Dept.

of Electronics & Communication

Engineering

Digital Communication Laboratory (EC592)

Laboratory Manual

Version 2

Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology

Nazirabad, Kolkata-700150
 Laboratory Manual

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Prepared By: Dr.Swarnil Roy

Approved By : Dr. Manash Chanda, HOD, Dept. of ECE
Version: 2
Mission of the Department
To strive for excellence in education & research in Electronics & Communication
Engineering to offer engineering solutions to meet new challenges.

Vision of the Department

1. To create efficient and competent professionals by imparting quality educations
in the field of electronics and communication engineering which can contribute to
the advancement of science and technology.

2. To promote research and development activities in the field of electronics and

communication engineering leading to the creation of knowledge and of
intellectual property.

3. To provide value based education leading to entrepreneurial initiatives toward

socio economic development of society.

4. To create effective and ethical professionals, capable of accepting new

challenges in the emerging field of science and engineering through lifelong
learning.
 Program Outcomes (POs)
Program Outcomes (POs): Engineering Graduates will be able to:

(a) Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

(b) Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
(c) Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
(d) Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
(e) Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
(f) The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
(g) Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

(h) Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
(i) Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

(j) Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
 write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
(k) Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one's own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
(l) Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs): The students will be able to:

 PSO1: Analyze specific engineering problems relevant to electronics and

communication engineering by applying the knowledge of basic sciences, engineering
mathematics, and fundamentals.

 PSO2: Design electronics and communication systems containing electronic devices,

embedded systems, software, and hardware using significant analytical knowledge in
electronics and communication engineering and allied domains, applying modern tools.

 PSO3: Apply the specific knowledge of electronics and communication engineering

for environmental, health, safety, and cultural issues.
Department Program Educational Objectives (PEOs):

 PEO 1: The graduates shall have a good understanding of the Electronics and
Communication Engineering fundamentals for identifying and analyzing real-life
engineering problems in communication, automation, and VLSI industries.

 PEO 2: The graduates will be encouraged in research and innovative approaches for
successful career growth in VLSI, communication, embedded and automation industries
and blossom into entrepreneurs, scientists, and technocrats.

 PEO 3: The graduates shall have the expertise in cutting-edge interdisciplinary

technology like Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Image Processing, Machine
Learning, and IoT using modern software tools for measurable and impactful
contributions that strongly support the organization‘s high-level goals.

 PEO4: The graduates shall be inculcated with professional ethics, and managerial
and communication skills to develop ingenious solutions for the benefit of society and the
environment
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

DO’S

1. Be regular and punctual in the lab.

2. Follow proper Dress Code.
3. Avoid unnecessary talking in the laboratory.
4. Know the theory behind the experiment before coming to the laboratory.
5. Identify the different leads or terminals or pins of the components before making
connection.
6. Before starting Laboratory work follow all written and verbal instructions
carefully. If you do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, ask your
concern teacher before proceeding with the activity.
7. Circuit should be checked by the concern faculty/TA before switch on the circuit.
8. Handle the Instruments and components properly.
9. Keep the bags outside the laboratory.
10. Wear cover shoes to avoid unnecessary electrical shock.
11. Keep the Table clean.
12. Take a signature of the In charge before taking the components.
13. After the completion of the experiment switch off the power supply and other
instruments and return the components.
14. Arrange the chairs/tools and equipment properly before leaving the lab.

DON’ TS
1. Do not exceed the voltage Rating.
2. Do not inter change the components while doing the experiment without consent of
the lab-in charge.
3. Avoid loose connections and short circuits.
4. Do not throw the connecting wires on the floor.
5. Do not come late in the laboratory.
6. Do not make noise if you don’t get the output or result. Concern Faculty/TA will
guide you.
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
LABORATORY

1. Students should not enter in the lab without the permission of lab
In-Charge.
2. Every student/faculty should mention their name, time and
computer/Equipment no. in the log book before accessing the lab.
3. Students may use the lab in their allotted classes only. In other
cases they can also use the lab with prior permission.
4. Do not access the lab in absence of the faculty member.
5. Cleanliness and disciplines should be maintained properly.
All of you are advised to follow the above mentioned rules.
 MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Digital Communication laboratory (EC592)

LIST OF EXPERIMET

Experiment List in the Lab:

