-head-gasket-failure.htm
https://ackodrive.com/car-guide/car-chassis/
https://mechanicalboost.com/drive-shaft/