OUR LADY OF THE PILLAE COLLEGE-SAN MANUEL, Inc.

District 3 San Manuel, Isabela

COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

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 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
COMPARATIVE POLICE
SYSTEM
The study of comparative police system, criminal justice and law is a fairly new field and has
corresponded with rising interest in a more established field, comparative criminology. However, in this
chapter, we will present some issues which will bring you to discover ideas useful in the
conceptualization of successful crime control policies.
RATIONALE
With globalization goes transnational crimes like terrorism, drug trafficking, money laundering
and human smuggling. Transnational crimes across borders and the need for bilateral and international
cooperation become imperative. It is also essential to study trends in policing because the speed by
which changes affect the lives of people disturbs traditional values and social arrangements which used
to unite people in pursuing common goals in the past. This state of anomie (as Merton termed it) or
“normlessness” brings about a new breed of crimes which the police normally is not prepared to face.
As we compare our own police system with other models we would be able to gain insights into how to
deal with transnational or borderless crimes. Besides, best practices may be adopted from other police
models in order to make policing in the Philippines more current and effective.
THE NEED FOR INNOVATIVE POLICING
Theories and practices in law enforcement have been compared in several studies under diverse
circumstances, the goal is to test whether the theory and practice in policing needs innovation to meet
the demands of the present trends in crime fighting. Comparative research is usually carried out by the
"safari" method (a researcher visits another country) or "collaborative" method (the researcher
communicates with a foreign researcher). Published works tend to fall into three categories: single-
culture studies (the police and the crime problem of a single foreign country is discussed), two-culture
studies (the most common type), and comprehensive textbooks (which cover three or more countries).
The examination of crime and its control in the comparative context often requires historical
perspective since the phenomena under study are seen as having developed under unique social,
economic, and political structures. Hence, the method most often employed by researchers is the
historical- comparative method. On the other hand, whatever method used in comparative research in
this subject matter, one thing is evident - police systems are now moving towards innovative law
enforcement.
GLOBALIZATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
Every nation has its own law enforcement agency called the Police. One thing is common. The
police symbolize the presence of a civil body politics in everyday life; they symbolize the capacity of the
state to intervene and the concern of the state for the affairs of the citizenry. It is therefore timely to
discuss the connection of globalization to policing.
What is Globalization?
Globalization is a package of transnational flows of people, production, investment,
information, ideas, and authority.
Alison Brysk in a digest paper stated that Globalization is the growing inter-penetration of
states, markets, communications, and ideas. It is one of the leading characteristics of the contemporary
world. International norms and institutions for the protection or policing human rights are more
developed than at any previous point in history, while global civil society fosters growing avenues of
appeal for citizens repressed by their own states.
But assaults on fundamental human dignity continue, and the very blurring of borders and rise
of transnational actors that facilitated the development of a global human rights regime may also be
generating new sources of human rights abuse.
With Brysk’s view on globalization and human rights, a more broadly articulated and accepted
way of protecting these rights is within the hands of Law Enforcement Agencies in the world. The rights
of individuals have come to depend ever more on a broad array of global system of policing and forces,
from the local police to the INTERPOL.
Globalization - some definitions

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Jan Aart Scholte (2000: 15-17) has argued that at least five broad definitions of 'globalization' can be
found in the literature.
Globalization as internationalization. Here globalization is viewed 'as simply another adjective to
describe cross-border relations between countries'. It describes the growth in international exchange
and interdependence. With growing flows of trade and capital investment there is the possibility of
moving beyond an inter-national economy, (where 'the principle entities are national economies') to a
'stronger' version - the globalized economy in which, 'distinct national economies are subsumed and
rearticulated into the system by international processes and transactions' (Hirst and Peters 1996: 8 and
10).
Globalization as liberalization. In this broad set of definitions, 'globalization' refers to 'a process of
removing government-imposed restrictions on movements between countries in order to create an
"open", "borderless" world economy' (Scholte 2000: 16). Those who have argued with some success for
the abolition of regulatory trade barriers and capital controls have sometimes clothed this in the mantle
of 'globalization'.
Globalization as universalization. In this use, 'global' is used in the sense of being 'worldwide' and
'globalization' is 'the process of spreading various objects and experiences to people at all corners of the
earth'. A classic example of this would be the spread of computer, television etc.
Globalization as westernization or modernization (especially in an 'Americanized' form). Here
'globalization' is understood as a dynamic, 'whereby the social structures of modernity (capitalism,
rationalism, industrialism, bureaucratism, etc.) are spread the world over, normally destroying pre-
existent cultures and local self-determination in the process.
Globalization as deterritorialization (or as the spread of supraterritoriality). Here 'globalization' entails a
'reconfiguration of geography, so that social space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial
places, territorial distances and territorial borders. Anthony Giddens' has thus defined globalization as '
the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local
happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. (Giddens 1990: 64). David
Held et al (1999: 16) define globalization as a ' process (or set of processes) which embodies a
transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions - assessed in terms of their
extensity, intensity, velocity and impact - generating transcontinental or inter-regional flows and
networks of activity'.
What are the positive effects of globalization?
The positive effects of globalization is that it has helped us communicate better , stay healthier ,
because of globalization we have learned to communicate with people from other places who don’t
know the language we speak in. globalization has also helped us in war its not a good thing but think
about it, if we didn’t communicate with other countries our country would probably been taken over by
another . This is because most nuclear weapons are made in South Korea if we didn’t communicate and
by them even for self defense do you think we'd be living here? well I do not...
Effects of Globalization on Law Enforcement
Every law enforcement agency in the world is expected to be the protector of the people’s rights.
Globalization has great impact on every human right.
The emergence of an "international regime" for state security and protection of human rights,
growing transnational social movement networks, increasing consciousness and information politics
have the potential to address both traditional and emerging forms of law violations. Open international
system should free individuals to pursue their rights, but large numbers of people seem to be suffering
from both long-standing state repression and new denials of rights linked to transnational forces like
international terrorism and other acts against humanity.
The challenge of globalization is that unaccountable flows of migration and open markets
present new threats, which are not amenable to state-based human rights regimes, while the new
opportunities of global information and institutions are insufficiently accessible and distorted by
persistent state intervention.
Threats on law enforcement: Some threats brought about by globalization are:
1. Increasing volume of human rights violations evident by genocide or mass killing
2. The underprivileged gain unfair access to global mechanisms on law enforcement and
security
3. Conflict between nations
4. Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc
Opportunities for law enforcement:While globalization brings the threats and many other
threats to law enforcement, opportunities like the following are carried:

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 1. Creation of International tribunals to deal with human rights problems
2. Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the
enforcement power of states
3. Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational crimes
4. Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across transnational issues
Law Enforcement in a Global Arena
How can the police or law enforcement agencies safeguard life and human dignity in a global
scale? The system and norms are codified in a widely endorsed set of international undertakings: the
"International Bill of Human Rights" (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, and International Covenant on Social and Economic Rights); phenomenon-
specific treaties on war crimes (Geneva Conventions), genocide, and torture; and protections for
vulnerable groups such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the
Elimination of Discrimination against Women. International dialogue on human rights has produced a
distinction between three "generations" of human rights, labeled for their historical emergence.
Security rights encompass life, bodily integrity, liberty, and sometimes associated rights of political
participation and democratic governance. Social and economic rights, highlighted in the eponymous
International Covenant, comprise both negative and positive freedoms, enacted by states and others:
prominently, rights to food, health care, education, and free labor.
With this is the creation of an international regime to enforce these UN declarations, bills and
other international standards. We may call it “Universal Declarations”.However, the very process of
globalization blurs distinctions among categories of law enforcement due to racial differences and states
own standards or laws.
Analysts on crime control have identified a variety of psychological, social, economic, and
political patterns that put societies "at risk" of law and order violations. These generally include
authoritarian government, civil war, strong ethnic cleavages, weak civil society, power vacuums, critical
junctures in economic development, and military dominance. Above all, the study of human rights
teaches us that human rights violations usually reflect a calculated pursuit of political power, not
inherent evil or ungovernable passions.
Effects of globalization on human rights
The effect of globalization on state-based human rights violations will depend on the type of
state and its history. In newly democratizing countries with weak institutions and elite-controlled
economies (Russia, Latin America, Southeast Asia), the growth of global markets and economic flows
tends to destabilize coercive forces but increases crime, police abuse, and corruption.
Global mobility and information flows generally stimulate ethnic mobilization, which may
promote self-determination in responsive states but more often produces collective abuses in defense
of dominant-group hegemony. On the other hand, the same forces have produced slow institutional
openings by less fragmented single-party states (like China and Mexico). In much of Africa, globalization
has ironically increased power vacuums, by both empowering sub-state challengers and providing
sporadic intervention, which displaces old regimes without consolidating new ones. Some of the most
horrifying abuses of all have occurred in the transnationalized Hobbesian civil wars of Sierra Leone,
Angola, and Congo.
In general, analysts of globalization find that states' international integration improves security
rights, but increases inequality and threatens the social rights of citizens. However, neither economic
development nor economic growth in and of themselves improves law enforcement capabilities and
human rights performance. In addition to globalization and growth, findings on the effectiveness of
international pressure on state human rights policy suggest that target states must be structurally
accessible, internationally sensitive, and contain local human rights activists for linkage.
Challenges of Globalization in the field of Law Enforcement
In the law enforcement and security sphere, states respond with increased repression to
fragmentation, transnationalized civil war, and uncontrolled global flows such as migrants and drug
trafficking. Transborder ethnic differences help inspire civil conflict, while the global arms trade provides
its tools. Even extreme civil conflicts where states deteriorate into war lordism are often financed if not
abetted by foreign trade: diamonds in the Congo and Sierra Leone, cocaine in Colombia. While non-state
actors like insurgents and paramilitaries pose increasing threats to human rights, state response is a
crucial multiplier for the effect on citizens. Since all but the most beleaguered states possess more
resources and authority than rebels, they can generally cause more damage-and human rights
monitoring in a wide variety of settings from Rwanda to Haiti attributes the bulk of abuses to state (or

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state-supported) forces. States also differ in their ability and will to provide protection from insurgent
terror campaigns (like that in Algeria).
Global economic relationships can produce state policies that directly violate social and labor
rights and indirectly produce social conflict that leads to state violations of civil and security rights.
While globally induced economic adjustment may cut state services and intensify poverty and protest,
global windfalls of wealth may also underwrite repressive and predatory states, as in Angola, where oil
revenues have fueled repression and civil war(Harden 2000). It is states that largely determine labor
rights and security response to labor dissidence; states also regulate multinationals, certify unions, and
form joint ventures with global investors.
The challenge now is on how every state pursues a strong relationship in the area of policing
these global wrongs.
Globalization and Terrorism
The nature of the threat, its targets and impact, and the response all indicate the growing power
of globalization as a parameter of political action. The emergence of transnational civil networks capable
of state-level crimes against humanity depends upon the globalizing patterns of connection,
communication, and even commodification (via financial networks). It is inspired by a transnational
ideology of a radical, extremist version of Islamic fundamentalism that is largely reactive to economic
and cultural globalization, and thus targets sites and symbols of cosmopolitanism. The shattering impact
of threats to globalizing flows such as air travel on the world economy and daily life demonstrate how
deeply dependent we have become on these connections.
And even the U.S.-sponsored response against terrorism and all its form has gone beyond the
historical standard reaction of a great power under direct attack; it is more internationalist, multi-
sectoral in its treatment of areas like migration and finance, and much more conscious of human rights
issues such as laws of war, refugees, and humanitarian assistance.

UNIT II
THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION (INTERPOL)

As the world faces the issues on Transnational Crimes, countries gather together forming
international regimes and organizations which serve as united force to counter the effects of such
crimes and to protect human rights in the international setting. One of the well known law enforcement
organization internationally actively involved in crime control is the so called International Criminal
Police Organization. Philippines is a signatory country of the United Nation and a member of Interpol. As
part of it, we need therefore to have at least a glimpse of knowledge about it.
International Criminal Police Organization or Interpol is an intergovernmental body established
to promote mutual cooperation between police authorities around the world and to develop means of
effectively preventing crime. It is the world’s largest international police organization founded in Vienna
in 1923 and reconstituted in 1946, Interpol is strictly nonpolitical and is forbidden to undertake any
activities of a religious, racial, or military nature. The majority of countries (177 in 1997 and 188 member
countries as of 2010) belong to Interpol, and only government-approved police bodies may hold
membership.INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where diplomatic
relations do not exist between particular countries. Action is taken within the limits of existing laws in
different countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The Interpol is comprised of the following bodies:
• General Assembly
• Executive Committee
• General Secretariat
• National Central Bureaus
• Advisers
• The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files
❖ THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets annually and comprises delegates
appointed by each member country. The assembly takes all important decisions related to
policy, resources, working methods, finances, activities and programs. The General Assembly is
composed of delegates appointed by the governments of Member countries. As INTERPOL's
supreme governing body, it meets once a year and takes all the major decisions affecting
general policy, the resources needed for international co-operation, working methods, finances
and programmes of activities. It also elects theOrganization's Executive Committee.

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 ❖ THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
This 13-member committee is elected by the General Assembly, and comprises the
president, three vice-presidents and nine delegates.The Executive Committee is INTERPOL’s
select deliberative organ which meets three times a year, usually in March, July and
immediately before the General Assembly.
In accordance with Article 15 of (their) Constitution, the Executive Committee has 13
members comprising the:president of the organization,3 vice-presidents and 9 delegates.These
members are elected by the General Assembly and should belong to different countries.The
president is elected for 4 years, and vice-presidents for 3. They are not immediately eligible for
re-election either to the same posts, or as delegates to the Executive Committee.
Note: *The General Assembly and the Executive Committee form the organization’s Governance.
Composition of the Executive Committee
President
KHOO Boon Hui
(Singapore) 2008-2012

Vice-Presidents
Africa Europe Americas
Mostapha MOUZOUNI Juergen STOCK Néstor Jorge VALLECCA
(Morocco) 2008-2011 (Germany) 2007-2010 (Argentina) 2009-2012

Delegates
Americas Europe Americas
Jorge BARBOSA PONTES Petter DYHRE William J.S. ELLIOTT
(Brazil) 2009-2011 (Norway) 2008-2011 (Canada) 2009-2012

Africa Europe Europe

Magdy ELSHAFEY Francisco GIL MONTERO Süleyman ISILDAR
(Egypt) 2008-2011 (Spain) 2009-2012 (Turkey) 2008-2011

Asia Asia Africa

Nobuyuki KAWAI Tariq KHOSA Adamu Abubakar MOHAMMED
(Japan) 2009-2012 (Pakistan) 2009-2012 (Nigeria) 2009-2012

❖ THE GENERAL SECRETARIAT

The general secretariat, based in Lyon, France, is the permanent administrative
headquarters. It coordinates the international activities of member countries, holds a library of
international criminal records, and organizes regular meetings at which delegates can exchange
information on police work. the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
and is run by the Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 countries work side-by-side in
any of the Organization’s four official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The
Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; in Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El
Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special Representatives at the United
Nations in New York and at the European Union in Brussels.
❖ THE NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS (NCB)
The NCB is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional offices and
other member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and
apprehension of fugitives. Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau
staffed by national law enforcement officers.
❖ THE ADVISERS
These are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive
Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.
❖ THE COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF INTERPOL’S FILES (CCF)
This is an independent body whose mandate is threefold: (1) to ensure that the
processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations,
(2) to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the
processing of personal information and (3) to process requests concerning the information
contained in INTERPOL's files.