1. Study of PAM and demodulation.

2. Study of PCM and demodulation.
3. Simulation study of PAM.
4. Study of line coders: polar/unipolar/bipolar NRZ ,RZ and Manchester.
5. Study of delta modulator and demodulator.
6. Study of adaptive delta modulator and demodulator.
7. Study of ASK modulator and demodulator.
8. Simulation study of ASK modulation.
9. Study of BFSK modulator and demodulator.
10. Simulation study of FSK modulation.
11. Study of BPSK modulator and demodulator.
12. Simulation study of BPSK modulation.
13. Innovative experiment -1
14. Innovative experiment -2
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Laboratory Manual
Course Name: Digital Communication Laboratory
Course Code: EC592

Experiment No: 1
Name of the Experiment:
PART –A) Study of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) technique By the Hardware
PART –B) Study of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) technique By the Software

1. A. Course Outcome: CO592. 2: The students will be able to demonstrate Pulse code and pulse
amplitude modulation techniques

1. B. Objective: To study Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Technique

2. Theory: Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is a kind of analog modulation technique in

which amplitudes of regularly spaced rectangular pulses vary according to instantaneous value of
the modulating or message signal. The pulse in a PAM signal may be flat-top type, natural type
or ideal type.
Actually sampling of the signal is a very fundamental operation in signal processing. Sampling is
a process of taking the instantaneous value of the analog information at predetermined intervals of time.
A continuous time signal is first converted to discrete time signal by sampling process. The
output of sampling is PAM. PAM is analog in nature but it forms the basis of the most digital
communication and modulationsystems.
A sampled signal consists of a train of pulses, where each pulse corresponds to the amplitude of
the signal at the corresponding sampling time. The signal sent to line is modulated in amplitude
and hence the name Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM).

3. Requirement:
A.

Sl.NO ITEM QUANTITY

1 Cathode- Ray Oscilloscope 01
Experimental Kit ( kit no)
2 and with connecting cables. 01 each
3 MATLAB ---
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

B. Experimental setup for Pulse Amplitude Modulation:

Fig1: PAM Modulation

4. Results and Observations:

Message signal Pulse signal PAM signal

Sl.no
Frequency Amplitude Frequency Amplitude Frequency Amplitude
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

Fig2: Expected output of PAM

PART –B
PAM MATLAB CODE

fm = 30;
fc = 1000;
mamp = 1;
camp =1;
clock = 1/(10* fc);fs
= 1/clock;
D =[0.5:10:5* fc]*1/ fc ;

t = 0:clock:1;w
= 1/ fc ;
c=pulstran(t,D,@rectpuls,w);m=
mamp*cos(2*pi*fm*t); s1 = m.*c;
subplot(311);
plot(t , m);
title(‗PAM MODULATION‘);
xlabel (‗Time(sec)‘);
ylabel (‗Message‘) ;
axis([0 0.05 -2*amap 2*mamp]);
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

subplot(312);
plot(t , c);
xlabel (‗Time(sec)‘);

ylabel (‗Puls Train‘) ;

axis([0 0.1 0 1.5*camp]);

subplot(313);
plot(t , s1);
xlabel (‗Time(sec)‘); ylabel
(‗PAM SIGNAL‘) ;axis([0 0.1 -
cmap camp]);

5.Discussions & Conclusions:

6.Area of applications:

7.Question Banks:
1. What is PAM?
2. What are the draw backs of PAM?
3. What is guard band and why it is necessary?
4. What is Nyquist rate?
5. Explain TDM of PAM ?

8.References:
6. Communication System by Singh and Sapre.
7. Communication System by Sanjoy Sharma
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Laboratory Manual
Course Name: Digital Communication Laboratory
Course Code: EC592

Experiment No: 2
Name of the Experiment: Study of PCM modulation technique.

Course Outcome :CO592.2 : The students will be able to demonstrate Pulse code and pulse
amplitude modulation techniques

Objective: To study of PCM modulation technique.

2. Theory: Pulse-code modulation or PCM is known as a digital pulse modulation technique. In

fact, PCM is different compared to the analog pulse modulation techniques i.e. PAM, PWM and
PPM, in the sense that the message signal is subjected to various operations along with sampling.
In PCM an anlog signal or information is converted into a binary sequence, i.e.,‘ 1‘s and ‗0‘s.
The output of a PCM resembles a binary sequence.
PCM produces a series of binary digits instead of a pulse train. Each one of these digits, in binary
code, represent the approximate amplitude of the signal sample at that instant. In Pulse Code
Modulation, the message signal is represented by a sequence of coded pulses. This message
signal is achieved by representing the signal in discrete form in both time and amplitude. The
following figure shows an example of PCM output with respect to instantaneous values of a
given sine wave
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

3.Requirement:

A.

Sl.NO ITEM QUANTITY

1 Cathode- Ray 01
Oscilloscope/DSO

2 Function Generator 01

3 Power Supply 01

4 PCM kit 01

B. Experimental setup for Pulse Code Modulation:

Fig1: PCM Modulation

3. Results and Observations:

Sl.No DC Value Bit Pattern

C. Method How to verify the output

PCM OPERATION (WITH DC INPUT) MODULATION:
1. Set DC source to some value say 1 V with the help of multimeter and connect it to the A/D converter
input and observe the output LED‘s.
2. Note down the digital code i.e., output of the A/D converter and compare with the theoretical value.
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

Theoretical value can be obtained by:

A/D input voltage =(10)=𝑌 2 1 𝐿𝑆𝐵 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 Where
1 LSB value = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓2 , Since 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 =5 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛=8 1 LSB Value = 0.01953
Example:
A/D input voltage = 1 V = 51.2(10) = 00110011(2) So digital output is 00110011
Keep CRO in dual mode. Connect one channel to 2 kHz signal (which is connected to the shift register)
and another channel to the PCM output. Observe the PCM output with respect to the 2 kHz signal and
sketch the waveforms. Compare them with the given waveforms
Note: From this wave form you can observe that the LSB bit enters the output first.

Fig2: Expected output of PCM

5. Discussions & Conclusions:

6.

7. Area of applications:

8. Question Banks:
1. Define modulation.
2. What are three different processing steps in PCM?
3. Define signal – to – noise ratio.
4. Define quantization error.
5. Define overload level.
6. What is ternary code?
7. What are advantages of PCM?
8. Define White Gaussian noise.
9. Define channel and Quantization noise.
10. What are three basic functions of Regenerative repeaters?

8. References:
1. Communication System by Singh and Sapre.
2. Communication System by Sanjoy Sharma
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Laboratory Manual
Course Name: Digital Communication Laboratory
Course Code: EC592

Experiment No: 3
Name of the Experiment: Line Coding and Decoding Techniques

Course Outcome :CO592.5: The students will be able to analyze the performance of digital
communication systems in term of bit error rate and spectral efficiency.

Objective: To study the different line coding techniques with the communication trainer kit

2. Theory: Line coding refers to the process of representing the bit stream (1‘s and 0‘s) in the
form of voltage or current variations optimally tuned for the specific properties of the physical
channel being used. The selection of a proper line code can help in so many ways: One
possibility is to aid in clock recovery at the receiver.
Some common types of line encoding nowadays are unipolar, polar, bipolar, Manchester
encoding. These codes are explained here:

UNIPOLAR (UNIPOLAR NRZ AND UNIPOLAR RZ):

Unipolar is the simplest line coding scheme. It has the advantage of being compatible with TTL
logic. Unipolar coding uses a positive rectangular pulse p(t) to represent binary ‗1‘, and the
absence of a pulse (i.e., zero voltage) to represent a binary ‗0‘.
Two possibilities for the pulse p(t) exist, Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) and and Return-to-Zero
(RZ). The difference between NRZ and RZ Unipolar code is that the rectangular pulse in NRZ
stays at a positive value (e.g., +5V) for the full duration of the logic 1 bit, while the plus in RZ
drops from +5V to 0V in the middle of the bit time.
A drawback of unipolar (RZ and NRZ) is that its average value is not zero, which means it
creates a significant DC-component at the receiver (see the impulse at zero frequency in the
corresponding power spectral density (PSD) of this line code.

POLAR (POLAR NRZ AND POLAR RZ):

polar is very similar to unipolar line coding scheme. Polar coding uses a positive rectangular
pulse p(t) to represent binary ‗1‘, and a negative rectangular pulse -p(t) to represent a binary ‗0‘.
Just like unipolar coding scheme it has both RZ and NRZ scheme.