INTERPOL’S FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS

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 The mandate and primary function of INTERPOL is to support the police services of its member
countries in their efforts to prevent crime and conduct criminal investigations as efficiently and
effectively as possible. Thus, together with the NCBs, INTERPOL facilitates cross border police
cooperation and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to
prevent or combat crime.
In order to achieve these aims, INTERPOL conducts all of its activities within the framework of
the following four ‘core services’ or ‘functions’:
1. Secure Global Police Communications Services
2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police
3. Operational Police Support Services
4. Training and Development

A. Secure Global Police Communications Services

A fundamental condition for successful international police cooperation. It is essential
for police forces to be able to communicate with each other, worldwide, in ‘realtime’, and in a
secure way. Realizing the dire need for improved means of communication intoday’s highly
technical world, INTERPOL subsequently designed and implemented a state-of-the-art global
communications system for the law enforcement community, called “I-24/7”.“I” stands for
INTERPOL; 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
What is the I-24/7?
The I-24/7 system was created in January 2003, and is an enhanced communication
service and an innovative, user-friendly tool for international law enforcement. Information
about suspected individuals and groups and their activities is exchanged between INTERPOL’s
member countries and its General Secretariat in a fast, reliable and secure manner. I-24/7
provides a creative, modern and sophisticated way to make international law enforcement
efforts more effective, and easier to perform. The I-24/7 ‘dashboard’ is a unique gateway that
provides access to INTERPOL databases and contains a wealth of expert information on a variety
of crime issues. This makes I-24/7an indispensable tool, not only for the NCBs, but also for
control, investigative and analytical units within national police forces. Furthermore, through
INTERPOL’s encouragement, many NCBs – all of which are connected to the I-24/7 system - are
now extending I-24/7 access to additional authorized law enforcement entities, such as border
control units and customs officials. INTERPOL continues to provide technical assistance and
support to further extending its I-24/7 system to additional authorized law-enforcement
organizations.
B. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police
Once police have the capability to communicate internationally, they need access to
information to either assist in their investigations or to take necessary steps to prevent crime.
Thus, INTERPOL provides its second core service - Operational Data Services and Databases for
Police.
In fighting transnational crime, international police cooperation “lives” on information.
This means that without gathering and sharing information that is timely, accurate, relevant and
complete, cooperation is limited, if not impossible. INTERPOL has, therefore, developed abroad
range of global databases, incorporating key information such as names of criminals and
suspected individuals, fingerprints, photographs, DNA profiles, requests for wanted persons, lost
and stolen travel documents, stolen vehicles, and weapons related to criminal cases. The
information contained in these databases can be critical to assisting member countries in the
event of terrorist incidents or related investigations. Analysis of the information associated with
these databases is also extremely beneficial to achieving positive results infighting and
investigating terrorism cases, particularly concerning making positive identifications. INTERPOL’s
databases include:
1. ASF Stolen/Lost Travel Documents (SLTD) Database
Bearing in mind that terrorists and other serious criminals regularly use false
documents to travel, INTERPOL established its Stolen/Lost Travel Documents (SLTD)
database in 2002.This database has subsequently proven to be an effective tool for
intercepting such individuals when attempting to cross borders. Since its creation, and
across crime areas, the database has helped field officers with innumerable cases of
individuals using fraudulent travel documents. In many cases where the documents

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were identified as lost or stolen, they were ultimately linked to high-profile cases
involving suspected terrorists and war criminals.
2. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
Recognizing the increasing need for countries to exchange information on
fingerprints for investigative purposes such as those relating to terrorism, and
individuals potentially associated therewith, INTERPOL recommends amongst its
Best Practices the implementation and utilization of its Automated Fingerprint
Identification System (AFIS).Through the INTERPOL AFIS Expert Working Group
(IAEWG), INTERPOL promotes the use of standards for the capture, storage, and
transmission of fingerprints, electronically. The IAEWG’s focus is to provide general
guidance to countries/organizations acquiring, developing, integrating, and
operating national AFIS systems. The IAEWG actively promotes implementable
approaches to the international electronic exchange of fingerprint images and data.
Recognizing that the technical capabilities of various countries differgreatly,
INTERPOL provides advice and guidance to member countries in the process
ofacquiring and implementing national AFIS standards and systems.
3. DNA
In recognizing the ever-increasing value of DNA and DNA profiling, INTERPOL
established an INTERPOL DNA Unit in 1998. In so doing, INTERPOL has been able to
foster and facilitate the advancement of international law enforcement cooperation
through the use of DNA in criminal cases world-wide, as well as in terrorism cases.
As such, the objective of the INTERPOL DNA unit is to ultimately provide strategic
and technical support to enhance member states' DNA profiling capacity, and
promote its widespread use in the international law enforcement environment. In
order to assist member states and encourage DNA profile comparison across
international borders, the DNA Unit created and developed a DNA Database
together with the INTERPOLDNA Monitoring Expert Group. INTERPOL DNA
Monitoring Expert Group: The external INTERPOL DNA Monitoring Expert Group
(MEG) is the main source of reference for the INTERPOL DNA Unit. The MEG acts as
an advisory board and provides expert guidance and direction for INTERPOL DNA
policies and projects. The MEG members consist of 10-12 senior experts in the fields
of forensic science and law enforcement who are drawn from member states across
INTERPOL’s five regions. The MEG examines the contemporary field applications of
DNA profiling as an investigative tool and makes recommendations on the use of
DNA in criminal investigations with a view to promoting the international use of this
technique, particularly as terrorism incidents are occurring worldwide. INTERPOL
DNA Database: The INTERPOL DNA Database introduces a data matching system
with the capacity to connect its international profile matching system to all member
states using DNA profiling in law enforcement . DNA profiles can be stored and
searched across international borders using the INTERPOL Standard Set of Loci
(ISSOL). In compliance with INTERPOL's regionalization policy, the INTERPOL DNA
Unit provides regional support to Member States to consolidate ‘best practices’
with the ultimate goal of increasing member state involvement in the international
transfer of DNA profiles.
4. Stolen Vehicle Database
The INTERPOL General Secretariat developed the Automated Search Facility Stolen
Motor Vehicle (ASF-SMV) database to support police in member countries in the
fight against international vehicle theft and trafficking.
5. IWeTS
The INTERPOL Weapons electronic Tracing System (IWeTS), which is currently in
the development stage, is a tool which will provide Member States with the
capabilities to trace illicit firearms that are seized through law enforcement
investigations and activities in their countries. The value of such a system for law
enforcement is that it will make it easier to initiate the trace of a specific weapon.
Furthermore, this database will be able to enhance investigations relating to
criminal and terrorism matters at both the national and international levels
6. Integrated Solutions to Access INTERPOL’s Databases – FIND /MIND

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 Recognizing that direct access to such information should not be limited to
NCBs, it is INTERPOL’s policy to expand access beyond these national focal points. In
order to make reliable, accurate and up-to-date information available to the front-
line officers in real-time, INTERPOL has developed new Integrated Solutions to allow
for instant access for example to its database on stolen and lost travel documents.
This new technology called FIND / MIND refers to the two different ways of
connecting INTERPOL’s databases at border entry points or other field locations.
7. INTERPOL Money Laundering Automated Search Service (IMLASS)
The IMLASS project - which is currently in the development stage – will assist
anti-money laundering and terrorism financing investigators and analysts
throughout the world to automatically compare suspected money laundering and
terrorism financing-related queries against database records submitted by
INTERPOL’s 190 member countries. Queries concerning money laundering-related
targets, associates, companies, ID documents, addresses, telephones and suspicious
transaction data will then be automatically compared with the existing data in
INTERPOL database for links with past and present investigations in other countries.
8. Border & Ports Security Center
To strengthen border protection, INTERPOL intends to establish a Border and
Ports Security Center at its General Secretariat in Lyon, France. The goal of the
Center will be to increase security at borders and all points of entry by supporting
member countries in the monitoring, prevention and investigation of fraudulent and
illegal activities in these areas. The specific objective of this Center will be to analyse
the use of INTERPOL’S tools, such as the SLTD Database, by member countries and
to co-ordinate the delivery of training and other capacity building measures that
would help member countries comply with the present international security
requirements for ports-of-entry. The Center will develop strong linkages with other
international organizations involved in port security and enforcement
C. Operational Police Support Services.
Simply put, this means making available INTERPOL’s know-how, expertise and best
practices to all authorities, services and organizations world-wide, whose mission is to prevent,
detect and suppress crime. Through the extension of such services, INTERPOL helps enhance the
role of NCBs and regional offices and thus increases INTERPOL’s responsiveness to their needs.
This involves the development of emergency support and operational activities based on the
organization’s priority crime areas - terrorism and public safety, drugs and organized crime,
fugitives, human trafficking, and financial and high-tech crime. Support Services also include the
collection, analysis and evaluation of information which INTERPOL’s headquarters receives from
its member countries.
Upon request, INTERPOL further extends support to its member countries by sending
police officers with special law enforcement expertise to investigation sites. For example, after
various terrorist attacks worldwide, INTERPOL assisted national law enforcement entities by
facilitating - on-site - the exchange of information regarding individuals and groups alleged to
have been involved in the attacks. INTERPOL’s broad range of ‘support services’ includes the
following:
1. INTERPOL’s Command and Coordination Center
INTERPOL’s Command and Coordination Center (CCC) operates around the clock
– 24hours a day, 7 days a week - in each of INTERPOL’s four official languages
(English, French, Spanish and Arabic). The CCC serves as the first point of contact for
any member country faced with a crisis and/or terrorist situation. The Center’s staff
monitors INTERPOL messages exchanged between member countries and ensures
that the full resources of the Organization are ready and available whenever and
wherever they might be needed. For instance, if a terrorist attack or natural disaster
occurs, the CCC mobilizes to offer and coordinate the Organization’s response. All
messages and requests for information and assistance from the affected member
countries are treated with the highest priority.
2. Incident Response Teams
In the aftermath of a terrorist act or other critical incident, the affected member
country/countries often request INTERPOL’s support in the form of an Incident
Response Team (IRT). The IRT consists of on-site specialized personnel who are able

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 to provide investigative and analytical support directly from the incident location. As
a result of the circumstantial elements, INTERPOL evaluates the situation and assists
member countries in determining the police requirements needed to further
provide specific support, expertise, and information. INTERPOL deploys police
officers with special law enforcement expertise to the area where the specific
incident has occurred, and provides not only specialized police officers, but forensic
experts and criminal analysts as well.
While the investigation of terrorist acts is handled by the respective law
enforcement agency in the concerned country, many investigative leads and
evidence span the globe, thus adding an international dimension to the
investigation. Through pro-active support and assistance of its member countries,
INTERPOL is able to coordinate information and resources to assist in these complex
investigations, which can result in the subsequent dismantling of terrorist groups
and organizations, thus preventing them from carrying out further attacks.
3. INTERPOL Network of Experts
In collaboration with INTERPOL member countries, the INTERPOL Command and
Coordination Center is in the process of establishing a crisis support strategy to
coordinate multidisciplinary, international police assistance through the
implementation of a network of INTERPOL experts in areas such as counter-
terrorism, criminal intelligence analysis, forensics, case management, specialized
crime investigations, fugitive tracing, and linguistic capabilities. Together with a
‘menu’ of service options, a centralized contact database for these experts will be
maintained. The objective of this strategy, once completed, will be to enable, at the
request of a member country, the deployment of a team of said experts, upon short
notice, to any location in the world where there is appropriate need, with the team
maintaining direct links to the Command and Coordination Center at all times
4. INTERPOL Vulnerable Targets Referral Centre
INTERPOL, together with the UN Department of Safety and Security (DSS) and
the UN Interregional Criminal Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) are the leading
entities of the UN Counter Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF) Working
Group on Protecting Vulnerable Targets, whose aim is to establish appropriate
mechanisms to facilitate both the sharing of existing best practices and the
development of further best practices to protect vulnerable targets. In order to
achieve this, INTERPOL is currently in the process of creating a “Vulnerable Targets
Referral Center”, and will act as an intermediary, facilitating the exchange of
information in the area of vulnerable target protection. The main objective of the
center is to identify responsible units and relevant experts in countries where
vulnerable target protection strategies have already been developed and have this
contact information available in order to bring those with relevant expertise
together with those who are in need of such information.
5. INTERPOL Major Event Support Teams
INTERPOL implemented a strategy to support countries which are organizing
international major events. An important objective of this strategy is to help
member countries plan for prevention of attacks and/or disruptive action during
major events, and to subsequently manage the consequences of such incidents. This
includes making available relevant INTERPOL services, such as I-24/7, INTERPOL
databases and threat assessments, in support of the organizing country. INTERPOL
has established a mechanism for regular global sharing of good practices in securing
international major events, where one member country organizing an event can
learn from other countries which recently hosted similar events.
6. The INTERPOL Notices System
An Interpol notice or international notice is issued by Interpol to share information between its
members.. Based on requests from National Central Bureaus (NCBs), the General Secretariat produces
notices in all of the organization’s official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. In addition,
notices are used by the International Criminal Tribunals and the International Criminal Court to seek
persons wanted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. There are seven types, six of
which are known by their color codes:
Red Notice Yellow Notice

10
 To seek the arrest or provisional arrest of
To help locate missing persons, often minors, or
wanted persons with a view to extradition.
to help identify persons who are unable to
identify themselves.

Blue Notice Black Notice

To collect additional information about a To seek information on unidentified bodies.
person’s identity or activities in relation to a
crime.
Orange Notice
Green Notice To warn police, public entities and other
To provide warnings and criminal intelligence international organizations about potential
about persons who have committed criminal threats from disguised weapons, parcel bombs
offences and are likely to repeat these crimes in and other dangerous materials.
other countries.

INTERPOL-United Nations Special Notice

Issued for groups and individuals who are the targets of UN sanctions
against Al Qaeda and the Taliban.

7. The Fusion Task Force

In order to assist member countries in terrorism-related investigations at the

international level, INTERPOL created the Fusion Task Force (FTF). Established in
September 2002, the FTF has evolved into a significant, vital, specialized and multi-
disciplinary entity for assisting member countries in their terrorism-related
investigations. The primary objective of the FTF is to identify members of criminal
groups involved in international terrorist activity through the establishment of a
network of law enforcement contact officers. The Task Force has put into place
regionally focused projects which are designed to identify active terrorist groups
and their membership in specific regions. The Task Force also solicits collects, and
shares information and intelligence, provides analytical support, and enhances the
capacity of member countries to address the threats of terrorism and organized
crime. The Task Force maintains a dedicated global database of information on
terrorist groups, organizations and individuals.