BIPOLAR CODE:
bipolar encoding is a type of return-to-zero (RZ) line code, where two nonzero values are used,
so that the three values are +ve, −ve, and zero. Such a signal is called a duobinary signal.
Standard bipolar encodings are designed to be DC-balanced, spending equal amounts of time in
the +ve and −ve states.
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

The reason why Bipolar encoding is classified as a return to zero (RZ) is because when a bipolar
encoded channel is idle the line is held at a constant "zero" level; and when it is transmitting bits
the line is either in a +V or -V state corresponding to the binary bit being transmitted. Thus, the
line always returns to the "zero" level to denote optionally a separation of bits or to denote
idleness of the line.

MANCHESTER ENCODING:
In Manchester code each bit of data is signified by at least one transition. Manchester encoding is
therefore considered to be self-clocking, which means that accurate clock recovery from a data
stream is possible. In addition, the DC component of the encoded signal is zero.
Although transitions allow the signal to be self-clocking, it carries significant overhead as there
is a need for essentially twice the bandwidth of a simple NRZ or NRZI encoding.

Some key points regarding line coding schemes:

 In unipolar most of signal power is centered on origin and there is waste of power due
to DC component that is present.
 In polar format most of signal power is centered on origin and they are simple to
implement.
 In bipolar format does not have DC component and does not demand more bandwidth,
butpower requirement is double than other formats.
 In manchester format does not have DC component but provides proper clocking
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

3. Requirement:
A.

Sl.NO ITEM QUANTITY

1 Cathode- Ray 01
Oscilloscope/DSO
Communication trainer kit.
2 . 01 each

B. Experimental setup for Different Line Code Modulation:

Fig 1: Unipolar RZ Encoding And Decoding Circuit Diagram

 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

Fig2: Bipolar RZ Encoding And Decoding Circuit Diagram

 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

Fig3: Bipolar NRZ Encoding and Decoding Circuit Diagram

 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

Fig4: Split Phase Manchester Encoding And Decoding Circuit Diagram

4. Results and Observations:

Sl.No Name of the signal Amplitude Time period Frequency

(Volt ) (Sec ) (Hz)

1 Unipolar RZ 1KHz
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

Fig5: Expected output of Different Line coding

5. Discussions & Conclusions:

6. Area of application:

7. Question Banks:
A) What are the common schemes of line coding?
B) Which line coding technique is best in terms of band width?
C) Why line coding is required?
D) What is the difference between Line coding & encoding?

8.References:
1. Communication System by Singh and Sapre.
2. Communication System by Sanjoy Sharma
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Laboratory Manual
Course Name: Digital Communication Laboratory
Course Code: EC592

Experiment No: 4
Name of the Experiment: Study of delta modulator and demodulator.

1. A. Course Outcome:CO592.3: The students will be able to apply different line coding in digital
communication systems and adaptive delta modulation and delta modulation techniques.
1. B. Objective: To study of Delta modulation and demodulation

2. Theory: Delta modulation can be thought as one bit PCM. In this, only one bit is
transmitted per sample just to indicate whether the present sample is larger or smaller than the
previous one. The encoding, decoding and quantizing process become extremely simple but this
system cannot handle rapidly varying samples. This techniques introduces a lot quantization
noise.
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

3. Requirement
A.
Sl.NO ITEM QUANTITY
1 Storage Oscilloscope 01
DM Modulator &
2 Demodulator trainer. 01 each

B. Experimental setup for Delta Modulation and Demodulation:

Fig1: Delta Modulation

Fig2: Delta De-Modulation

 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

C. Delta Modulation and Demodulation kit connection

Fig 3: Kit Connection

4. Results and Observations:

Fig4: expected output waveforms

 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

5. Discussions & Conclusions:

6. Area of applications:
Delta modulation is used in high resolution A/D and D/A converters.

7. Question Banks:
1. Define Delta modulation.
3. What are two unique features of Delta modulation?
4. What are the applications of Delta modulation?
5. What is the purpose of accumulator in DM?
6. What are differences between DM and DPCM?
7. What is the purpose of low pass filter?
8. Define bandwidth.
9. Define quantization noise.
10. Define slope overload distortion

8. References:
1. Communication System by Singh and Sapre.
2. Communication System by Sanjoy Sharma
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Laboratory Manual
Course Name: Digital Communication Laboratory
Course Code: EC592

Experiment No:5
Name of the Experiment: Study of Adaptive delta modulator and demodulator.

1. A. Course Outcome: CO592.3: The students will be able to adaptive delta modulation and delta
modulation techniques.
1. B.Objective: To study of the basic techniques of Adaptive Delta modulation and
demodulation

2. Theory: Adaptive delta modulation (ADM) reduces the slope-overload and granular
distortions encountered in delta modulators (DM) to a greater extent. It is done by making the
step size of the modulator assume a time-varying form. In particular, during a steep segment of the
input signal the step size is increased. Conversely, when the input signal is varying slowly, the step size is
reduced. In this way, the size is adapted to the level of the input signal. The resulting method is called
adaptive delta modulation (ADM). It is clear in the figurebelow.

For the first part we see that to adapt to the fast changing input signal the slope size is increasing.
Then to accommodate the slow movement the step size is decreasing. The detailed blocks for
implementing this are given in the block diagram below
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

3. Requirement
A.
Sl.NO ITEM QUANTITY
1 Storage Oscilloscope 01
ADM Modulator &
2 Demodulator trainer. 01

B. Experimental setup for Adaptive Delta Modulation and Demodulation:

Fig1: Adaptive Delta Modulation

Fig2: Adaptive Delta De-Modulation

 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

C. Adaptive Modulation and Demodulation kit connection

Fig 3: Kit Connection

4. Results and Observations:

Fig4: expected output waveforms

5. Discussions & Conclusions:

6. Area of applications:
Adaptive delta modulation is used for improve wireless voice quality.
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

7. Question Banks:
1. What is the advantage of Adaptive delta Modulation?
2. How to overcome granular noise?
3. How to overcome slope overload distortion?

8. References:
1. Communication System by Singh and Sapre.
2. Communication System by Sanjoy Sharma
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Laboratory Manual
Course Name: Digital Communication Laboratory
Course Code: EC592

Experiment No.6

Name of Experiment:
Name of the Experiment:
PART –A) Study of ASK Modulation/Demodulation Technique by the Hardware
PART –B) Study of ASK Modulation Technique By the Software

1. A. Course Outcome: CO592.4: The students will be able to experiment with various type of
digital modulation techniques like ASK, PSK, FSK

1.B. Objective: To familiarize with ASK Modulation/Demodulation Technique

2. Theory:

Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of amplitude modulation that represents digital data as
variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. In an ASK system, the binary symbol 1 is
represented by transmitting a fixed-amplitude and fixed frequency carrier wave for a bit duration
of T seconds. If the signal value is 1 then the carrier signal will be transmitted; otherwise, a
signal value of 0 will be transmitted. The ASK waveform may be represented as

(1)

Where = Constant, is either 1 or 0, is the carrier frequency and is the bit

duration. It has a power so that . Now the equation (1) can be written as

(2)

(3)

Symbol ‗1‘ is represented by transmitting carrier wave of fixed amplitude and fixed frequency
for the bit duration T second. Symbol ‗0‘ is represented by no signal ( ) which is shown
in figure 1.
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

Asynchronous ASK Demodulator: The modulated ASK signal is given to the envelope
detector, which delivers a positive half output. The low pass filter suppresses the higher
frequencies and gives a smother envelope detected output from which the comparator retrieves
as digital output by comparing it with a threshold value.

3: Block Diagram: ASK

Transmitter

Receiving Part

Fig.1. ASK Block Diagram

 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

4. Appratus Required:

Sl.No. Name Specification/Range Quantity

1 Oscilloscope Scientec,20 MHz, 1
Dual trace
2 ST-2016 Modulation & ST- Scintec,ST-2016,2017 1+1
2017 DemodulationTrainer kit

5. Experimental Results/Observation table:

Frequency of Input Signal d(t) Frequency of Carrier Signal Frequency of Output Signal
(KHz) c(t) (KHz) d(t) (KHz)

6.Graph:
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

Fig.2. Graph of Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation

PART –B) Study of ASK Modulation Technique By the Software

ASK MATLAB Code

clc;
clearall;
closeall;
T=1;
fc=10;
t=0:T/100:1;
c=sqrt(2/T)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
N=8;
m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;
t2=T;
for i=1:N
t=[t1:0.01:t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=zeros(1,length(t));
end;
message(i,:)=m_s;
ask_sig(i,:)=c.*m_s;
t1=t1+(T+0.01);
t2=t2+(T+0.01);
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

subplot(5,1,2);
axis([0 N -2 2]);
plot(t,message(i,:),'g');
title('message signal');
xlabel('t--->');
ylabel('m(t)');
gridon
holdon
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(t,ask_sig(i,:));
title('ASK signal');
xlabel('t--->');
ylabel('s(t)');
gridon
holdon
end;
holdoff

subplot(5,1,3);
plot(t,c);
title('carrier signal');
xlabel('t--->');
ylabel('c(t)');
gridon
subplot(5,1,1);
stem(m);
title('binary data bits');
xlabel('n--->');
ylabel('b(n)');
gridon
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