8. Criminal Analysis Unit

INTERPOL’s Criminal Analysis Unit contributes to investigations by assisting

officers working at the General Secretariat and in member countries by conducting
research and analysis of crime trends. This service includes the collection, analysis,
evaluation, exchange, and storage of information which INTERPOL’s headquarters
receives from its member countries. In providing this service, INTERPOL’s goal is not
only to inform its member countries of new developments in the context of criminal
activities, but also to provide national law enforcement authorities with additional
information which might be helpful to the progress of an on-going investigation or
contribute to the initiation of a new one.

D. Training and Development

Training and development plays a key role in INTERPOL’s overall mission to promote
international police cooperation. The aim is to help officials in INTERPOL’s 190 member
countries to improve their operational effectiveness, enhance their skills and build their capacity
to address the increasingly globalised and sophisticated nature of criminality today.

The Role of Interpol in Crime Control

11
 The role of the International Police in the control of the impact of globalization in policing and
human rights violations is tremendous being uniquely positioned to contribute substantially to the
success of all law enforcement efforts aimed at combating global crimes, human rights violations, and
terrorism.
On Drug Control
The Criminal Organizations and Drug Sub-Directorate is located within the Specialized Crime
Directorate of the Interpol General Secretariat. It is the central repository of professional and technical
expertise in drug control within the Interpol framework. Essentially, it acts as a clearing-house for the
collection, collation, analysis and dissemination of drug-related information. It monitors also the drug
situation on global scale, coordinates international investigations, and maintains liaison with the United
Nations, its specialized agencies and other international and regional organizations involved in the drug
control activities. One of its important functions is to serve as a main source of professional and
technical advice on narcotic matters to Interpol bodies such as the General Assembly, Executive
Committee and National Central Bureaus.
The mission of the Criminal Organizations and Drug Sub-Directorate is to enhance cooperation
among member countries and to stimulate the exchange of information between all national and
international enforcement bodies concerned with countering the illicit production, traffic and use of
narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Drawing upon the wide investigative and analytical
experience of its multinational staff, the Sub-Directorate serves member states in the areas of:
1. information collection,
2. responding to international drug investigation enquiries,
3. collection and analysis of data obtained from member states for strategic and tactical
intelligence reports, and the dissemination of these reports to concerned member states,
4. identification of international drug trafficking organizations,
5. coordination of international drug investigations where at least two member states are involved,
6. holding of working meetings involving two or more states where the Criminal Organizations and
Drug Sub-Directorate has identified common links in cases being investigated in those member
countries in order to exchange information and establish future strategies,
7. organizing either regional or worldwide meetings on specific drug topics, on an annual or ad hoc
basis. The aims of such meetings include assessing the extent of the particular drug problem,
the exchange of information on the latest methods of investigative techniques and to further
strengthen cooperation within the law enforcement communities.
Having a membership of countries places Interpol in a unique situation of knowing what
is going on around the world in relation to drug trafficking. It offers the possibility of making
links between drug cases being conducted by national administrations which would otherwise
seem unrelated. When it is clearly established that there is good potential for developing a
substantial case, it is given an operational name. As the case is developed, a working meeting of
the concerned countries can be organized to bring together all of the case officers concerned to
discuss all aspects of the case and to devise a future strategy. The case officers bring with them
information such as fingerprints, photographs, identity documents, telephone numbers,
addresses, criminal histories and any other information related to the case in which they are
involved.

On Children and Human Trafficking

Trafficking is a subject that divides those who come into contact with it. Much of the concern
expressed about its causes and consequences has been emotional. For example, dwelling on the plight
of women and children trafficked into prostitution and sweatshop work. The role of the criminal
organizations has been highlighted in a human trade that some put on a par with drugs and arms
smuggling in its profitability and perniciousness. Governments have announced measures to control
what they deem to be an assault on their borders.
The main aim of Interpol is to promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all
criminal police authorities. It provides a structured platform for raising awareness, building competence
and identifying best practices within law enforcement worldwide. It is a forum for exchanging
information on current trends and investigations. Trafficking in human beings is considered one of the
top priorities at Interpol and only by ascertaining the true character of trafficking can we hope to adapt
appropriate measures against it.
Different definitions and expressions are used to describe smuggling of migrants and trafficking
in human beings. Interpol does not have its own definitions for these issues. Consequently, reference

12
was made to the definitions in the protocols supplementing the United Nations Convention Against
Transnational Organized Crime.
These definitions are as follows:
Smuggling of migrants- shall mean the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a
financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of which the person
is not a national or a permanent resident.
Trafficking in persons- shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt
of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of
deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the
purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of
others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to
slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.

On Environmental Crime
Environmental crime is a serious and growing international problem, with criminals violating
national and international laws put in place to protect the environment. These criminals are polluting
the air, water and land. They are pushing commercially valuable wildlife species closer to extinction and
they are significantly impacting the biological integrity of the planet.
Across the world, environmental crime takes on a number of forms which include: poaching,
trafficking in ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), trafficking and use of illegal pesticides, illegal diversion
of rivers, trafficking in endangered species, and illegal dumping of hazardous waste onto land or in
water. Environmental criminals, including those associated with organized crime, regularly cause
permanent and extensive damage to ecosystems, which may result in serious human health problems.
The incentives to carry out environmental crimes are financial, coupled with a perception, on the part of
criminals, that they are unlikely to be caught and face severe penalties. Examples of environmental
crimes which have become more common and lucrative are the trade of collectible species and illegal
disposal of waste in an effort to avoid legitimate disposal costs, which results in an unfair competitive
advantage for the criminals over legitimate, law-abiding businesses.
Interpol’s contribution to combating Information Technology Crime
Interpol has actively been involved for a number of years in combating Information Technology
Crime. Rather than ‘re-inventing the wheel’, the Interpol General Secretariat has harnessed the
expertise of its members in the field of Information Technology Crime (ITC) through the vehicle of a
‘working party’ or a group of experts. In this instance, the working party consists of the heads or
experienced members of national computer crime units. These working parties have been designed to
reflect regional expertise and exist in Europe, Asia, and America and in Africa. All working parties are in
different stages of development. It should be noted that the work done by the working parties is not
Interpol’s only contribution to combating ITC, but it certainly represents the most noteworthy
contribution.
Interpol’s Criminal Intelligence Analysis
Concept: Criminal Intelligence Analysis (sometimes called Crime Analysis) has been recognized
by law enforcement as a useful support tool for over twenty-five years and is successfully used within
the international community. Within the last decade, the role and position of Criminal Intelligence
Analysis in the global law enforcement community has fundamentally changed. Whereas, previously
there were a few key countries acting as forerunners and promoters of the discipline, more and more
countries have implemented analytical techniques within their police forces. International
organizations, such as Interpol, Europol and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia (ICTY), all have Criminal Intelligence Analysts among their personnel. The techniques are also
widely used within private sector organizations.
Definition: There are many definitions of Criminal Intelligence Analysis in use throughout the
world. The one definition agreed in June 1992 by an international group of twelve European Interpol
member countries and subsequently adopted by other countries is as follows: The identification of and
provision of insight into the relationship between crime data and other potentially relevant data with a
view to police and judicial practice.
Purpose: The central task of Analysis is to help officials - law enforcers, policy makers, and
decision makers - deal more effectively with uncertainty, to provide timely warning of threats, and to
support operational activity by analyzing crime.

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 Divisions: Criminal Intelligence Analysis is divided into operational (or tactical) and strategic
analysis. The basic skills required are similar, and the difference lies in the level of detail and the type of
client to whom the products are aimed.
1. Operational Analysis aims to achieve a specific law enforcement outcome. This might be
arrests, seizure or forfeiture of assets or money gained from criminal activities, or the
disruption of a criminal group. Operational Analysis usually has a more immediate benefit.
2. Strategic Analysis is intended to inform higher level decision making and the benefits are
realized over the longer term. It is usually aimed at managers and policy-makers rather than
individual investigators. The intention is to provide early warning of threats and to support
senior decision-makers in setting priorities to prepare their organizations to be able to deal
with emerging criminal issues. This might mean allocating resources to different areas of
crime, increased training in a crime fighting technique, or taking steps to close a loophole in
a process.
Both disciplines make use of a range of analytical techniques and analysts need to have a range
of skills and attributes.
Interpol’s fight against International Terrorism
Interpol’s involvement in the fight against international terrorism materialized during the 54th
General Assembly in Washington in 1985 with the creation of a specialized group within the then Police
Division to 'coordinate and enhance cooperation' in combating international terrorism.
The widest possible co-operation and exchange of information is encouraged and the Public
Safety and Terrorism Sub-Directorate makes maximum use of Interpol’s communication network and
central record capability to ensure that all information it receives is treated to maximize subsequent
analyses or responses to queries from member countries.
The Anti-Terrorism Initiatives are:
1. Interpol planned new identity travel document database designed to help customs, border
patrols and immigration services share police information and verify the authenticity of
documents;
2. The feasibility of setting up a special aviation database;
3. The financing of terrorism - expansion of anti-money laundering measures and studies of
alternative remittance systems.
Interpol’s Position on Terrorism
1. Interpol is mandated to promote police co-operation in all cases of international crime except
those of a political, military, religious or racial character.
2. Although terrorists try to ‘justify’ their acts upon ideological, political or religious grounds,
Interpol has the authority to address all criminal activity, regardless of motivation.
3. Terrorist acts that are criminal in nature, constitute a serious threat to individuals’ lives or
freedom.
What is Interpol doing to combat terrorism?
Interpol’s role is twofold:
1. to prevent acts of international terrorism and, if carried out,
2. to ensure the perpetrators are brought to justice.
How Interpol can prevent terrorism?
Interpol is committed to detecting and preventing acts of terrorism. It does this by exchanging
information with its 190 member countries through its secure messaging system or by convening
experts to address the subject. Interpol collects, stores, analyses and disseminates intelligence about
suspect individuals and groups and their activities. This data is provided by its member countries and
public sources of information that it also monitors. All terrorist-related information has to be shared in a
systematic, timely and accurate manner. The veracity and timeliness of the information is often directly
proportional to its usefulness to the specialized officers within Interpol’s Public Safety and Terrorism
Branch who are tasked with assessing the threat and issuing alerts and warnings.
To help member countries report on suspect individuals, Interpol has issued a number of
practical guidelines on the type of information needed. This includes information about suspect
individuals and groups, modus operandi, evidence from scenes of the crime and the use of new
technologies by terrorist groups. They should also report on other crimes which may be linked to
terrorism such as, for example: seizures of nuclear material, weapons trafficking, money laundering and
falsified travel and other identity documents.

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 Apart from its vital intelligence work, Interpol has also urged its member countries to intervene
at the national level by monitoring suspicious financial transactions linked to terrorist activities in order
to freeze their assets and so disrupt the funding of terrorism.
How Interpol can help after a terrorist act has been committed?
2. In the immediate aftermath of a terrorist act, member countries are required to send Interpol
full particulars concerning the nature of the incident.
3. Next, they should report to Interpol on all the investigative developments. These should include
details of any individuals arrested or charged in connection with a terrorist incident, or
suspected as connected with a terrorist incident, and information concerning organizations on
whose behalf the act was conducted.
4. Once in receipt of particulars concerning suspects, Interpol can instantly issue international
notices for fugitive terrorists whose arrest is sought by member countries. Interpol can also
offer many other backup services, by for example, its:
a. Disaster Victim Identification Unit with its wide network of international experts and
laboratories;
b. Computerized fingerprints capability for identifying suspects;
c. Forthcoming international database of counterfeit, forged and stolen identity
documents money laundering expertise;
d. Analytical capability which is uniquely placed to find criminal activity connections from a
global perspective.

UNIT III: BILATERAL AND INTERNATIONAL

COOPERATION THE UN CONVENTION AGAINST
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

The Convention represents a major step forward in the fight against transnational organized
crime and signifies the recognition of UN Member States that this is a serious and growing problem that
can only be solved through close international cooperation. The Convention, concluded at the 10th
session of the Ad Hoc Committee established by the General Assembly to deal with this problem, is a
legally binding instrument committing States that ratify it to taking a series of measures against
transnational organized crime. These include the creation of domestic criminal offences to combat the
problem, and the adoption of new, sweeping frameworks for mutual legal assistance, extradition, law-
enforcement cooperation and technical assistance and training.
States Parties will be able to rely on one another in investigating, prosecuting and punishing
crimes committed by organized criminal groups where either the crimes or the groups who commit
them have some element of transnational involvement. This should make it much more difficult for
offenders and organized criminal groups to take advantage of gaps in national law, jurisdictional
problems or a lack of accurate information about the full scope of their activities.
The Convention deals with the fight against organized crime in general and some of the major
activities in which transnational organized crime is commonly involved, such as money laundering,
corruption and the obstruction of investigations or prosecutions. To supplement the Convention, two
Protocols also tackle specific areas of transnational organized crime that are of particular concern to UN
Member States.
The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants deals with the growing problem of organized
criminal groups who smuggle migrants, often at high risk to the migrants and at great profit for the
offenders. The Protocol against Trafficking in Persons deals with the problem of modern slavery, in
which the desire of people to seek a better life is taken advantage of by organized criminal groups.
Migrants are often confined or coerced into exploitive or oppressive forms of employment, often in the
sex trade or in dangerous occupations, with the illicit incomes generated from these activities going to
organized crime. The Protocols also commit countries which ratify them to making the basic
subject of the Protocol a criminal offence and to adopting other specific measures, such as controls
on travel documents, to combat the problem. These supplement the more general measures found in
the Convention, and countries must become parties to the Convention itself before they can become
parties to any of the Protocols. A third Protocol, dealing with the illicit manufacturing of and
trafficking in
firearms, parts and components, and ammunition, remains under discussion.
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and following protocols:
✓ Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children,
supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
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 ✓ Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Air and Sea, supplementing the United
Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
✓ Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and
Components and Ammunition, supplementing the United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime

ASEAN Declaration on Transnational Crime

Below is the declaration of ASEAN against transnational crimes:
WE, the ASEAN Ministers of Interior/Home Affairs and Representatives of ASEAN Member Countries,
participating in the first ASEAN Conference on Transnational Crime held in Manila on 18-20 December
1997;
CONCERNED about the pernicious effects of transnational crime, such as terrorism, illicit drug
trafficking, arms smuggling, money laundering, traffic in persons and piracy on regional stability and
development, the maintenance of the rule of law and the welfare of the region's peoples;
RECOGNIZING the need for clear and effective regional modalities to combat these forms of
crimes, especially on the aspect of information exchange and policy coordination;
RECALLING the Naples Political Declaration and Global Plan of Action of 23 November 1994, this
sought international solidarity and effective legal cooperation against these forms of crime;
RECALLING FURTHER the Baguio Communiqué adopted during the first International
Conference on Terrorism held in Baguio City, Philippines, on 18-21 February 1996, which endeavored to
enhance international cooperation against all forms of terrorism through such modalities as intelligence-
sharing, coordinated policies and law enforcement training;
NOTING the decision of the 29th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (AMM) in Jakarta in July 1996 on
the need to focus attention on such issues as narcotics, economic crimes, including money laundering,
environment and illegal migration which transcend borders and affect the lives of the people in the
region, and the urgent need to manage such transnational issues so that they would not affect the long
term viability of ASEAN and its individual member nations;
ENDEAVOURING to further the decision of the First Informal ASEAN Summit in November 1996
in Jakarta to request the relevant ASEAN bodies to study the possibility of regional cooperation on
criminal matters, including extradition;
PURSUANT to the decision of the 30th AMM in Kuala Lumpur in July 1997 which stressed the
need for sustained cooperation in addressing transnational concerns including the fight against
terrorism, trafficking in people, illicit drugs and arms and piracy;
AFFIRMING the agreement among Heads of Government during the Second Informal Summit in
December 1997 in Kuala Lumpur to take firm and stern measures to combat transnational crime such as
drug trafficking and trafficking of women and children, as well as other transnational crime; and,
CONVINCED that the continuity of existing global framework against transnational crime rests
on consolidated regional action in the institutional and operational spheres:

HAVE RESOLVED TO CONFRONT THE PROBLEM OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME THROUGH THE

FOLLOWING MEASURES:
1. Strengthen the commitment of Member Countries to cooperate at the regional level in
combating the transnational crime;
2. Convene at least once every two years ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime in
order to coordinate activities of relevant ASEAN bodies, such as the ASEAN Senior Officials on
Drug Matters (ASOD) and the ASEAN Chiefs of National Police (ASEANAPOL);
3. Hold discussions with a view to signing mutual legal assistance agreements, bilateral treaties,
memorandum of understanding or other arrangements among Member Countries;
4. Consider the establishment of an ASEAN Centre on Transnational Crime (ACOT) which will
coordinate regional efforts against transnational crime through intelligence sharing,
harmonization of policies and coordination of operations;
5. Convene a high-level ad-hoc Experts Group within one year to accomplish the following with the
assistance of the ASEAN Secretariat:
a. a. ASEAN Plan of Action on Transnational Crime,
b. Institutional Framework for ASEAN Cooperation on Transnational Crime, and,
c. Feasibility study on the establishment of ACOT;
6. Encourage Member Countries to consider assigning Police Attaches and/or Police Liaison
Officers in each other's capital in order to facilitate cooperation for tackling transnational crime;

16
 7. Encourage networking of the relevant national agencies or organizations in Member Countries
dealing with transnational crime to further enhance information exchange and dissemination;
8. Expand the scope of Member Countries' efforts against transnational crime such as terrorism,
illicit drug trafficking, arms smuggling, money laundering, traffic in persons and piracy, and to
request the ASEAN Secretary-General to include these areas in the work programme of the
ASEAN Secretariat;
9. Explore ways by which the Member Countries can work closer with relevant agencies and
organizations in Dialogue Partner countries, other countries and international organizations,
including the United Nations and its specialized agencies, Colombo Plan Bureau, Interpol and
such other agencies, to combat transnational crime;
10. Cooperate and coordinate more closely with other ASEAN bodies such as the ASEAN Law
Ministers and Attorneys-General, the ASEAN Chiefs of National Police, the ASEAN Finance
Ministers, the Directors-General of Immigration and the Directors-General of Customs in the
investigations, prosecution and rehabilitation of perpetrators of such crimes; and,
11. Strengthen the ASEAN Secretariat's capacity to assist the Member Countries in initiating,
planning, and coordinating activities, strategies, programmes and projects to combat
transnational crime.
SIGNED this 20th day of December 1997 in Manila, Philippines.

COMPARATIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT

After we have discussed the effect of globalization and the Interpol’s role in policing the world,
let us now look into some police systems and models which their methods can be adopted in our own
system for effective modern day policing.
As stated earlier, the examination of crime and its control in the comparative context often
requires a historical perspective since the phenomena under study are seen as having developed under
unique social, economic, and political structures. Hence, the method most often employed by
researchers is the historical-comparative method.
To summarize the historical-comparative method, it is basically an alternative to both
quantitative and qualitative research methods that is sometimes called historiography or holism. In
historiography, there are at least eight ways to do history: the Great Man approach; the historical forces
approach; the crisis of civilization approach; the dialectic approach; the evolutionary approach;the
geographic factors approach; the conflict or "who won" approach; and the serendipity or accidental
discovery approach. In holism (which is a term that describes when a whole gives meaning to parts),
there is an emphasis upon inductive inference from description, which is similar to Max Weber's notion
of "ideal types" that are general to many cases. It should be noted that historical-comparative method
is tied to the origins of sociology. Patterns, trends, and syndromes are the words most often used in
comparative law enforcement and criminal justice with the same meaning as ideal-types.
Societal Type and Police System
There are four kinds of societies in the world: (1) folk-communal societies, which are also called
primitive societies; (2) urban-commercial societies, which rely on trade as the essence of their market
system; (3) urban-industrial societies, which produce most of the goods and services they need without
government interference; and (4) bureaucratic societies, or modern post-industrial societies where the
emphasis is upon technique or the "technologizing" of everything, with the government taking the lead.
Folk-communal society- has little codification of law, no specialization among police, and a
system of punishment that just let things go for awhile without attention until things become too much,
and then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to. Classic examples include the early Roman gentiles,
African and Middle Eastern tribes, and Puritan settlements in North America.
Urban-commercial society- has civil law (some standards and customs are written down),
specialized police forces (some for religious offenses, others for enforcing the King's law), and
punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient. Most of Continental Europe
developed along this path.
Urban-industrial society- not only has codified laws (statutes that prohibit) but laws that
prescribe good behavior, police become specialized in how to handle property crimes, and the system of
punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives and disincentives. England and the U.S.
followed this positive legal path.
Bureaucratic society- has a system of laws (along with armies of lawyers), police who tend to
keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by over

17
criminalization and overcrowding. The U.S. and perhaps only eight other nations fit the bureaucratic
pattern. Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon that only occurs in a bureaucratic society.
Some people also talk about a fifth type:Post-modern society, where the emphasis is upon the
meaning of words and the deconstruction of institutions.
Developing countries tend to be lumped into the first two (1) and (2) types, and the study of
culture becomes more important in these contexts. Developed countries tend to be the last two (3) and
(4) types, and the study of structure becomes more important. The study of culture involves the study of
customs and folkways of the people. The study of social structure involves the study of institutions, like
economic and political systems.
VARIABLE AFFECTING SYSTEM COMPARISON ON POLICE SYSTEM
Many comparativists romanticize the folk-communal society for its low crime rates as well as
the way most quarrels and conflicts are settled privately. However, folk societies are also known for
"lumping it" which is the process of letting things go on longer until it's too much to tolerate anymore.
Nonetheless, folk societies work very hard to avoid the over criminalization common to modern
bureaucratic societies.
The most frequently studied variable in comparative police system and criminal justice is
urbanization, or the process of internal migration from the countryside to the cities. It is suspected that
urbanization dissolves family ties, creates cultures of poverty, and produces a stabilized criminal
underworld consisting of well-defined criminal career pathways. Also of importance are the variables of
colonizationand underdevelopment, as these processes of globalization shape underdog ideologies
among exploited Third World people which come back in the form of terrorism against the more
developed countries. However, an event (like urbanization or colonization) is not the cause of crime if it
occurs when crime rates are falling.
Types of Police Systems
It is the consensus of experts that there are four types of criminal justice systems in the world:
a. Common
b. Civil
c. Socialist
d. Islamic
This classifies all 185 nations in the world. It is important to compare nations that have similar
legal traditions because crimes may not be defined the same.
Interpol and the U.N. have dealt with this problem for years. Even something as simple as
murder is defined differently by different nations. In some countries, crime data is based on offenses
known to police, and in other countries, statistical data is based on convictions. Certain countries (such
as those in Central Africa) do not even collect crime statistics. In other countries (mostly socialist ones),
crime statistics are collected, but the data are classified. It is also difficult to compare punishments,
since in some countries, the family members of the offender are punished, and the range of
punishments includes such things as stoning and mutilation.
Common law systems are also known as Anglo-American justice, and exist in most English-
speaking countries of the world, such as the U.S., England, Australia, and New Zealand. They are
distinguished by a strong adversarial system where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by
precedent. Common law systems are distinctive in the significance they attach to precedent (the
importance of previously decided cases). They primarily rely upon oral systems of evidence in which the
public trial is a main focal point.
Civil law systems are also known as Continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice, and
practiced throughout most of the European Union as well as elsewhere, in places such as Sweden,
Germany, France, and Japan. They are distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less right is
granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. For
example, a French maxim goes like this: "If a judge knows the answer, he must not be prohibited from
achieving it by undue attention to regulations of procedure and evidence." By contrast, the common law
method is for a judge to at least suspend belief until the event of a trial is over. Legal scholarship is much
more sophisticated and elitist in civil law systems, as opposed to the more democratic common law
countries where just about anybody can get into law school. Romano-Germanic systems are founded on
the basis of natural law, which is a respect for tradition and custom. The sovereigns, or leaders, of a civil
law system are considered above the law, as opposed to the common law notion that nobody is above
the law.
Socialist systems are also known as Marxist-Leninist justice, and exist in many places, such as
Africa and Asia, where there had been a Communist revolution or the remnants of one. They are

18
distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities
to the state. It is the ultimate expression of positive law, designed to move the state forward toward the
perfectibility of state and mankind. It is also primarily characterized by administrative law, where non-
legal officials make most of the decisions. For example, in a socialist state, neither judges nor lawyers
are allowed to make law. Law is the same as policy, and an orthodox Marxist view is that eventually, the
law will not be necessary.
Islamic systems are also known as Muslim or Arabic justice, and derive all their procedures and
practices from interpretation of the Koran. There are exceptions, however. Various tribes (such as the
Siwa in the desert of North Africa) are descendants of the ancient Greeks and practice Urrf law (the law
of tradition) rather than the harsher Shariah punishments. Islamic systems in general are characterized
by the absence of positive law (the use of law to move societies forward toward some progressive
future) and are based more on the concept of natural justice (crimes are considered acts of injustice that
conflict with tradition). Religion plays an important role in Islamic systems. Most nations of this type are
theocracies, where legal rule and religious rule go together.
Each society also has its own customary law or tribal traditions. Many parts of Africa, for
example, have reverted back to a tribal system because they could not accommodate their heritage of
colonialism, which essentially involved the problem of mixed Common, Civil, Socialist and Islamic
influences. Tribal justice systems tend to be characterized by arrest without trial and other summary
procedures. In other parts of the world, such as Latin America, the problem has been modernization.
Advances in technology and the profits of drug crime have outpaced the capability of Western-oriented
justice systems, and what would normally be a trend toward decriminalization has become a haphazard
set of legal practices that are sometimes lenient and sometimes harsh. Traditionalism, colonialism,
modernization, and the increasing tendency for crime to become transnational in an international
marketplace form the components of the globalization problem in criminal justice.
Each type of system - Common, Civil, Socialist, Islamic - has local variation. Even in English-
speaking countries, for example, there is variation. Canadian justice places more emphasis upon the
right to a fair trial, free from prejudicial publicity. In Canada, the public and the media are usually
banned from the courtroom, and there is little interest in crime news. In England, there is more
emphasis upon fairness in sentencing, and making sure the guilty punished. English police dossiers along
with two types of lawyers (solicitors and barristers) and two types of courts (Magistrate and Crown) help
ensure this.

Police System vs. Criminal Justice System

With these influences of societal systems, Police systems and Criminal Justice Systems around
the world varies depending on the kind of legal system. With the exceptions of Japan and the Common
Law nations, few countries hold their police officers accountable for violations of civil rights. In Socialist
and Islamic countries, the police hold enormous political and religious powers. In fact, in such places,
crime is always seen as political crime or co-occurring religious problem.
Comparative Court System
Court systems of the world are of two types:
Adversarial, where the accused is innocent until proven guilty. The U.S. adversarial system is
unique in the world. No other nation, not even the U.K., places as much emphasis upon determination
of factual guilt in the courtroom as the U.S. does.
Inquisitorial,where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated, have more secret
procedures. Outside the U.S., most trials are concerned with legal guilt where everyone knows the
offender did it, and the purpose is to get the offender to apologize, own up to their responsibility, argue
for mercy, or suggest an appropriate sentence for themselves.
Comparative Correctional System
Correctional systems worldwide can be easily distinguished by whether they support corporal
punishment (beatings) or not. Some so-called "civilized" countries claim they are better than the U.S.
because they don't perform death penalty but actually practice such corporal punishments as beatings
and whippings. Nations that practice corporal punishment do tend, however, to have less of a
correctional overcrowding problem. Probation and parole, where they exist cross-culturally, are applied
to the country’s citizens, and not for foreigners or immigrants.
Comparative Juvenile Justice System
Juvenile Justice Systems vary widely. Scotland has the toughest system, regularly sentencing
juveniles to harsh boot camps with a strict military regimen and forced labor. Germany has a juvenile
justice system similar to the U.S., where more emphasis is upon education as punishment.

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MODERNIZATION versus COLONIZATION THESIS
The idea that technology produces common effects which tend to make all nations increasingly
similar is the modernization thesis (Shelley 1981). In this view, the developing countries are destined to
go through the same crime and control patterns as the developed nations have gone through. This
pattern mainly involves a skyrocketing increase in property crime, the hallmark of industrial society. It
also involves more female emancipation, and certain problems arise from this, not the least of which is a
backlash of male violence. The implication of the modernization thesis is that developed countries, like
the U.S., ought to reach out, and help developing countries manage or regulate the inevitable stages
they will have to go through.
Opposed to this idea is the underdevelopment, or colonization thesis (Sumner 1982) which holds
that it is the more advanced, developed nations in the world which cause crime in dependent Third
World nations. Corporations, for example, are allowed to pillage raw materials and resources in the
Third World. Likewise, most of the developed nations do not engage in free trade. Instead, they
subsidize their farmers and producers at home, prohibit the import of cheap, foreign-made products,
and make their money by saturating foreign markets with luxury goods that create a sense of rising
expectations or unreachable aspirations in the Third World.
There is little debate, however, over the importance of urbanization. Comparative
criminologists believe urbanization is the primary cause of violent crime in any society (Archer & Gartner
1984). When citizens migrate to the cities, kinship and community ties are broken, and a sense of
anonymity and impersonality develops. Some of this impersonality is inherent to the nature of industrial
and bureaucratic work, but the problem in the cities appears to be the problem of income inequality,
where vast numbers of poor people live in fairly close concentration to wealthier people, or those who
are on the verge of "making it" economically.

THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING

Schneider (2001) does a good job summarizing the various theories that exist with empirical
support:
The first theory, which might be called the alertness to crime theory.is that as a nation develops,
people's alertness to crime is heightened. They report more crime to police and demand the police to
become more effective in solving crime problems.
The second theory, which might be called the economic or migration theory, is that crime
everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos
and slums.
The third theory, opportunity theory, is that along with higher standards of living, victims
become more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
The fourth theory, called demographic theory, is based on the event when a greater number of
children are being born.As these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the
adolescent identity crisis.
A fifth theory, deprivation theory, holds that progress comes along with rising expectations.
People at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don't see themselves
rising fast enough.
A sixth theory, modernization theory, sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
A seventh theory, the theory of anomie and synomie (the latter being a term referring to social
cohesion on values), suggests that progressive lifestyles and norms result in the disintegration of older
norms that once held people together (anomie)
PARTICIPATION OF THE PNP IN U.N. PEACE KEEPING
MISSIONS PNP MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR 2009-006
“RULES AND PROCEDURES ON THE SELECTION OF THE PNP PERSONNEL FOR SECONDMENT, DETAIL
TO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS”
UN Special Action Team (UNSAT)
COVERAGE of the UNSAT Pre-Qualifying Exam (conducted by the PNP DPL)
✓ 1st Stage - Written Examination which covers Reading Comprehension, Listening
Comprehension, Report Writing
✓ 2nd Stage- Driving Proficiency Test
✓ 3rd Stage- Firing Proficiency Test.
QUALIFICATIONS
AGE REQUIREMENT
➢ Applicant must not be less than 25 years old or more than 53 years old upon actual deployment.

20
 ➢ An applicant shall be considered 25 years of age on his/her actual 25th birthday, or more than
fifty three 53 years of age on his/her actual 54th birthday.
RANK REQUIREMENT
➢ For Police Commissioned Officers (PCOs): Only those with the rank of Police Senior Inspector,
Police Chief Inspector, or Police Superintendent are allowed to apply.
➢ For Police Non-commissioned Officers (PNCOs): Only those within the rank bracket of Police
Officer 3 to Senior Police Officer 4 are allowed to apply.
➢ All applicants must have been appointed in permanent status in their respective present ranks.
SERVICE REQUIREMENT
➢ All applicants must have attained a minimum of 5 years of active police service (excluding
cadetship, officer orientation/trainee course, and police basic course)
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT
➢ All applicants must have passed the latest Physical Fitness Test (PFT) conducted by the PNP
Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development, as well as medical, dental, and
neuropsychiatric examinations.
SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED
➢ Computer Literacy Requirement - All applicants must be knowledgeable of basic computer
operations, including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and use of the Internet.
➢ Driving Proficiency Requirement - All applicants must have at least one (1) year of recent driving
experience and must possess a valid national or international driver's license issued at least one
(1) year to the application.
UNIT RECOMMENDATION REQUIREMENT
➢ All applicants must be recommended by Unit Commanders (Command Group or Directors of
their respective Directorial Staff, National Support Units, or Police Regional Offices).
OTHER REQUIREMENTS
➢ All applicants must hold a Performance Evaluation Rating (PER) with a minimum Very
Satisfactory evaluation for two (2) consecutive rating semesters prior to the UNSAT
examinations.
➢ All applicants must not have been repatriated from any previous UN mission for disciplinary
reasons.
➢ All applicants must not have been convicted of any administrative or criminal offense; have no
pending administrative/criminal cases in any body/tribunal/court.
➢ No applicant should be a witness to any administrative/criminal case, especially those covered
by Republic Act 9165, or a summary hearing officer with unresolved cases.
TERM OF DEPLOYMENT
➢ All PNP personnel who are deployed as part of the UN Peacekeeping Mission shall have one (1)
year tenure, extendable to 6 months.

POLICING POLICY MODELS

A. EXPECTATION-INTEGRATION MODEL
The police role is the part that they are expected to play in a democratic society. There are three
major sources of expectations concerning what the police should do and how they should do it:
- the environment
- the police department
- the law
As the degree to which expectations are shared and changes are integrated, the extent of role-
related conflict either decreases or increases. When expectations from the three sources are
compatible, there is minimal difficulty in deciding what the police should do and how they should do it.
a.1. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPECTATIONS
• Societal trends and problems - in general and each community – create and environment.
• Changing social and economic trends and problems in the society or a particular community
often affect the police.
• For instance, there may be rapid growth in population, an economic recession, a drug problem .
The community environment includes problems unique to a particular community.
a.2. ORGANIZATIONAL EXPECTATIONS
• Organizational expectations came from both formal and informal aspects of a police
department.

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 • Formal expectations are derived from leaders, supervisors, training programs, and the goals,
objectives, policies, procedures, and regulations of the police department.
• Informal expectations are derived from the officers’ peers and work group.
• Officers are strongly influenced by their work experiences and the way they adjust to the
emotional, psychological, intellectual, and physical demands of police.
• They must attempt to do their job in a manner that is acceptable to both the police department
and their peers, they must try not to be injured or killed or allow other officers or citizens to be
injured or killed, and their conduct must not provoke citizen complaints.
Together, formal and informal organizational expectations create and organizational culture that
can be defined as the pattern of basic assumptions that the police the police has invented, discovered or
developed in learning to cope with its problem of the external adaptation and internal integration that
have worked well enough to be considered valid.
a.3. LEGAL EXPECTATION
• Legal expectation of the police are derived from substantial and procedural criminal laws and
legal requirements that have resulted from civil suits.
• These laws provide the basic framework in which the police are supposed to function.
• Although the police do not always follow the law, legal expectations have a substantial influence
on what they do and how they behave.
In addition, as noted, the police do not enforce all laws, rather, they exercise discretion in deciding
what laws to enforce and how to enforce them. These discretionary decisions may not always be
compatible with what either the formal organization or the community expects.Attempts to integrate
environmental, organizational and legal expectations have resulted in several recurring debates about
the police role in the society.
B. LEGALISTIC OR POLITICAL
The Rule of Law vs. Community Expectations
• The legalistic (or bureaucratic, quasi-military, professional or reform) approach assumes that
justice is a product of consistent application of laws and departmental policies and procedures.
• Ideally, the laws, policies and procedures are rationally developed and free of any bias that
would be inconsistent with the fundamental principles of the society.
The political view of the police role rests on one of two assumptions, one is that laws and the police
primarily serves the interest of the most influential persons in the community. Such individual is
considered to be above the law, whereas others are treated more harshly.This view leads to politics of
preference and discrimination.
The second assumption focuses on responsiveness and individualization. It advocates that strict
enforcement of the rules does not take into account the uniqueness of the problems and needs of
individuals and neighborhood groups in the community.
Three types of Police-Community Relation
• Political model- refers to the police-community relation that is plagued by problems of
preferential treatment, discrimination and corruption.
• Legalistic model- is based on the assumption that political influence have a corrupting influence
on policing, therefore, the police community-relationship must be more structured or
bureaucratic.
Community policing model- based on the desirability of the police being responsive to individuals and
groups without engaging in preferential treatment or discrimination.
C. CRIME FIGHTER OR SOCIAL-SERVICE WORKER
The question as to whether the police should only fight crime or also provide social services
influence the priority given to police activities, the type of personnel selected, the way officers are
trained and styles of officers.
Crime fighters believe that crime is a function of a rational choice by the criminals and that the
primary police purpose is to patrol and conduct investigations to deter crime and apprehend offenders.
• A social-service worker believes that crime results from a variety of causes and there are other
police activities like crime prevention education and community building that may also reduce
the crime rate.
• The social service orientation tends to result in more police community involvement and a less
aggressive and authoritarian approach to policing.
D. PROACTIVE OR REACTIVE MODEL

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 Proactive police work emphasizes police-initiated activities of the individual officers and the
department. Developing a response to a crime or another problem that is designed to keep a crime from
occurring is proactive.Example: undercover decoy programs, stakeouts, etc.
Reactive police work is more on a response to a problem by police when assistance is specifically
requested by citizens. Responding to specific problems based on citizens requests and following up on
those problems are reactive responses.
THREE METHODS USED TO DEFINE POLICE ROLE
1. VALUES
Fundamental assumptions that guide department and the individual officer in the exercise of
discretion the values of the department determine police goals, how resources are used, strategies, and
the styles of officers.
Law Enforcement Oriented Values
Police authority is based on the law, and law enforcement is the primary police objectives.
Communities can provide police with assistance and information in enforcing the law. Responding to
calls for service is the highest priority, and calls must receive the possible fastest response. Social and
neighborhood problem are not the responsibility of the police unless they threaten the breakdown of
public order. Police, as experts, are best suited to determine crime-control priorities and strategies
Community - Oriented Values
The police will involve the community in all activities, including the development of policies that
affect the quality of community life. The police believe that strategies must preserve and advance
democratic values. The police must structure the delivery of services so that it will reinforce the
strengths of the neighborhood. Employees must have inputs into matters that influence job satisfaction
and effectiveness.
2. GOALS
Sometimes called purposes or objectives or aims. When the goals approach is used to define the police
role, several goals are usually listed for the police.
Some positive goals for the police
✓ Prevention of crimes
✓ Reduction of the fear of crime
✓ Maintenance of peace and order
✓ Protection of lives and properties
✓ Enforcement of laws
✓ Detection of crimes
✓ Apprehension of offenders
✓ Traffic control
✓ Responsiveness to community needs
✓ Management of intergroup conflict
✓ Protection of individual rights
✓ Provision of additional public service
3. STRATEGIES
Broadly conceptualized police activities that are assumed to have an impact on the attitudes and
behavior of individuals.
Basic police strategies
Law enforcement strategies-invoke the formal sanctions of government.Example: making arrest, issuing
citations, conducting investigations, stopping suspicious persons, etc.
Presence strategy- the police are visible, or identifiable in the community, that is, wearing uniforms,
patrolling in marked vehicles, etc.
Education strategy- involves providing knowledge and skills that will reduce the likelihood they will
become victimized. For potential and convicted criminals, education involves appeals for moral behavior
and clarifying the possible consequences of criminal conduct not only for themselves but also for the
individuals they victimize.

UNIT IV: SLECTED POLICE MODELS

After we have discussed the effect of globalization and the Interpol’s role in policing the world, let us
now look into some police systems and models which their methods can be adopted in our own system
for effective modern day policing.

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 As stated earlier, the examination of crime and its control in the comparative context often
requires a historical perspective since the phenomena under study are seen as having developed under
unique social, economic, and political structures. Hence, the method most often employed by
researchers is the historical-comparative method.
To summarize the historical-comparative method, it is basically an alternative to both
quantitative and qualitative research methods that is sometimes called historiography or holism. In
historiography, there are at least eight ways to do history: the Great Man approach; the historical forces
approach; the crisis of civilization approach; the dialectic approach; the evolutionary approach; the
geographic factors approach; the conflict or "who won" approach; and the serendipity or accidental
discovery approach. In holism (which is a term that describes when a whole gives meaning to parts),
there is an emphasis upon inductive inference from description, which is similar to Max Weber's notion
of "ideal types" that are general to many cases. It should be noted that historical-comparative method
is tied to the origins of sociology. Patterns, trends, and syndromes are the words most often used in
comparative law enforcement and criminal justice with the same meaning as ideal-types.
A. U.S. and other EUROPEAN MODLE
a.1. THE U.S. POLICE DEPARTMENT
Policing in the United States (U.S.) is divided into four broad categories: federal, state, county
and municipal agencies. Each branch of law enforcement has been created to enforce a specific set of
laws within a specific geographical area. This means that the key to understanding which law
enforcement has the authority to respond to a crime is two-fold. First, one must determine which
government unit prohibits the acts. For example, homicide is an act that is prohibited at the state level.
So, as a general rule, only law enforcement agencies with authority to enforce state laws may
investigate the crime of murder. Second, one must look at the place (venue) where the criminal act
occurred. If the murder occurred in Alabama, the Alabama authorities will be responsible in
investigating the crime.
FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

Police officers that work for the national government are generally called federal police officers.
These police officers enforce criminal federal laws that are passed by the United States Congress and
signed into law by the president. They have the authority to arrest anyone who commits violation of
federal criminal laws within the specific area they are hired to protect.
Police agencies that hire federal police officers include the White House Police, Capital Police,
Supreme Court Police, and Park Police. Each of these Police agencies has specific responsibilities.
he Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is probably the best known of the federal law
enforcement agencies. The FBI is under the U.S. DOJ. This agency is not a police agency, instead it
investigates matters involving violations of federal law including civil rights violations, espionage,
treason, bank robbery of federally insured institution, serious crimes that crosses state lines, and
terrorism. The FBI is estimated to have more than 12,000 agents employed primarily in the United
States.
The United States Marshals Service is the nation’s oldest federal law enforcement agency.
Marshals serve to protect federal judicial officials, maintain security in federal courthouses, and protect
the safety of the witnesses in federal trials who are endangered by testifying. The U.S. Marshals also
track down fugitives from justice from across the world, transport federal prisoners who needs to be
moved across jurisdictions, and maintain detention facilities for unsentenced prisoners.
OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES
1. SECRET SERVICE
Two primary missions:
a. Protecting all living current and former U.S. president and their families
b. Controlling counterfeiting
2. BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS, and EXPLOSIVES
- Assist in controlling the sale of untaxed liquor and cigarettes, illegal firearms, and explosives.
3. DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (DEA)
- The federal agency that enforces federal drug laws.
- Agents of the DEA primarily carry out their responsibilities by assisting local and state
authorities in investigating illegal drug use and drug trafficking. They also work with foreign
governments to reduce the amount of illegal drugs entering the United States, as well as
operate independent investigations into drug crime.
STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

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 All 50 states have state police agencies. Generally, there are two models of state police
agencies. Some states like New York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan have a single State Police Department
that is responsible for both traffic and criminal investigative responsibilities. One unit is responsible for
patrolling state turnpikes and highways. The second unit is responsible for investigating criminal
offenses.
The second model of policing used by state agencies has been adopted by state such as
California, Florida, Georgia, and Kansas. These states have two separate state police agencies. One
agency is called the Highway Patrol. The Highway Patrol monitors state turnpikes and highways. The
second state level policing agency is assigned the responsibility for state level criminal investigations.
The names of these agencies are varied and include the Florida Department of Law Enforcement,
Georgia Bureau of Investigation, and Kansas Bureau of Investigation.
In addition, state law enforcement may be responsible for running state law enforcement
training academies, providing emergency medical services, maintaining a crime lab, and providing other
services that are needed to support local level law enforcement efforts.
COUNTY LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
The third level of policing occurs at the county level and typically involves an elected sheriff and
appointed deputies. A few states may forego the title of the sheriff and maintain a county police
department.
The duty of the sheriff’s department varies according to the size and population of the county.
Nearly all sheriffs’ office provides basic law enforcement services to areas outside incorporated
municipalities. These duties include routine patrol, responding to citizen calls for service and
investigating crimes. They are authorities to enforce laws within their county as well as enforcing county
level laws including traffic enforcement and in many counties, animal control.
In addition, sheriffs’ departments are usually responsible for county jail or detention facility.
Although some states still maintain separate local detention facilities in every city and town, most have
consolidated this function into a single county are facility utilized by all municipalities within the county.
Detention duties may be rotated among all appointed deputies, or deputies may be hired for the single
purpose of staffing and monitoring the detention facility.
Finally, the sheriff’s department is typically assigned duties associated with court services. These
duties include serving civil court summons, providing court security, providing courthouse security, and
dealing with criminal warrants.
MUNICIPAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
Municipal law enforcement agencies are those police departments created to serve an incorporated
city, town, village or borough. The primary reason municipalities establish a police department is to
maintain order.
The American Bar Association (ABA) outlines the function of the municipal police officer to
include a broad range of activities. Municipal police officers are expected to:
• Identify criminal offenders and criminal activity and where appropriate, apprehend offenders
and participate in subsequent court proceedings.
• Reduce the opportunities for the commission of some crimes through preventive patrol and
other measures.
• Aid individuals who are in danger of physical harm.
• Protect constitutional guarantees.
• Facilitate the movement of people and vehicles.
• Assist those who cannot care for themselves.
• Resolve conflict.
• Identify problems that are potentially serious law enforcement and governmental problems.
• Create and maintain a feeling of security in the community.
• Promote and preserve civil order.
• Provide other services on an emergency basis.
POLICE ACTIVITIES
Study of police activities indicate that most police work involves activity that is non-criminal in nature.
Primary police activities involve:
• Handling domestic issues
• Working traffic accidents
• Finding missing persons
• Directing traffic
• Filling out paper works

25
However, one of the key tasks assigned the police is to respond to calls regarding criminal conduct.
RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Specific requirements for being accepted to a law enforcement training academy vary from department.
The general requirements are the applicant:
• Is a U.S. citizen
• Is at least 21 years of age
• Has at least 20/20 vision uncorrected; ( or 20/20 corrected by glasses)
• Is able to distinguish colors
• Is physically and mentally healthy.
• Applicants who have served in the military must have been honorably discharged.
• May not have been convicted of driving while intoxicated and must hold a valid license for at
least three years prior to application and have a driving record.
• Applicants should have no criminal conviction, although some misdemeanor crimes may bar
applicants from a law enforcement position.
• All applicants are expected to be free from drug use, be of good moral character, and have
personal integrity.
• No applicant should have any history of criminal or improper conduct, have a poor employment
record, or have an irresponsible financial history.
• Generally, applicants should at least have a GED equivalency or a high school diploma, however,
some departments, such as that in Dallas, Texas, are requiring 60 or more hours of completed
college coursework.
PROBATION PERIOD
When a candidate receives an appointment to the police department, the candidate must then
successfully complete recruit training, which can last from several months to more than a year,
depending on the training requirements of the police department. Once the recruit has successfully
completed the training academy, the recruit then usually receives field training under the supervision of
seasoned officers. Upon the successful completion of the field training, the officer is considered eligible
to be on their own.
Police recruits are on probation during the entire period of training and usually are on probation
for a period of time after they have completed their training. The length of time that a recruit serves on
probation varies from department to department. It should be noted that officers will not generally be
eligible for a promotion until the probationary period is successfully completed.
It is important that police officer candidates understand that the goal of probationary period is
to evaluate their ability to perform on the job and to fit into the department. Probies may be dismissed
during the probationary period without cause and no reason needs to be provided. Damaging a police
vehicle, a single incident of excessive use of force, violating the chain of command, or making negative
comments about superior officers may all demonstrate that the probie is not the right fit for a
department’s needs.
Once a police recruit successfully completes the probationary period, more workplace
protections are acquired. Generally, following the probationary period, law enforcement officers are
given civil status. The actual rights and protections associated with this status differ from municipality to
municipality and from state to state, but they will always provide at least a few rights that are missing
during the probationary period.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROMOTION
Opportunities for promotion vary from police department to police department. The size of the
Department plays an important role in opportunities. Larger departments are likely to have greater
opportunities for advancement and a wider variety of areas of specialization available to officers.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN AND MINORITIES
Since the 1970s the opportunities for women and minorities in policing have increased
substantially as law enforcement agencies have begun to recognize importance of ensuring that police
force they hire resembles the public it polices. Today, police departments do not have a sufficient
number of women and minorities applying for policing to meet that goal. For this reason, many police
departments are actively recruiting women and minorities because they would like the opportunity to
hire them.
In today’s policing environment, both women and racial minorities who meet the criteria and
qualifications to be police officers have unlimited opportunities.
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION/EEOC

26
 Affirmative Action is a part of the civil rights laws that has been implemented through the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission’s attempt to implement programs establishedby the congress.
EEOC is an independent federal agency that oversees federal civil rights laws. EEOC is the agency that
investigates cases of discrimination and takes action to eliminate discrimination when they locate it.
Affirmative Action policies and federal law make it a crime to discriminate against any person because of
race, national origin, religion, gender, age or sexual orientation. This means that a person cannot be
discriminated against in hiring process, promotional process, or in wage determination.
SCREENING PROCESS
The screening process differs in relation to the needs and size of the specific department being
applied to. However, screening processes tend to be similar between departments of the same size. The
following list provides an overview of the typical screening process.
• Individuals must apply for a police officer position by completing the required application for
the police department.
• A written examination is required for all police departments in medium-to-large cities.
• A POLICE CANDIDATE WHO SUCCESSFULLY PASSES THE WRITTEN EXAMINATION IS
THEN REQUIRED TO TAKE A PHYSICAL ABILITIES/AGILITY TEST.
• A POLICE CANDIDATE WHO SUCCESSFULLY PASSES THE PHYSICAL ABILITIES/AGILITY TEST IS
THEN GIVEN A DATE TO TAKE A PRE-EMPLOYMENT POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION.
• A CANDIDATE WHO SUCCESSFULLY PASSES THE PRE-EMPLOYMENT POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION MUST THEN UNDERGO A BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION.
• A CANDIDATE WHO SUCCESSFULLY PASSES THE BACKGROUND EXAMINATION IS THEN GIVEN
AN ORAL INTERVIEW.
• A candidate who successfully passes the oral examination is then scheduled for a
psychological examination.
• A candidate who passes the psychological examination is then scheduled to take a
medical examination.
• A candidate who passes all the previous examinations may be asked to participate in a final
oral interview with the police chief, the head of the training academy, or police command staff
to determine whether the candidate should be offered a police position in the department.
ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE POLICE OFFICERS
• Automobile patrol
• Foot patrol
• Traffic officer
• Bicycle patrol
• Motorcycle patrol
• Horse patrol
• Marine Patrol
• Aircraft patrol
• Juvenile officer
• Canine officer
• Crime scene investigator
• Crime prevention officer
• Community policing officer
• Hostage negotiation teams
• Bomb squad officers
• Warrant officers
• Airport police
• Housing police
• Port authority police
• Transit police

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 COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING (LEA
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b.2. AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE
Australia is a federal state; it has only one police force for each of its six states as well as for the
Northern territory.There is also a commonwealth agency known as the Australian federal Police (AFP)
which provides police services for the Australian Capital Territory.Consequently, there are eight
separate police forces namely:
– New South Wales
– Victoria
– Queensland
– Western Australia
– South Australia
– Tasmania
– Northern Territory
– Federal Police
THE AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE is involved in preventing and investigating crimes against the
commonwealth. It was stablished by the Federal Police Act of 1979 and is under the Home Affairs
Ministry, a responsibilityof the minister for Home Affairs.
DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE AFP
• Investigate crimes against the Commonwealth law which occurs throughout the nation.
• Responsible for a community policing role in Commonwealth territories.
• Provide liaison officers to various overseas post
• Australia’s international law enforcement and policing representative. (AOCC-Interpol NCB)
WESTERN AUSTRALIA POLICE FORCE
• Operations jurisdiction- State of Western Australia, Australia
• The Western Australia Police services an area of 2.5 million square kilometers, the world's
largest non-federated area of jurisdiction.
• In 2008, its 7,526 employees included 5,647 police officers.
• The Police Headquarters is located in East Perth overlooking the Causeway, near the WACA
Ground.
• Recruits are trained at the Western Australian Police Academy at Joondalup.
• All police recruits begin their service as uniformed constables and are required to serve time in
a country district.
• The command structure has the state divided into three regions and sub-divided into fourteen
districts. The highest-ranking police officer in the Western Australia Police holds the title of
Commissioner of Police.
SPECIALIST UNITS
• Tactical Response Group (TRG),
• Gang Crime Squad,
• Crime Investigation and Intelligence Services,
• Water Police,
• Traffic Enforcement Group,
• Specialist Police Motorcycle Unit,
• Regional Operations Group, Police Airwing and the Gold Stealing Detection Unit.
SOUTH AUSTRALIA POLICE FORCE
• Operations jurisdiction - State of South Australia, Australia
• It is an agency of the Government of South Australia within the South Australian Department
of Justice.
• the force is the oldest in Australasia and it is the third oldest organised Police Service in
the World.
• Unlike other Australian police forces, which originally employed soldiers or former convicts,
the South Australia Police enlisted only volunteers.
• This occurred because South Australia was the only free province on the continent.
• Recruit training is conducted at Fort Largs Police Academy located in the western
Adelaide suburb of Taperoo.
a.3. GERMAN POLICE SYSTEM
POLICING in Germany is constitutionally vested in the states.Each of the sixteen states (laender)
of Germany has its own police organization.Police forces for each laender are controlled by the
INTERIOR MINISTRY.Within each laender are several kinds of police such as:

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Schutzpolizei (Schupo) which is equivalent to municipal police. They are the first to arrive at the
crime scene of most crimes and handle all general law enforcement and simple investigation.
Kriminalpolizei (Kripo) who are plainclothes police who handle serious crime investigations and
situations that require developing a case against a suspect.
Bereitschaftspolizei (Bepo)whoare actually officefs-in-training living in barracks, but they serve
as civil order police when the situation arises.
The German federal gov’t also has some police agencies as its disposal. FEDERAL BORDER POLICE
(Bundesgrenzschutz or BGS) under the Interior Ministry which is in charge for border control, sea patrol,
air port and railroad security.They may also assist in major civil disturbances beyond the scope of the
Laender police.Included in the BGS is a special task force called Special Group 9 (BGS-9), that handles
terrorist incidents.
FEDERAL CRIMINAL POLICE OFFICE
Acts as a clearing house for criminal records and provides support to the Laender relative to
criminal investigations, forensics and research.It also serves as the National Central Bureau for the
Interpol.
RECRUITMENT
An individual who aspires to a career of policing usually joins the German police at the
young age of sixteen or seventeen (16-17).
First 2 ½ -3 year are spent living in the barracks and undergoing basic training. A large part of
this training focuses on riot control, the rest involves conventional school subjects, the law and the
law enforcement.
After years of basic training and civil disorder control work, the Bepo officers spend about
six months in general law enforcement training prior to beginning street patrol work.
a.4. CANADA: ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE (RCMP)
The national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in the world. It is
unique in the world as a national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. The RCMP provides
federal policing service to all of Canada and policing services under contract to the three territories,
eight of Canada's provinces.The RCMP was formed in 1920 by the merger of the Royal Northwest
Mounted Police (RNWMP, founded 1873) with the Dominion Police(founded 1868). The former was
originally named the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP), and was given the Royal prefix by King
Edward VII in 1904. Much of the present-day organization's symbolism has been inherited from its days
as the NWMP, including the distinctive Red Serge uniform, paramilitary heritage, and mythos as a
frontier force. The RCMP/GRC wording is specifically protected under the Trade-marks Act.
As the national police force of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is primarily
responsible for enforcing federal laws throughout Canada, while general law and order including the
enforcement of the Criminal Code and applicable provincial legislation is constitutionally the
responsibility of the provinces and territories. This responsibility is sometimes further delegated to
municipalities which can form their own municipal police departments. This is common in the
largest cities.
ORGANIZATION
International
The RCMP International Operations Branch assists the Liaison Officer (LO) Program to deter
international crime relating to Canadian criminal laws. The IOB is a section of the International Policing,
which is part of the RCMP Federal and International Operations Directorate. Thirty-five Liaison Officers
are placed in 25 other countries and are responsible for organizing Canadian investigations in other
countries, developing and maintaining the exchange of criminal intelligence, especially national security
with other countries, to provide assistance in investigations that directly affect Canada, to coordinate
and assist RCMP officers on foreign business and to represent the RCMP at international meetings.
National
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is organized under the authority of the Royal Canadian
Mounted Police Act. In accordance with the Act, it is headed by the Commissioner, who, under the
direction of the Minister of Public Safety, has the control and management of the Force and all matters
connected therewith.
The Commissioner is assisted by a Senior Deputy Commissioner who is second in command of
the force. SDC primarily functions to review, consult, or advice agency matters before they are
considered by the Commissioner.
Under the Commissioner and Senior Deputy Commissioner, operational direction is provided by
Deputy Commissioners in charge of

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➢ Federal and International Policing
➢ Police Support Services
➢ Contract and Aboriginal Policing
➢ Human Resources
➢ East
✓ Ontario (“O” Division)
✓ National Capital Region (“A” Division)
✓ National Headquarters,
✓ Quebec (“C” Division)
✓ New Brunswick (“J” Division)
✓ Nova Scotia (“H” Division)
✓ Prince Edward Island (“L” Division)
✓ Newfoundland and Labrador (“B” Division)
➢ West
✓ British Columbia (“E” Division)
✓ Alberta (“K” Division)
✓ Saskatchewan (“F” Division)
✓ Manitoba (“D” Division)
✓ Yukon (“M” Division)
✓ Northwest Territories (“G” Division)
✓ Nunavut (“V” Division)
Regional
In 1996, the RCMP began moving towards a more regional management system under the direction
of deputy commissioners. These are: Pacific, Northwestern, Central and Atlantic. This was done to allow
greater grass-roots involvement in decision-making and also allows the RCMP to invest more resources
into frontline services.
The RCMP divides the country into divisions for command purposes. In general, each division is
coterminous with a province (for example, C Division is Quebec). The province of Ontario, however, is
divided into two divisions: A Division (Ottawa) and O Division (rest of the province). There is one
additional division – Depot Division, which is the RCMP Academy at Regina, Saskatchewan, and the
Police Dog Service Training Centre at Bowden, Alberta. The RCMP headquarters are located in Ottawa,
Ontario.
The RCMP employs three categories of employees to handle the wide scope of its
responsibilities: Regular Members (Police Officers), Civilian Members and Public Service
Employees.
Regular Member (Police Officers)
Regular Members are responsible for preserving the peace, upholding the law and providing
quality service in partnership with our communities. Working in the RCMP offers a variety of dynamic
and meaningful challenges, opportunities to be posted across Canada and a competitive salary and
benefits package. A Career Nowhere Near Ordinary is waiting for you to discover.
Civilian Members
Hired for their specialized scientific, technical or analytical skills, in areas such as human
resources, forensics, computer programming and project management, Civilian Members provide
support to front-line policing operations.
Public Service Employees
Public Service employees in areas such as administration, communications and internet
technology provide the additional support to the business management of the RCMP.
POLICE RANKS IN THE RCMP
✓ Commissioner
✓ Senior Deputy Commissioner
✓ Deputy Commissioner
✓ Assistant Commissioner
✓ Chief Superintendent
✓ Superintendent
✓ Inspector
✓ Corps Sergeant Major
✓ Sergeants Major
✓ Staff Sergeants Major