4. Expected MATLAB output:

Fig.1. Expected graph of Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation

7. Discussion:

8. Application:

The easiest is the earliest known form of electrical communication the MORSE code. They are
used in telegraphs worldwide, However in India this has ceased to function. The other is military
uses which still rely on using the Morse code during warfare. ASK is used almost in every digital
communication link including your cell phone and cable TV. The In most wireless links such as
satellite TV and high definition TV broadcast channels uses two ASK links in parallel, each of
16-levels, but rotated in phase 90 degrees, thus the 16x16 combination is known as 256 QAM.
4x4 or 64 QAM is also popular. In fiber optics it is quite common to ignore phase and use only
one ASK channel.
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

9. Question Banks:

i) What is ASK?
ii) How can you generate ASK?
iii) Explain the technique of asynchronous demodulation of ASK.

10. References:

1.Taub and Schilling , ―Principles of Communication Systems‖, 2nded., Mc-Graw Hill

2.B.P.Lathi -Communication Systems- BS Publications
3.Carlson—Communication System,4/e , Mc-Graw Hill
5.P K Ghosh- Principles of Electrical Communications-University Press
6.L.W.Couch Ii, ―Digital and Analog Communication Systems‖, 2e, Macmillan Publishing
7.Blake, Electronic Communication Systems- Cengage Learning
8.S Sharma, Analog Communication Systems- Katson Books
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Laboratory Manual
Course Name: Digital Communication Laboratory
Course Code: EC592

Experiment No: 7
Name of the Experiment:
PART A):- Study of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation and Demodulation technique by the
Hardware.
PART B):- Study of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation technique by the Software

1. A. Course Outcome:CO592.4: The students will be able to Experiment with various type of
digital modulation techniques like ASK, PSK, FSK
1.B. Objective: To study FSK modulation and demodulation

2.Theory:
Frequency shift keying (FSK) is a relatively simple, low performance of digital modulation.
Binary FSK is the simplest form of FSK where the input signal (base band or modulating
signal) can have only two different values (hence name binary). Binary FSK is similar to
conventional frequency modulation except that the modulating signal varies between two
discrete voltage levels (i.e., 1‘s and 0‘s) rather than a continuously changing value such as sine
wave. In Binary FSK, digital information is transmitted in terms of discrete frequency steps of
a carrier. BFSK modulator uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0‘s and 1‘s)
information. With the scheme, the ―1‖ is called the mark frequency and the ―0‖ is called the
space frequency.
In BFSK the frequency of the carrier is shifted according to the binary symbol but the phase of
the carrier is unaffected. That‘s why we have two different frequency signals (𝒇𝑳, 𝒇𝑯)
according to binary symbols. Let there be a frequency shift by Ω. Then we can write
If 𝒃(𝒕) = ‘1’ then 𝑺𝑯(𝒕) = √𝟐𝑷𝑺𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 + 𝜴)𝒕
If 𝒃(𝒕) = ‘0’ then 𝑺𝑳(𝒕) = √𝟐𝑷𝑺𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 − 𝜴)𝒕
Where 𝑷𝑺 is the power of the signal, 𝒇𝒄= center frequency or carrier frequency.
Therefore we have
𝜴
𝒇𝑯 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝟐𝝅 For symbol ‘1’
𝜴
𝒇𝑳 = 𝒇𝒄 − 𝟐𝝅 For symbol ‘0’
BFSK is commonly used in caller ID, at higher bitrates for weather copy. It is used in amateur
radio.
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

3. Requirement:
A.
Sl.NO ITEM QUANTITY
1 Cathode- Ray Oscilloscope 01
Experimental Kit ST 2106, ST
2 2107 and with connecting 01
cables.

B. Experimental setup for FSK Modulation and Demodulation:

Unipolar Data Stream Inverted Data

[RZ (L)] Data Inverter Stream

ST 2016
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

Fig1: FSK Modulation

Fig2: FSK De-Modulation

4. Results and Observations:

Base band signal Carrier Signal Demodulated signal

Sl. no

TON TOFF Amplitude Freq Freq (fL) TON TOFF

(fH)
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

PART B):- FSK MATLAB Code:

clc;
clearall;
closeall;

T=1;
fc=10;
fs=25;
t=0:T/100:1;
c=sqrt(2/T)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
d=sqrt(2/T)*sin(2*pi*fs*t);

N=8;
m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;
t2=T;
for i=1:N
t=[t1:0.01:t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
fsk_sig(i,:)=c;
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=zeros(1,length(t));
fsk_sig(i,:)=d;
end;
message(i,:)=m_s;

t1=t1+(T+0.01);
t2=t2+(T+0.01);

subplot(4,1,2);
axis([0 N -2 2]);
plot(t,message(i,:),'g');
title('message signal');
xlabel('t--->');
ylabel('m(t)');
gridon
holdon
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,fsk_sig(i,:));
title('FSK signal');
xlabel('t--->');
ylabel('s(t)');
gridon
holdon
end;
holdoff

subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,c);
title('carrier signal');
xlabel('t--->');
ylabel('c(t)');
gridon
subplot(4,1,1);
stem(m);
title('binary data bits');
xlabel('n--->');
ylabel('b(n)');
gridon

Observations:
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

Fig3: expected output waveforms

5. Discussions & Conclusions:

6. Area of applications:
 Bluetooth or BLE(Bluetooth Low Energy)
 high frequency radio transmission
 coaxial cable based LAN

7. Question Banks:
1. Is FSK reception Phase Coherent?
2. Which FSK has no phase discontinuity?
3. The spectrum of BFSK may be viewed as the sum of two signals.
4. The frequency shifts in the BFSK usually lies in the range 1 KHz or 1MHz.
5. Full form of QFSK and BFSK.

8. References:
1. Communication System by Singh and Sapre.
2. Communication System by Sanjoy Sharma
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Laboratory Manual Course

Name: Digital Communication Laboratory

Course Code: EC592

Experiment No: 8
Name of the Experiment:
PART A):- Study of BPSK modulator and demodulator technique by Hardware
PART B):- Study of BPSK modulator technique by Software

1. A. Course Outcome :CO592.4: The students will be able to experiment with various type of
digital modulation techniques like ASK, PSK, FSK

B. Objective: To study of BPSK modulator and demodulator.

1. Theory:
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the
carrier signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time. PSK
technique is widely used for wireless LANs, bio-metric, contactless operations, along
with RFID and Bluetooth communications.
Binary PSK is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In this technique,
the sinusoidal carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180° to represent binary
symbol ‗1‘ and ‗0‘.

BPSK Modulator
The block diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying consists of the balance modulator
which has the carrier sine wave as one input and the binary sequence as the other input.
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

The modulation of BPSK is done using a balance modulator, which multiplies the two
signals applied at the input. For a zero binary input, the phase will be 0° and for a high
input, the phase reversal is of 180°.

2. Requirement:
A.

Sl.No ITEM QUANT

ITY
1 Cathode- Ray Oscilloscope 01

Experimental Kit ST2106, ST2107

2 and with connecting cables. 01
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

B. Experimental setup for PSK Modulation & Demodulation:

Fig1: PSK Modulator

 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

3. Results and Observations:

Fig2: expected output waveforms

PARTB):- MATLAB Code

clc;
clearall;
closeall;
T=1;
fc=2;
t=0:T/100:1;
c=sqrt(2/T)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
d=sqrt(2/T)*sin(2*pi*fc*t+pi);

N=8;
m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;
t2=T;
for i=1:N
t=[t1:0.01:t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
psk_sig(i,:)=c;
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=zeros(1,length(t));
psk_sig(i,:)=d;
end;
message(i,:)=m_s;
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

t1=t1+(T+0.01);
t2=t2+(T+0.01);

subplot(4,1,2);
axis([0 N -2 2]);
plot(t,message(i,:),'g');
title('message signal');
xlabel('t--->');
ylabel('m(t)');
gridon
holdon
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,psk_sig(i,:));
title('PSK signal');
xlabel('t--->');
ylabel('s(t)');
gridon
holdon
end;
holdoff
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,c);
title('carrier signal');
xlabel('t--->');
ylabel('c(t)');
gridon
subplot(4,1,1);
stem(m);
title('binary data bits');
xlabel('n--->');
ylabel('b(n)');
gridon
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