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✓ Staff Sergeants
✓ Sergeants
✓ Corporals
✓ Constables
B. ASIAN SELECTED POLICE MODELS
b.1. JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
Law enforcement in Japan is provided by the Prefectural Police under the oversight of the
National Police Agency or NPA. The NPA is headed by the National Public Safety Commission
thus ensuring that Japan's police are an apolitical body and free of direct central government
executive control. They are checked by an independent judiciary and monitored by a free and
active press.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
✓ National public safety commission
✓ National police agency
✓ Regional police bureaus
✓ Prefectural police headquarters
✓ Local and city police station
✓ Local police post
NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISSION
A civilian commission which supervises the National Police Agency with respect to most aspects
of police organization and administration including training, equipment, recruitment, communications
and criminal statistics. It guarantees the neutrality of the police by insulating the force from political
pressure and to ensure the maintenance of democratic methods in police administration. Further,it has
the authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers
COMPOSITION OF THE NPSC
✓ Chairman with the rank of Minister of State
✓ Five members appointed by the prime minister with the concern of both houses of the Diet.
NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY
The central coordinating body for the entire police system. The National Police Agency
determines general standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower
echelons.It is headed by a commissioner general who is appointed by the National Public Safety
Commission with the approval of the prime minister.The NPA also provides funding for the local police
needs such as equipment, salaries, riot control, escorts and natural disasters and it handles all matters
of national security.The Central Office includes the Secretariat, with divisions for general operations,
planning, information, finance, management, and procurement and distribution of police equipment,
and five bureaus.
BUREAUS
✓ Police Administration Bureau
✓ Criminal Investigation Bureau
✓ Traffic Bureau
✓ Security Bureau
✓ Regional Public Safety Bureaus
POLICE ADMINISTRATION BUREAU
The Administration Bureau is concerned with police personnel, education, welfare, training, and
unit inspections.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION BUREAU
It is in-charge of research statistics and the investigation of nationally important and
international cases.This bureau's Safety Department is responsible for crime prevention, combating
juvenile delinquency, and pollution control. In addition, the Criminal Investigation Bureau surveys,
formulates, and recommends legislation on firearms, explosives, food, drugs, and narcotics. The
Communications Bureau supervises police communications systems.
TRAFFIC BUREAU
It is concerned of the licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety laws, and regulates traffic. Intensive
traffic safety and driver education campaigns are run at both national and prefectural levels. The
bureau's Expressway Division addresses special conditions of the nation's growing system of express
highways.
SECURITY BUREAU

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It formulates and supervises the execution of security policies. It conducts research on equipment
and tactics for suppressing riots and oversaw and coordinates activities of the riot police.The Security
Bureau is also responsible for security intelligence on foreigners and radical political groups, including
investigation of violations of the Alien Registration Law and administration of the Entry and Exit Control
Law. The bureau also implements security policies during national emergencies and natural disasters.
REGIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY BUREAUS
The National Police Agency has seven regional police bureaus, each responsible for a number of
prefectures which is headed by a Director and they are organization similar to the Central Office.
Headed by a Director General, each RPB exercises necessary control and supervision over and provides
support services to prefectural police within its jurisdiction, under the authority and orders of NPA's
Commissioner General.Attached to each Regional Police Bureaus is a Regional Police School which
provides police personnel with education and training required of staff officers as well as other
necessary education and training.
THE REGIONAL POLICE BUREAUS
• Tohoku - Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, and Fukushima Prefectures
• Kinki/kansai - Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, and Wakayama Prefectures
• Shikoku - Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, Kochi Prefectures
• Kanto - Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi, Nagano, and
Shizuoka Prefectures
• Chubu - Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Gifu, Aichi, Mie, Prefectures
• Kyushu - Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki, Kagoshima, and Okinawa
Prefectures
• Chugoku - Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima, and Yamaguchi Prefectures
TOKYO METROPOLITAN POLICE DEPARTMENT AND PREFECTURAL POLICE HEADQUARTERS
The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and Hokkaido Prefectural Police Headquarters are
excluded from the jurisdiction of RPBs.They are run more autonomously than other local forces, in the
case of Tokyo, because of its special urban situation, and of Hokkaidō, because of its distinctive
geography.The National Police Agency maintains police communications divisions in these two areas to
handle any coordination needed between national and local forces.
The head of the Metropolitan Police Department is the Superintendent General and that of the
Prefectural Police headquarters is the Chief.The Superintendent General of the Metropolitan Police
Department is appointed and dismissed by the National Public Safety Commission with the consent of
the Metropolitan Public Safety Commission and with the approval of the Prime Minister.The Chief of the
Prefectural Police headquarters is appointed and dismissed by the National Public Safety Commission
with the consent of the Prefectural Public Safety Commission.
PREFECTURAL POLICE
Prefectures refers to the Japan sub-national jurisdiction. In Japanese, they are commonly
referred to as todōfuken. One "metropolis" ( to), Tokyo; one "circuit" (dō), Hokkaidō; two urban
prefectures ( fu), Osaka and Kyoto; and 43 other prefectures (ken)Prefectures are governmental bodies
larger than cities, towns, and villages.
THE KOBAN AND CHUZAISHO: JAPANESE Police distinctive features
THE Koban and the Chuzaisho is the large network of local police post that makes the Japanese
Police distinctive. They are tiny police post which constitute the heart of the Japanese police operation.
KOBAN is a police post located in urban neighborhood. In large cities, a koban can be found in every few
blocks. The officers in the Koban account for about 40% of the total police strength in Japan. For the
most part, it function as a “community safety center.
DUTIES OF A KOBAN OFFICERS
✓ Administrative Service
✓ Initial response to incidents and accidents
✓ Prevention of crimes and accidents
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE
- Giving directions to visitors
- Handling lost and found articles
- Taking charge of unaccompanied children
- Provide counseling services for residents
INITIAL RESPONSE TO INCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTS
- Arresting suspect
- Locating eyewitnesses

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- Caring for victim
- Securing the scene
PREVENTIONS OF CRIMES AND ACCIDENTS
- Routinely visits houses and workplaces
- Meet with residents and workers to know their concerns
- And lead community relations meeting to discuss the community problem
CHUZAISHO is the rural equivalent of the urban Koban. Rural police officers are known as chuzaishan
who lives with his family in a small house provided by the government that also serves as an office for
conducting police business.The chuzaishan ranks with the school principal and the village headman as
the prestigious officials in the local communities.Chuzaishan spend most of his time in patrolling his
district, usually in motorcycle, visiting the residents
IMPERIAL GUARD
It provides personal security for the Emperor, Crown Prince and other members of the Imperial
Family of Japan, as well as protection of imperial properties, including the Tokyo Imperial Palace, Kyoto
Imperial Palace, Katsura Imperial Villa, Shugakuin Imperial Villa (both in Kyoto), Shosoin Imperial
Repository in Nara and the imperial villas as Hayama, Kanagawa and Nasu, Tochigi.
KIDOTAI (SPECIAL RIOT POLICE )
These units were formed after riots at the Imperial Palace in 1952, to respond quickly and effectively to
large public disturbances. They are used in crowd control during festival periods, times of natural
disaster, and to reinforce regular police when necessary.The overwhelming majority of officers are
bachelors who live in dormitories within riot police compounds.Training is constant and focuses on
physical conditioning, mock battles, and tactical problems.
SPECIAL ASSAULT TEAM (SAT)- It is the official paramilitary anti-terrorist unit under the Japanese
National Police Agency.
RANKS OF JAPANESE POLICE
Police officers are divided into nine ranks, namely:
➢ Keishi-sokan (Superintendent General of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department)
➢ Keishi-kan (Superintendent Supervisor)
➢ Keishi-cho (Chief Superintendent)
➢ Keishi-sei (Senior Superintendent)
➢ Keishi (Superintendent)
➢ Keibu (Police Inspector)
➢ Keibu-ho (Assistant Police Inspector)
➢ Junsa-bucho (Police Sergeant) and
➢ Junsa (Policeman)
The Commissioner-General of the NPA also has the status of a police officer and
functionally holds the highest position in the Japanese police forces but he does not have a
police rank.
RECRUITMENT and TRAINING
Education is highly stressed in police recruitment and promotion. Entrance to the force is
determined by examinations administered by each prefecture.Examinees are divided into two
groups: upper-secondary-school graduates and university graduates.Recruits underwent
rigorous training—one year for upper-secondary school graduates and six months for university
graduates—at the residential police academy attached to the prefectural headquarters. On
completion of basic training, most police officers are assigned to local police boxes.
PROMOTION
Promotion is achieved by examination and requires further course work.Police officers with
upper-secondary school diplomas are eligible to take the examination for sergeant after three
years of on-the-job experience.University graduates can take the examination after only one
year. University graduates are also eligible to take the examination for assistant police
inspector, police inspector, and superintendent after shorter periods than upper-secondary
school graduates.
RETIREMENT – police officers of Japan are considered government employees thereby they are
mandatorily retired AT THE AGE OF 60.
b.2. SINGAPORE POLICE
SYSTEM SINGAPORE POLICE
FORCE
- The main agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-state.
- Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police .
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- Parent agency, Ministry of Home Affairs
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Organization structure of the SPF is split between the staff and line functions, roughly modeled
after the military.
15 staff departments and 13 line units
Headquarters is located in a block at New Phoenix Park in Novena, adjacent to a twin block
occupied by the Ministry of Home Affairs
STAFF DEPARTMENT LINE UNITS
Administration & Finance Department Airport Police Division
Commercial Affairs Department Ang Mo Kio Police
Criminal Investigation Department Division Bedok Police
International Cooperation Department Division Central Police
Manpower Department Division Clementi Police
Operations Department Division Jurong Police
Planning and Organisation Division Police Coast
Police Custodial Department Guard
Police Intelligence Public Transport Security
Department Police Logistics Command Security Command
Department Special Operations Command
Police National Service Tanglin Police Division
Department Police Technology Traffic Police
Department Public Affairs Volunteer Special Constabulary
Department
Service Development &
Inspectorate Department `
Security Industry Regulatory Department
AIRPORT POLICE DIVISION
Responsible for the maintenance of law and order within its jurisdiction, which encompasses the
Singapore Changi Airport precincts and its perimeters.
APD, as the executive arm of the Police within the airport, is responsible for the development,
implementation and maintenance of the Airport Security Program.
ANG MO KIO POLICE DIVISION
- Serves a residential population of over 1 million residents.
- 'F' Division covers the second largest land area. Our area of coverage includes mature
housing estates such as Ang Mo Kio, Yishun, Hougang, Serangoon.
- Under its wing are also young but fast growing and developing residential estates like
Sengkang, Punggol and Sembawang.
BEDOK POLICE DIVISION
- In addition to its core policing duties of protecting lives and property, 'G' Division works
closely with the community in a myriad of Community Safety and Security Programmes
(CSSPs) and activities. ‘
- G' Division also collaborates closely with other Home Team agencies and community partners
to provide more effective and efficient services to the public.
CENTRAL POLICE DIVISION
- The oldest police division in Singapore, responsible for protecting Singapore's early trade
and economy.
- Division safeguards the commercial buildings that are housed within the CBD.
CLEMENTI POLICE DIVISION
- Clementi Police Division comprises of 4 Neighbourhood Police Centres (NPCs) namely,
Clementi, Queenstown, Bukit Merah West and Jurong East NPC.
- Apart from the primary duty of preventing and detecting crime, Delta Division also plays
an integral role in ensuring the safety and security of its community.
JURONG POLICE DIVISION
- first came into existence as the 'Rural West' Division on 24 Sep 1965 and operated using
a standalone building located at Bukit Panjang.
- occupies the largest land area (38%). Besides residential areas and key industrial sites, it is
home to 14 tourist attractions and boasts the longest coastal area. It is also responsible for the
ever- bustling Woodlands and Tuas Checkpoints. In addition, it serves a total of 131 grassroots
organisations.
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POLICE COAST GUARD
- Enforce the law and maintain order in Singapore Territorial Waters and to prevent and
detect crime.
- Conduct Search and Rescue and assist other maritime agencies.
- Public Transport Security Command
- specialist unit established to oversee and manage all policing efforts throughout the entire
public land transport network in Singapore, which comprises rail (both MRT and LRT) and
bus networks.
- Its functions include security planning, contingency planning and deployment of foot and
fast response car patrols in both day-to-day and major deployments for effective response
and management of security incidents in the public land transport system.
SECURITY COMMAND
- responsible for the personal safety and security of all Cabinet Ministers including the Speaker
of Parliament.
- SecCom also provides protection for visiting foreign dignitaries.
SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND
- The Special Operations Command (SOC) was formed on 10 Sept 1992 to unify the
Singapore Police Force's elite tactical units, namely the Police Task Force (PTF), the Police
Tactical Team (PTT) and the Police K-9 Unit (PDU) under one command.
- It was subsequently expanded to include the Special Tactics and Rescue (STAR) Unit in 1993,
which replace the PTT, the National Servicemen Key Installation Unit (NSKU) Training in 1994
and the Police National Service Full-time Light Strike Force (PNSF LSF) in 1998.
- It also provides secretariat support for the United Nations Peace Keeping Force (UNPKF) and
the Crisis Negotiation Unit (CNU). The UNPKF comprises volunteers specially selected from
various units in the SPF.
Police Task Force (PTF)
- It is an effective ground response force to serious incidents such as major disasters,
firearm situations and riots. They are called upon to restore public order in times of riots
and demonstrations.
Special Tactics and Rescue (STAR) Unit
The STAR Unit provides the Singapore Police Force with a tactical armed-response capability.
It is an elite, well trained and well equipped unit to apprehend armed criminals and conduct
hostage rescue operations on land and at sea.
Besides dealing with highly dangerous criminals, STAR is also involved in risky protective security
operations and prisoner escort.
Police K-9 Unit (PDU)
The Police K-9 Unit has dogs trained specifically for explosive detection, drug detection, guard
duties and anti-crime operations.
Its dogs are also trained to support the PTF in public order operations.
The unit also supports the Central Narcotics Bureau, Customs and Prisons Departments in their
operations at checkpoints, ferry terminals, airport and penal institutions
TANGLIN POLICE DIVISION
responsible for policing in Bishan - Toa Payoh Group Representation Constituency, Potong Pasir
Single Member Constituency, Jalan Besar Group Representation Constituency, Tanjong Pagar Group
Representation Constituency and Holland - Bukit Panjang Group Representation Constituency.
There are 5 Neighborhood Police Centres under its charge: Bishan Neighborhood Police Centre,
Kampong Java Neighborhood Police Centre, Toa Payoh Neighborhood Police Centre, Bukit Timah
Neighborhood Police Centre and Orchard Neighborhood Police Centre.
TRAFFIC POLICE
It maintain law and order on the roads of Singapore and promote road traffic safety
MANPOWER
• Regulars (uniformed, full-time officers)
• Police national servicemen (usually serve up to two years typically from age 18)
• Volunteers (Volunteer Special Constabulary (VSC)
• Civilian staff (deployed in areas such as technology, logistics, human resource and
administrative and finance services as well as planning and intelligence)
• Staff Welfare
ENTRY REQUIREMENTS (Regular)

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Police officers
- normal fitness levels,
- good eyesight, and
- at least five passes in the GCE Ordinary level or a NITEC from the Institute of Technical Education
- Singaporean or Singapore Permanent Resident
Senior police officers
- pass degree in any discipline
- Male Singaporeans must have completed their Full-Time National Service and have a PES A or B.
- Singaporean or Singapore Permanent Resident
TRAINING
POLICE OFFICERS
- 6-month Police Officer Basic Course at the Home Team Academy
- All newly appointed officers will be placed on a one-year probation period
SENIOR POLICE OFFICERS
✓ 9-month basic residential training programme at the Home Team Academy
✓ The trainees would also undergo a 6-week leadership programme which consist of 2
main components:
• a) 3 weeks training in Singapore to develop core leadership skills and to prepare for the
overseas training stint.
• b) 3 weeks overseas training to further develop and assess trainees' leadership potential
ASSIGNMENTS
POLICE OFFICERS
Upon completion of the Police Officers' Basic Course, officers will be posted to:
Land Division HQ, Neighbourhood Police Centre, Specialist Police Unit
SENIOR POLICE OFFICER
rotated for the Investigation, Command and Staff postings in the first 6 years of your career at an
interval of about 2 years in one posting.
RANKS
SENIOR POLICE OFFICER POLICE OFFICERS
Senior Assistant Commissioner Senior Station Inspector
Assistant Commissioner (2) Senior Station Inspector
Deputy Assistant Station Inspector
Commissioner Superintendent Senior Staff Sergeant
Deputy Superintendent Staff Sergeant
Assistant Superintendent Sergeant
Inspector Corporal
*Special Constable
*Constable
b.3. HONG KONG POLICE FORCE
The Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF ， alias Hong Kong Police ， HKP) is the largest disciplined
service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the world's second, and Asia's first, police agency
to operate with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May 1844, with a strength of 32 officers.
Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force in 1969 for their handling of
the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Following the transfer of
sovereignty, the Force is once again named: the Hong Kong Police Force.
Ranks and Insignia
The HKPF continues to use similar ranks and insignia to those used in British police forces. Until
1997, the St Edward's Crown was used in the insignia, when it was replaced with the Bauhinia flower
crest of the Hong Kong government. The crest of the force was modified in 1997. The rank structure,
organization and insignia are similar to that used by the Metropolitan Police Service until the mid-
1970s.
• Commissioner of Police (CP)
• Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
• Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
• Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
• Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
• Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
• Superintendent of Police (SP)
• Chief Inspector of Police (CIP)
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• Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
• Inspector of Police (IP)
• Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
• Station Sergeant (SSGT)
• Sergeant (SGT)
• Senior Constable (SPC)
• Police Constable (PC)
b.4. INDONESIA POLICE SYSTEM
KEPOLISIAN NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA (POLRI)
• The official police force for Indonesia.
• POLRI, the Indonesian National Police, was incorporated into the armed forces in 1964
during the Sukarno era.
• Under Suharto steps were taken to militarize the Police by means of the National Defence Law
of 1982 and the Police Law of 1997.
• The police were formally separated from the military in April 1999.
• Although POLRI has been separated from the armed forces (ABRI), it remains under
the jurisdiction of the Defence Minister.
MARKAS BESAR/MABES
Headquarter which is located in Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, Indonesia.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
- POLRI has a centralized command and divided into territorial forces.
- provincial police (Kepolisian Daerah or Polda),
- regional police (Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil),
- city or regency police (Kepolisian Resort or Polres)
- and sub-district police (Kepolisian Sektor or Polsek)
SPECIAL BRANCHES
✓ Brigade Mobil or Brimob (mobile brigade)
- Which have paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization operations and
providing security protection for VIP or vital facilities.
✓ Polisi Udara or Air Police, Polisi Air or Marine Police, Forensics and Detachment 88,
specially trained for anti-terrorist operations.
METROPOLITAN Jakarta
- Polda Metrojaya
- subdivided into precincts,sections, andpolice posts
* It was commonly referred to as the Jakarta Raya Metropolitan Regional Police.
RANKS OF THE POLRI
High ranking officers
- Police General / Jenderal Polisi (Jend. Pol.) - equivalent General in the army
- Police Commissioner General / Komisaris Jenderal Polisi (Komjen Pol.) - equivalent
Lieutenant General
- Police Inspector General / Inspektur Jenderal Polisi (Irjen Pol.) - equivalent Major General
- Police Brigadier General / Brigadir Jenderal Polisi (Brigjen Pol.) - equivalent Brigadier General
Mid rank officers
- Police Grand Commissioner / Komisaris Besar Polisi (Kombespol) - equivalent Colonel
- Police Grand Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Besar Polisi (AKBP) - equivalent
Lieutenant Colonel
- Police Commissioner / Komisaris Polisi (Kompol) - equivalent Major
Low rank officers
- Police Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Polisi (AKP) - equivalent Captain
- First Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Satu (Iptu) - equivalent First Lieutenant
- Second Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Dua (Ipda) - equivalent Second Lieutenant
Warrant officers
- First Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu (Aiptu) - equivalent Chief
Warrant Officer
- Second Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua (Aipda) - equivalent Warrant Officer
Non-commissioned officers
- Chief Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Kepala (Bripka) - equivalent Sergeant Major
- Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi (Brigadir) - equivalent Chief Sergeant

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- First Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Satu (Briptu) - equivalent First Sergeant
- Second Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Dua (Bripda) - equivalent Second
Sergeant Enlisted
- Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi (Abrip) - equivalent Chief Corporal
- First Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Satu (Abriptu) - equivalent First Corporal
- Second Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Dua (Abripda) - equivalent
Second Corporal
- Chief Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Kepala (Bharaka) - equivalent Chief Private
- First Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Satu (Bharatu) - equivalent Private First Class
- Second Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Dua (Bharada) - equivalent Private
RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING
Police recruits were volunteers.Applicants were required to have at least a sixth-grade
education and to pass a competitive examination. Other qualifications included physical fitness and
good moral character. After three years' service as ordinary police, personnel with junior secondary-
school diplomas could enter training to become NCOs.Those with three years' experience as NCOs were
eligible for further training to enable them to become candidate officers and eventually enter the officer
corps.
Most higher ranking officers entered the force as graduates of the Police Division of Akabri.
b.5. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THAILAND
Thailand National Police Department
(TNPD)
Charged with performing police functions throughout the entire country
subdivision of the Ministry of InteriorTNPD was headed by a director general, who held the rank of
police general. He was assisted by three deputy directors general and five assistant directors general, all
of whom held the rank of police lieutenant general. Throughout the TNPD system, all ranks except the
lowest (constable) corresponded to those of the army.
MAJOR OPERATIONAL UNITS OF THE FORCE
- Provincial Police,
- the Border Patrol Police (BPP),
- the Metropolitan Police,
- and smaller specialized units supervised by the Central Investigation Bureau.
Police Organization
The Thai police are subdivided into several regions and services, each enjoying their own powers.
LAW ENFORCEMENT STRUCTURE
MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
-Royal Thai Police
-Border Patrol Police
-Bangkok Metropolitan Police
-Central Investigation Bureau
-Office of Immigration Bureau
-Narcotics Suppression Bureau
-Office Of Logistics
-Office of Royal Court Security Police
-Provincial Police
-191 Special Branch Police
-Tourist Police
Royal Thai Police Headquarters - Bangkok
➢ Border Patrol Police Division
- Special Operations Unit "Naraesuan 261" has the responsibility of counter-terrorism
and resulting criminal cases.
- The company also plays an important role as executive protection for His Majesty the
King, Her Majesty the Queen and other members of the Royal Family when they
travel around Thailand.
- Furthermore, the company acts as escorts for other foreign dignitaries and heads
of state visiting Thailand.
➢ Metropolitan Police Division, Bangkok
- Responsible for providing all law enforcement services for the capital city of
Bangkok and its suburbs.

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- This largely uniformed urban force operated under the command of a
commissioner, who held the rank of police major general and was assisted by six
deputy commissioners.
- Organizationally, the force consisted of three divisions, each responsible for police
services in one of the three urban areas: northern Bangkok, southern Bangkok, and
Thon Buri.
➢ Central Investigation Bureau
➢ National coordinating headquarters which assist provincial and metropolitan
components in preventing and suppressing criminal activity and in minimizing threats
to national security.
✓ Specialized units of the bureau
• railroad,
• marine,
• highway,
• and forestry police.
✓ Five other division
• Crime Suppression Division
• Special Branch--sometimes referred to by critics as the "political police”
• Criminal Records Office
• Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory
• Licenses Division
➢ Office of Immigration Bureau
➢ Narcotics Suppression Bureau
➢ Office Of Logistics
➢ Office of Royal Court Security Police
➢ Provincial Police Division
Provincial Police formed the largest of the TNPD operational components in both manpower
and geographic responsibility.
➢ 75 Provinces of Thailand covered by 9 regions.
– Region 1 Ayuthaya
– Region 2 Chonburi
– Region 3 Nakhon Ratchasima
– Region 4 Khon Kaen
– Region 5 Chiang Mai
– Region 6 Phitsanulok
– Region 7 Nakhon Pathom
– Region 8 Surat Thani
– Region 9 Songkhla
➢ 191 Special Branch Police
- Arintharat 26, special operation unit
➢ Tourist Police
- uniformed personnel who lack police powers and are largely responsible for writing out reports
for insurance companies for victims of theft.
b.6. CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
POLICING IN CHINA: A BRIEF HISTORY
2100 -1600 BCE- Xia Dynasty
- Si Tu was established to be responsible for maintaining order in the tribal state.
- Shi was also created to operate jails and investigates crimes committed by tribal members.
221-206 BCE - Qin Dynasty
- China became a unified country
- various law enforcement mechanisms were developed
- Zhongwei was given responsibility to for maintaining law and order in the capital.
- patrol, investigating crimes, and handling emergencies.
206-220 CCE – Han Dynasty
- Chaganling, the chief administrative official in the capital which maintains law and order.
- Xianwei, was appointed by the Chaganling as the chief law enforcement officer in the capital
- Xianyu, officers under the command of the Xianwei which were tasked to patrol the
streets, maintain order, investigate crime and apprehend offenders.

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*Outside the capital, it fell under the administrative official of each prefectures to maintain law
and order.
Ting, the basic law enforcement agency, was established in villages, towns, marketplaces, ports and
along post roads.
*- headed by the Ting Chief which was usually selected from among retired army
officers.
* patrol streets, maintain peace, apprehend offender and bring it before local
courts for trial.
DURING THE QIN AND HAN DYNASTIES
Frank Pledge (Wu) and household registration system started to develop.
Law required that all people be registered with the gov’t shortly after his birth.
1644-1911 – Qing Dynasty
- last dynasty
- Bao-Jia, frank pledge system
In tightly knit Bao-Jia system, every ten households formed, Pai which was headed by a Pai Chief,
every ten Pais formed a Jai which was headed by a Jia Chief. Every ten Jias formed a Bao, the Bao chief
was the chief law enforcement officer at the local level
*Late 19th Century
✓ Concept of modern policing was introduced in China.
✓ 1901, Qing gov’t established the first modern police agency, the Capital Police Bureau
placed under the direct command of the emperor
✓ Minisrty of Police was created to direct the police operation throughout the country.
✓ 1911, Qing was overthrown
Goumintang Government
- a centralized police system emerged
- Special police were also created like, mine police, taxation police, rail rod police, fishing
zone police, highway patrol police and forest police.
1949, founding of the People’s Republic of China.
- Ministry of Public Security, top of the police hierarchy which directs and coordinates police
operations throughout the country.
MODERN POLICING IN CHINA
POLICE ORGANIZATION
- Laid down in the Police Law of 1995
- Chinese police consists of five components.
✓ Public Security Police
✓ State Security Police
✓ Prison Police
✓ Judicial Police of the people’s court
✓ Judicial Police of people’s procuratorates
State Security Police
Protecting national security and preventing and detecting foreign espionage, sabotage, and
conspiracies against the state.
Under the Ministry of State Security
Prison Police
Responsible for supervising incarcerated offenders
Under the Ministry of Justice
Bureau of Prison Management, supervises the overall administration and operation of the
country’s prison system.
Judicial Police
Organic Law of the Peoples Court and People’s Procuratorate gives the authority for the
foregoing agency to establish their own judicial police.
✓ Functions of Judicial Police
Responsible for providing security for people’s courts and people’s procuratorates
Serving subpoenas
Conducting searches
Executing court orders and judgment
Carry out death sentences meted out by the courts
Public Security Police

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The largest and most visible component of the Chinese Police that performs a wide range of
ordinary police functions.
Organization of the Public Security Police
Ministry of Public Security
Provincial Public Security Bureaus
- County and municipal Public S.B.
- Police Stations
Autonomous Region Public Safety Bureaus
- County and Municipal Public Safety Bureaus
- Police Stations
Municipality Directly under the Central Government Public Security Bureaus
- County and District Public Security Police
- Police Stations
Special Police
Railway Police
Civil Aviation Police
Transportation Police
Forest Police
Anti-smuggling Police
Ministry of Public Security
In practice, is responsible in setting professional standards, making rules and regulations,
directing and coordinating major criminal investigations and providing assistance such as crime detection
and forensic analyses to local police agencies.
RECRUITMENT
Set by the Police Law of 1995
To become a police officer, a candidate must have the following:
1. At least 18 years of age but not more than 25 years old.
* As a preferential treatment for candidates from ethnic minority groups, the regulation extends the
maximum age limit to 30
2. Must support the constitution
3. Must be of Good moral character
4. Be in good health
5. Education level no less than high school graduate
6. Be willing to serve as a police officer
7. No criminal records and must not have been expelled from public employment.
Disqualifications:
1. Criminally punished either as adults or juveniles
2. Suspected of crime
3. Discharged from public employment
4. Bad moral character
5. With family members or relatives sentenced to death or are still serving sentences
6. With family members or relatives who have been engaged in overthrowing the Chinese gov’t.
SELECTION
- written examination
- Agility test
* Once selected, the new recruit is required to go through a one year probationary period.
* Only those who perform satisfatorily and pass the end-of-term examinations will be
formally hired.
Promotion
Must be a college graduate
Have legal knowledge and practical experience in police work
Have administrative talent and skills
Must complete the in-service training
Ranks
General Superintendent (Government Minister) and Deputy General Superintendent ( Deputy
Government Minister)
Superintendent (1st ,2nd , 3rd grade)
Inspector (1st, 2nd , 3rd grade)

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Sergeant (1st , 2nd ,3rd
grade) Officer (1st,2nd
grade)

Prepared By: Checked By:

JENNIFER G. PADIERNOS, RCrim. IAN ANGELO B. BONILLA, RCrim

Instructor Program coordinator

Noted By:

MARISSA F. PRUDENCIO, Ph.D.

Academic Dean

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