4. Discussions & Conclusions:

5. Area of applications:

6. Question Banks:

7. References:
1. Communication System by Singh and Sapre.
2. Communication System by Sanjoy Sharma
 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Laboratory Manual Course

Name: Digital Communication Laboratory

Course Code: EC592

Experiment No: 9

Name of the Experiment: Study of Bit Error Rate Analysis of BPSK Modulation

1. A. Course Outcome :CO592.4: The students will be able to understand of Bit Error Rate
Analysis of BPSK Modulation

B. Objective: To study of BER of BPSK

2.Theory:
Bit error rate (BER) of a communication system is defined as the ratio of number of error
bits and total number of bits transmitted during a specific period. It is the likelihood that a
single error bit will occur within received bits, independent of rate of transmission.
With Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), the binary digits 1 and 0 maybe represented by the
analog levels and respectively. The transmitted waveform gets corrupted by
noise , typically referred to as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).
The received signal,
when bit 1 is transmitted and
when bit 0 is transmitted.
The conditional probability distribution function (PDF) of for the two cases are:

Figure: Conditional probability density function with BPSK modulation

 MSIT/ECE/Digital Communication Lab/ EC592

Assuming that and are equally probable i.e. , the threshold

0 forms the optimal decision boundary.
 if the received signal is is greater than 0, then the receiver assumes was transmitted.
 if the received signal is is less than or equal to 0, then the receiver assumes was transmitted.
i.e.
and
.
Probability of error given was transmitted
With this threshold, the probability of error given is transmitted is (the area in blue region):
,
where,

is the complementary error function.

Probability of error given was transmitted
Similarly the probability of error given is transmitted is (the area in green region):
.
Total probability of bit error
.
Given that we assumed that and are equally probable i.e. , the bit
error probability is,

3Requirement:
A.

Sl.No ITEM QUANT

ITY
1 MATLAB

MATLAB Code
clear; close all; clc; tic;
% BPSK
M = 2;
% bit number
N = 100;
% randam bit generation
Bits_a = randi([0 M-1],1,N);
% Modulatiom BPSK 0 - > -1; 1 - > 1
Bits_bpsk = 2 * Bits_a-1;

Bit_w = randi([0 M-1],1,N);

Theta = 180/4; % (pi/4)

for k = 1:N

if Bit_w(k)==1

Bit_e(k) = Bits_bpsk(k) * exp(1i * Bits_bpsk(k) * Theta);

else

Bit_e(k) = Bits_bpsk(k) * exp(-1i * Bits_bpsk(k) * Theta);

end

end

%generating noise with zero mean and var. equal to 1.

noise=1/sqrt(2)*(randn(1,N)+1i*randn(1,N));

mean(abs(noise.^2))
%test the power of the noise

SNR=0:9;
%set SNR in dB

snr_lin=10.^(SNR/10);

%calculate linear snr from dB SNR.

y=zeros(length(SNR),N);

%multiply sqrt of snr to signal and add noise:

for i=1:length(SNR)

y(i,:)=real(sqrt(snr_lin(i))*Bit_e+noise);

end
%reciever and ber count

err=zeros(length(SNR),N);

Err=zeros(10,2);

for i=1:length(SNR)

for j=1:N

if y(i,j)>=0

y(i,j)=1;

else

y(i,j)=0;

end

end

err(i,:)=abs(y(i,:)- Bits_a);

Err(i,:)=size(find(err(i,:)));
end

%calculating BER

ber=zeros(length(SNR),1);

for i=1:length(SNR)

ber(i)=Err(i,2)/N;

end

%theoretical BER calculation

theoryBer = 0.5*erfc(sqrt(snr_lin));

semilogy (SNR,ber,'b*-','linewidth',1);
grid on;
hold on;
semilogy (SNR,theoryBer,'r+-','linewidth',1);
grid on;
xlabel('Eb/N0');
ylabel('BER');
legend('Simulation','Theory') ;
toc;
 4.Results and Observations:

Fig1: expected output waveforms

5. Discussions & Conclusions:

6.Area of applications:
7.Question Banks:

8.References:
1. Communication System by Singh and Sapre.
2. Communication System by Sanjoy Sharma